Desenvolvimento vocal na infância: análise acústica de vocalizações de bebés face a estímulos musicais e linguísticos durante o segundo ano de vida

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Musicais, na especialidade de Ensino e Psicologia da Música

A Pilot Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Treatments in Newly Diagnosed High-Grade Gliomas: The Example of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Compared With White-Light Surgery

BACKGROUND: High-grade gliomas are aggressive, incurable tumors characterized by extensive diffuse invasion of the normal brain parenchyma. Novel therapies at best prolong survival; their costs are formidable and benefit is marginal. Economic restrictions thus require knowledge of the cost-effectiveness of treatments. Here, we show the cost-effectiveness of enhanced resections in malignant glioma surgery using a well-characterized tool for intraoperative tumor visualization, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 5-ALA fluorescence-guided neurosurgery compared with white-light surgery in adult patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma, adopting the perspective of the Portuguese National Health Service. METHODS: We used a Markov model (cohort simulation). Transition probabilities were estimated with the use of data from 1 randomized clinical trial and 1 noninterventional prospective study. Utility values and resource use were obtained from published literature and expert opinion. Unit costs were taken from official Portuguese reimbursement lists (2012 values). The health outcomes considered were quality-adjusted life-years, lifeyears, and progression-free life-years. Extensive 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios are below €10 000 in all evaluated outcomes, being around €9100 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, €6700 per life-year gained, and €8800 per progression-free life-year gained. The probability of 5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery cost-effectiveness at a threshold of €20000 is 96.0% for quality-adjusted life-year, 99.6% for life-year, and 98.8% for progression-free life-year. CONCLUSION: 5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery appears to be cost-effective in newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas compared with white-light surgery. This example demonstrates cost-effectiveness analyses for malignant glioma surgery to be feasible on the basis of existing data.

Variation in Haemodynamic Monitoring for Major Surgery in European Nations: Secondary Analysis of the EuSOS Dataset

BACKGROUND: The use of cardiac output monitoring may improve patient outcomes after major surgery. However, little is known about the use of this technology across nations. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a previously published observational study. Patients aged 16 years and over undergoing major non-cardiac surgery in a 7-day period in April 2011 were included into this analysis. The objective is to describe prevalence and type of cardiac output monitoring used in major surgery in Europe. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 12,170 patients from the surgical services of 426 hospitals in 28 European nations. One thousand four hundred and sixteen patients (11.6 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, and 2343 patients (19.3 %) received a central venous catheter. Patients with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores were more frequently exposed to cardiac output monitoring (ASA I and II, 643 patients [8.6 %]; ASA III-V, 768 patients [16.2 %]; p < 0.01) and central venous catheter (ASA I and II, 874 patients [11.8 %]; ASA III-V, 1463 patients [30.9 %]; p < 0.01). In elective surgery, 990 patients (10.8 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, in urgent surgery 252 patients (11.7 %) and in emergency surgery 173 patients (19.8 %). A central venous catheter was used in 1514 patients (16.6 %) undergoing elective, in 480 patients (22.2 %) undergoing urgent and in 349 patients (39.9 %) undergoing emergency surgery. Nine hundred sixty patients (7.9 %) were monitored using arterial waveform analysis, 238 patients (2.0 %) using oesophageal Doppler ultrasound, 55 patients (0.5 %) using a pulmonary artery catheter and 44 patients (2.0 %) using other technologies. Across nations, cardiac output monitoring use varied from 0.0 % (0/249 patients) to 27.5 % (19/69 patients), whilst central venous catheter use varied from 5.6 % (7/125 patients) to 43.2 % (16/37 patients). CONCLUSIONS: One in ten patients undergoing major surgery is exposed to cardiac output monitoring whilst one in five receives a central venous catheter. The use of both technologies varies widely across Europe.

Adhesion Prevention in Laparoscopic Surgery

Adhesions have important consequences for patients, surgeons, and health services. Peritonealtissue injury can be prevented by using careful surgical techniques. A large number of antiadhesion products have been used experimentally and clinically to prevent postoperative adhesions. Methods: The current author reviewed the surgical literature published about epidemiology, pathogenesis, and various prevention strategies of adhesion formation. Results: Meticulous surgery is essential to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality rates from these untoward effects of surgery. Several preventive agents against postoperative peritoneal adhesions have been investigated. Bioresorbable membranes are site-specific antiadhesion products but may be more difficult to use laparoscopically. Liquids and gels have the advantage of more-widespread areas of action and increased ease of use, particularly during laparoscopic operations. Effective pharmacologic agents that can reduce release of proinflammatory cytokines or activate peritoneal fibrinolysis are under development. Their results are encouraging but most of them are contradictory. Conclusions: Many modalities are being studied to reduce this risk; despite initial promising results of different measures in postoperative adhesion prevention, none of them have become standard applications. With the current state of knowledge, preclinical or clinical studies are still necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the several proposed prevention strategies for avoiding postoperative peritoneal adhesions.

