1000 resultados para Equação universal de perda de solo
Resumo:
Nas relações solo-planta, a estrutura é uma das principais características do solo sob o ponto de vista agrícola, tendo participação substancial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas do solo em diferentes anos de cultivo de mogno africano em sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sistema iLPF amostrado em dois períodos de tempo, no ano 2011 (iLPF-Mogno2011) e no ano de 2013 (iLPF-Mogno2013) e floresta secundária como testemunha (FS) em quatro profundidades de solo. Os atributos do solo avaliados foram densidade do solo (Ds), porosidade total (PT), macroporosidade (MAC) e microporosidade (MIC). O sistema iLPF (iLPFMogno2011 e iLPF-Mogno2013) apresentou aumento de densidade e perda de porosidade apenas na última camada, quando comparado à floresta secundária. Houve manuntenção de MAC e MIC no decorrer dos anos no sistema iLPF, quando comparado à FS. O sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta aos dois e quatro anos de cultivo de mogno africano não proporcionou danos na estrutura do solo quando comparado às condições da floresta secundária.
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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de renques de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophyla) e diferentes sistemas de manejo nas propriedades físicas e carbono orgânico de um Latossolo Amarelo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sistema integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) aos dois anos de cultivo, sendo amostrado em duas distâncias a 2,5 m do renque florestal (iLPF2,5) e a 10 m (iLPF10), Monocultivo florestal com Eucalipto (ME) com 2 anos de cultivo, sistema Santa Fé (SSF) e Mata Nativa como testemunha (MN) em quatro profundidades de solo. Os atributos avaliados foram carbono orgânico, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Os maiores teores de carbono orgânico foram encontrados nas camadas superficiais do solo, com redução em profundidade. Os tratamentos iLPF2,5, iLPF10 e SSF apresentaram melhores condições físicas de densidade e porosidade do solo do que o ME quando comparados à MN. Houve diferença de macro e microporosidade nas profundidades dos tratamentos, o iLPF2,5, SSF e MN apresentaram os maiores valores. Os renques de eucalipto no sistema iLPF e o Santa Fé melhoraram as condições de densidade e porosidade do solo, assim como o acúmulo de carbono orgânico. O Monocultivo florestal apresentou o menor acúmulo de carbono orgânico no solo e provocou impacto negativo à densidade do solo na camada 10-20 e 20-30 cm, entretanto, não apresentou perda de porosidade do solo
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A agricultura é a atividade humana que mais afeta o meio ambiente. Imensas quantidades de insumos agrícolas são aplicados sobre o solo e grande parte destes degrada os recursos hídricos. Para uma investigação adequada do efeito destes insumos, estudam-se as propriedades hidráulicas do solo, que influem no transporte de solutos neste meio. Medir tais propriedades e modelar os parâmetros correlatos são tarefas extremamente complexas, devido ao tempo requerido, dinheiro, instrumentação e escala. As metodologias convencionais inferem as propriedades hidráulicas em amostras que estão em equilíbrio, através de técnicas invasivas e sob restrições especiais. esta tes contribui com a Ciência do Ambiente, via Ciência do Solo, propondo um novo método de estudo da infiltração da água na região não-saturada do solo, utilizando a tomografia computadorizada (TC). O tomógrafo foi aqui desenvolvido e construído. A TC, neste trabalho, mediu a umidade durante o fluxo não-saturado e, através da solução numérica da equação de Richards e do modelo Rossi-Nimmo, obtiveram-se a curva de retenção, a sortividade, e a difusividade. Resultados qualitativos, como imagens 2D e 3D, e resultados quantitativos demonstraram a boa correlação do método proposto com o método tradicional de medida da curva de retenção. Amostras de solo estruturado foram analisadas em laboratório e em camp.
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A retirada da vegetação nativa para introdução de cultivos agrícolas pode resultar em maior decomposição da matéria orgânica do solo, contribuindo para a perda das suas qualidades química, física e biológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o impacto da mudança do uso da terra em sistemas agrícolas na quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), medido por meio dos teores de carbono total (CT), carbono total na fração particulada (COP) e carbono total associado aos minerais (CAM). O estudo foi realizado em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico, no campo experimental da Caatinga da Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina- PE, sob os seguintes usos da terra: caatinga preservada, gliricídia, leucena e pastagem com capim buffel. Foram coletadas quatro amostras compostas de solo em cada uso da terra, em diferentes profundidades, até 100 cm. As amostras foram fracionadas granulometricamente e o teor de C no solo e nas frações foram determinados em analisador elementar ? LECO modelo CHN 600. Os maiores teores de CT e CAM foram encontrados nos usos da terra gliricídia e leucena, o que pode ser explicado devido à maior produção de biomassa e deposição de liteira desses sistemas durante todo o ano, sugerindo que os mesmos possuem o potencial de aumentar os estoques de carbono no solo e de armazená-lo a longo prazo quando comparado à vegetação remanescente do Semiárido brasileiro.
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Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.
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A combination of the variational principle, expectation value and Quantum Monte Carlo method is used to solve the Schrödinger equation for some simple systems. The results are accurate and the simplicity of this version of the Variational Quantum Monte Carlo method provides a powerful tool to teach alternative procedures and fundamental concepts in quantum chemistry courses. Some numerical procedures are described in order to control accuracy and computational efficiency. The method was applied to the ground state energies and a first attempt to obtain excited states is described.
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The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.
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This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.
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The physical model was based on the method of Newton-Euler. The model was developed by using the scientific computer program Mathematica®. Several simulations where tried varying the progress speeds (0.69; 1.12; 1.48; 1.82 and 2.12 m s-1); soil profiles (sinoidal, ascending and descending ramp) and height of the profile (0.025 and 0.05 m) to obtain the normal force of soil reaction. After the initial simulations, the mechanism was optimized using the scientific computer program Matlab® having as criterion (function-objective) the minimization of the normal force of reaction of the profile (FN). The project variables were the lengths of the bars (L1y, L2, l3 and L4), height of the operation (L7), the initial length of the spring (Lmo) and the elastic constant of the spring (k t). The lack of robustness of the mechanism in relation to the variable height of the operation was outlined by using a spring with low rigidity and large length. The results demonstrated that the mechanism optimized showed better flotation performance in relation to the initial mechanism.
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The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.
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The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.
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This paper presents the behavior of three bored piles conducted in diabasic soil submitted to uplift forces. The piles were built at the site for Experimental Studies in Soil Mechanics and Foundations of UNICAMP, located in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Field tests have already been conducted at the site (SPT, CPT, DMT and PMT), as well as laboratory tests by using sample soils taken from a well up to 17 m deep. The water table is not checked until a depth of 17 m. In order to check the behavior of the piles when submitted to uplift forces, slow static load tests were carried out as the recommendations of NBR 12131. The carrying capacity of these piles was also provided by means of theoretical methods, appropriate for uplift forces, and through semi-empirical methods appropriate for compression forces, considering only the portion of lateral resistance. The values estimated by using the considered methods were compared to those obtained by means of load tests. One of the tested piles was extracted from the soil to be the subject of a study on its geometry.
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física