Atitudes, conhecimentos e práticas dos médicos de família face aos rastreios de autonomia funcional multidimensional em pessoas idosas

RESUMO - O envelhecimento demográfico é uma constatação e ao mesmo tempo uma oportunidade para viver de forma mais saudável e autónoma o mais tempo possível. A principal razão para a admissão de pessoas idosas em instituições e para o uso desproporcionado de serviços de saúde é o declínio funcional que acompanha o envelhecimento. Os Cuidados de Saúde Primários apresentam‐se como contexto ideal para promover cuidados antecipatórios. A avaliação da autonomia funcional multidimensional permite a detecção de perturbações incipientes. Os programas de rastreios facilitam o desencadear de recursos para a detecção precoce e tratamento. Os médicos sentem diversas barreiras na aplicação dos rastreios, como a falta de familiaridade com os testes, bem como a falta de tempo ou recursos. O estudo aqui proposto visa conhecer, a título exploratório, as atitudes dos médicos de família face aos rastreios de autonomia funcional multidimensional em pessoas idosas; avaliar o grau de conhecimento sobre esta abordagem multidimensional, no que diz respeito às áreas e instrumentos a avaliar; caracterizar as práticas na prestação de cuidados preventivos às pessoas idosas e caracterizar as condições genéricas necessárias para a aplicação destes rastreios no contexto dos cuidados de saúde primários. Para tal, irá basear‐se num questionário auto‐administrado aos médicos de família dos 22 Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde, na Região de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. As suas conclusões poderão contribuir para uma uniformização do conceito de autonomia funcional multidimensional e para a realização de um levantamento de necessidades de formação sobre a abordagem multidimensional e interdisciplinar.

Coronary Revascularization Induces a Shift From Cardiac Toward Noncardiac Mortality Without Improving Survival in Vascular Surgery Patient

OBJECTIVE: Although evidence has shown that ischemic heart disease (IHD) in vascular surgery patients has a negative impact on the prognosis after surgery, it is unclear whether directed treatment of IHD may influence cause-specific and overall mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic implication of coronary revascularization (CR) on overall and cause-specific mortality in vascular surgery patients. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery stenosis, or peripheral artery disease in a university hospital in The Netherlands between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. Survival estimates were obtained by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1104 patients were included. Adjusted survival analyses showed that IHD significantly increased the risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.87) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.76). Compared with those without CR, patients previously undergoing CR had similar overall mortality (HR, 1.38 vs 1.62; P = .274) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.83 vs 2.02; P = .656). Nonrevascularized IHD patients were more likely to die of IHD (6.9% vs 35.7%), whereas revascularized IHD patients more frequently died of cardiovascular causes unrelated to IHD (39.1% vs 64.3%; P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the significance of IHD for postoperative survival of vascular surgery patients. CR was associated with lower IHD-related death rates. However, it failed to provide an overall survival benefit because of an increased rate of cardiovascular mortality unrelated to IHD. Intensification of secondary prevention regimens may be required to prevent this shift toward non-IHD-related death and thereby improve life expectancy.

Low Socioeconomic Status is an Independent Risk Factor for Survival After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Open Surgery for Peripheral Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The association between socioeconomic status (SES), presentation, and outcome after vascular surgery is largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the influence of SES on post-operative survival and severity of disease at presentation among vascular surgery patients in the Dutch setting of equal access to and provision of care. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgical treatment for peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), or carotid artery stenosis between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. The association between SES, quantified by household income, disease severity at presentation, and survival was studied using logistic and Cox regression analysis adjusted for demographics, and medical and behavioral risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,178 patients were included. Low income was associated with worse post-operative survival in the PAD cohort (n = 324, hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.10, per 5,000 Euro decrease) and the AAA cohort (n = 440, quadratic relation, p = .01). AAA patients in the lowest income quartile were more likely to present with a ruptured aneurysm (odds ratio [OR] 2.12, 95% CI 1.08-4.17). Lowest income quartile PAD patients presented more frequently with symptoms of critical limb ischemia, although no significant association could be established (OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.96-4.26). CONCLUSIONS: The increased health hazards observed in this study are caused by patient related factors rather than differences in medical care, considering the equality of care provided by the study setting. Although the exact mechanism driving the association between SES and worse outcome remains elusive, consideration of SES as a risk factor in pre-operative decision making and focus on treatment of known SES related behavioral and psychosocial risk factors may improve the outcome of patients with vascular disease.

Acute Kidney Injury after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Outcomes. Proposal for a Predictive Model

Objectives: To characterize the epidemiology and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after pediatric cardiac surgery in our center, to determine its association with poor short-term outcomes, and to develop a logistic regression model that will predict the risk of AKI for the study population. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included consecutive pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2010 and December 2012. Exclusion criteria were a history of renal disease, dialysis or renal transplantation. Results: Of the 325 patients included, median age three years (1 day---18 years), AKI occurred in 40 (12.3%) on the first postoperative day. Overall mortality was 13 (4%), nine of whom were in the AKI group. AKI was significantly associated with length of intensive care unit stay, length of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital death (p<0.01). Patients’ age and postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were included in the logistic regression model as predictor variables. The model accurately predicted AKI in this population, with a maximum combined sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 75.4%. Conclusions: AKI is common and is associated with poor short-term outcomes in this setting. Younger age and higher postoperative serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lactate levels were powerful predictors of renal injury in this population. The proposed model could be a useful tool for risk stratification of these patients.

Sonaecom, SGPS-SA: Time to face the challenges...as always

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Caracterização das expectativas dos pais face à fisioterapia respiratória infantil

A incidência das doenças respiratórias infantis é elevada a nível mundial, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo. Resultados apresentados no Congresso Nacional de Pediatria, em 2008 revelaram que 83% dos internamentos tinham como diagnóstico bronquiolite. (Gonzaga et al., 2006 e Rodrigues et al., 2008). Estas doenças representam uma carga significativa, não só em termos de custos a nível dos sistemas de saúde, mas também em termos de perda de produtividade por parte dos pais e, alteração da vida familiar. O recurso à fisioterapia respiratória infantil, tem vindo a ser crescente devido à sua reconhecida efectividade. E, ainda que a literatura valorize a expectativa como factor influente nos resultados clínicos da fisioterapia e na satisfação global do utente, não foram encontrados estudos referentes à categorização das expectativas dos pais face à fisioterapia respiratória infantil. Assim, assumiu-se como principal objectivo caracterizar as expectativas dos pais face à fisioterapia respiratória infantil. Como não se encontraram quaisquer estudos nesta área, optou-se por realizar um estudo qualitativo, de carácter descritivo, exploratório e retrospectivo para identificação das expectativas percepcionadas pelos pais antes e após o tratamento de fisioterapia respiratória infantil e, como são construídas. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico modelo de expectativas de Thompson e Sunol (1995) cit. por Bialosky et al., (2010) que classifica as expectativas em 4 categorias: preditivas, idealizadas, normativas e vagas ou sem uma ideia pré-concebida. A técnica principal de recolha de dados foi o grupo focal. Os participantes deste estudo são mãe ou pai (apenas um dos pais) de crianças que tenham tido pelo menos um episódio de patologia respiratória aguda e, que recorreram à fisioterapia, em regime hospitalar (com e sem internamento), ambulatório com e sem acordo com o SNS e domiciliário, num total de 18. Como instrumento de recolha de dados utilizou-se um guião de entrevista. As discussões foram conduzidas, transcritas e analisadas pelo investigador. Os procedimentos para a análise dos dados foram análise comportamental, o sumário etnográfico e a codificação dos dados via análise de conteúdo. De acordo com o modelo, as expectativas iniciais dos pais, cujos filhos nunca tinham feito fisioterapia respiratória são essencialmente categorias do tipo idealista ou do tipo vagas ou sem uma ideia pré-concebida. As idealistas estão relacionadas com o desejo de melhoria do bebé e do retorno às rotinas, ou são baseadas em construções falsas ou exageradas face à técnica aplicada na FRI. As vagas ou sem um ideia pré-concebida foram motivadas por não haver conhecimento ou experiência anterior de FRI. A estruturação mental das crenças e percepções associadas à FRI antes do tratamento é um processo individual e multifactorial. Foram identificados alguns géneros de crença: crenças ligadas à patologia, crenças ligadas à técnica de FRI e a crença que a saúde é controlada por factores externos. Identificou-se ainda uma construção mental definida como a percepção da importância atribuída à (falta de) saúde da criança e há ainda a considerar factores inerentes à criança e aos pais. No final do tratamento as expectativas são sobretudo do tipo preditivo (os pais procuram resultados) e do tipo afectivas ou emocionais. As preditivas estão relacionadas com a percepção dos benefícios e com o conhecimento adquirido no decorrer do contacto com a fisioterapia. A categoria do tipo afectivo ou emocional foi adicionada ao modelo inicial e, está relacionada com as expectativas relativas ao perfil do fisioterapeuta. Foram identificadas várias barreiras, que terão que ser valorizadas à luz do novo contexto sociopolítico tais como políticas de saúde, comparticipações e recursos humanos. O contacto com a FRI permitiu aos pais o conhecimento dos locais, do processo e o ganho de empowerment, que lhes permitirá reduzir a ansiedade e melhorar quer a sua capacidade interventiva no processo quer o desenvolvimento de competências de participação na resolução do problema do seu filho.

Estratégias de resiliência urbana na Cidade Mediterrânica – constrangimentos e desafios face às alterações climáticas

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Urbanismo Sustentável e Ordenamento do Território

Les enseignants face à la diversité culturelle des élèves

Le XXe siècle fut marqué, à l’échelle européenne, par deux grandes guerres mondiales (1914-18 et 1939-45), par les guerres civiles, les gouvernements de dictature de gauche et de droite, l’indépendance d’anciennes colonies, les déplacements de populations, les extrémismes et les processus d’extermination. Il fut également marqué par de grands mouvements de liberté et de démocratie, par la valorisation de l’individu et de ses compétences, celle du bonheur, de la beauté, du bien-être, de la protection de l’environnement, ainsi que par les progrès techniques et scientifiques propres à l’époque. On peut même affirmer, nous semble-t-il, que la première moitié du XXe siècle fut marquée par les dictatures pour que l’apologie et la défense des minorités trouvent enfin leur concrétisation, comme s’il s’agissait d’expier certains événements passés. Toutefois, en période de crise économique, où les répercussions se font sentir à divers niveaux, ce sont les groupes minoritaires, dépourvus de pouvoir, qui se voient toujours contraints d’assumer le rôle de bouc émissaire, car ce sont les groupes les plus fragiles, les plus dépendants et les moins intégrés à la société. En outre, leurs différences les rendent plus visibles. En dépit des recommandations émises par le Conseil de l’Europe, datant des années 1960 et portant en premier lieu sur la scolarisation des enfants d’immigrants portugais et espagnols dans les pays d’accueil européens, il semble que le long chemin parcouru jusqu’à ce jour n’ait pas encore été suffisant pour modifier les opinions, les conceptions, les points de vue concernant ceux qui sont différents de nous et qui nous inspirent la crainte, voire la peur. Les enquêtes que nous avons menées dans les années 1990 dans des établissements scolaires publics au Portugal, situés dans des zones d’accueil de populations originaires des anciennes colonies portugaises et d’enfants portugais appartenant à l’unique groupe ethnique portugais – celui des Tsiganes –, ont pour la première fois, et de manière explicite, attiré l’attention sur l’existence d’une discrimination au sein même de l’école primaire, impliquant des enseignants, élèves, parents/personnels chargés d’éducation, personnels administratifs, jusqu’à la société civile elle-même. Les résultats de ces études, loin d’appartenir à une époque, semblent au contraire être confirmés par d’autres enquêtes entreprises par des étudiants de doctorat ou de master, sous notre direction. En d’autres termes, le problème demeure d’actualité, est bien réel, voire inquiétant, et mérite qu’on l’examine de manière adéquate, en prenant les mesures qui s’imposent, au sein d’une Europe caractérisée par la richesse de sa diversité et des valeurs qu’elle diffuse et met en avant, en faveur de l’égalité des chances des individus.

Entre a Neutralidade e a Beligerância: A Europa do Sul face à I Guerra Mundial

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Contemporânea

Consolidação e reintegração cromática de revestimentos antigos - Comportamento face a cloretos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Perfil Construção