A plasticidade acústica de uma população de Boto - Cinza, Sotalia Guianensis (Van Banédén, 1864) (Cetacea, Delphinidae), na região Nordeste do Brasil

The environmental characteristics can modify the acoustics of a species due to habitat, time of day and year. Therefore, this study investigated the relationships between seasons, tide, daily cycle of tides, times of day and different habitat and noise emission of S. guianensis. Sound recordings occurred in the Curral’s Cove and Lagoon Complex of Guaraíras (CLG) in the municipality of Tibau do Sul/RN. Whistles are emitted with lower frequency during rainy season and spring tide while clicks are higher; whistles, clicks and calls have higher frequency during ebb tide. These modifications can be related with turbidity and prey availability. The whistles and clicks occurrence are higher at night probably because luminosity is lower. Furthermore, the whistles and clicks frequency reduction overnight allows the sound to travel longer distance and helps the view which is limited; but the minimum frequency increase was needed to catch the prey. The low occurrence of calls could be related to the small group size. The acoustic changes at night may be partly influenced by light levels as prey availability that is larger in this period. Whistle frequencies and click initial frequency are higher in CLG than Curral’s cove that permitted good precision. However, click central frequency is lower and may be connected to tracking the area. Several factors may be associated with such modifications as background noise, bottom and others. This study supports the hypothesis that S. guianensis presents an acoustic plasticity according to the local conditions where the species is embedded and adapts to the environmental changes.

When wolves cry: long distance calling by wild maned wolves

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815) is the biggest canid in South America and it is considered a “near threatened” species by IUCN. Because of its nocturnal, territorial and solitary habits, there are still many understudied aspects of their behavior in natural environments, including acoustic communication. In its vocal repertoire, the wolf presents a longdistance call named “roar-bark” which, according to literature, functions for spacing maintenance between individuals and/or communication between members of the reproductive pair inside the territory. In this context, this study aimed: 1) to compare four methods for detecting maned wolf’s roar-barks in recordings made in a natural environment, in order to elect the most efficient one for our project; 2) to understand the night emission pattern of these vocalizations, verifying possible weather and moon phases influences in roarbark’s emission rates; and 3) to test Passive Acoustic Monitoring as a tool to identify the presence of maned wolves in a natural environment. The study area was the Serra da Canastra National Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil), where autonomous recorders were used for sound acquisition, recording all night (from 06pm to 06am) during five days in December/2013 and every day from April to July/2014. Roar-barks’ detection methods were tested and compared regarding time needed to analyze files, number of false positives and number of correctly identified calls. The mixed method (XBAT + manual) was the most efficient one, finding 100% of vocalizations in almost half of the time the manual method did, being chosen for our data analysis. By studying roarbarks’ temporal variation we verified that the wolves vocalize more in the early hours of the evening, suggesting an important social function for those calls at the beginning of its period of most intense activity. Average wind speed negatively influenced vocalization rate, which may indicate lower sound reception of recorders or a change in behavioral patterns of wolves in high speed wind conditions. A better understanding of seasonal variation of maned wolves’ vocal activity is required, but our study already shows that it is possible to detect behavioral patterns of wild animals only by sound, validating PAM as a tool in this species’ conservation.

The song of humpback whale and the potential effects of whale-watching in the abrolhos bank, BA, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The song of humpback whale and the potential effects of whale-watching in the abrolhos bank, BA, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Anisotropia magnética em nanofilmes com assimetria cristalográfica

This Thesis comprises a theoretical study about the influence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the static and dynamic magnetic properties of nanofilms: monolayers and trilayers coupled through the bilinear and biquadratic exchange fields, for situations in which the systems are grown in unusual [hkl] asymmetric directions. Using a theory based on a realistic phenomenological model for description of nanometric systems, we consider the total free magnetic energy including the Zeeman interaction, cubic and uniaxial anisotropies, demagnetizing and surface anysotropy energies, as well as the exchange terms. Numerical calculations are conducted by minimizing the total magnetic energy from the determination of equilibrium static configurations. We consider experimental parameters found in the literature to illustrate our results for Fe/Cr/Fe trilayer systems. In particular, a total of six different magnetic scenarios are analyzed for three regimens of exchange fields and the [211] and [321] asymmetric growth directions. After numerically minimize the total energy, we use the equilibrium configurations to calculate magnetization and magnetoresistance curves with the respective magnetic phases and corresponding critical fields. These results are also used to establish the boundary for occurrence of saturated states. Within the context of the spin waves, we solve the equation of motion for these systems in order to find the respective associated dispersion relations. The results show similar magnetization and magnetoresistance curves for both [211] and [321] growth scenarios, including an equivalent magnetic transition behavior. However, the combination of those peculiar symmetries and influence of the exchange energies results in attractive properties, including the generation of magnetic states as a function of the asymmetric degree imposed in the [hkl] growth orientations. There is also an increasing incompatibility between the values of saturation fields of magnetization and magnetoresistance for the cases in which a magnetic field acts along intermediate cubic anisotropic axes, particularly in the situations where the bilinear and biquadratic exchange fields are comparable. The dispersion relations and static results are consistent, the corresponding magnetic states are also present in both acoustic and optical modes. Furthermore, Goldstone excitations are also observed for that particular cases of a magnetic field acting in the intermediate axes, an effect related to transitions of second order and to the spontaneous symmetry breaking imposed by the combination of the biquadratic energy with the cubic and uniaxial anisotropies.

Construcción de índices de biomasa para los recursos anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) y jurel (Trachurus murphyi) del Ecosistema de afloramiento peruano usando modelos empíricos basados en información acústica

Los principales recursos pesqueros pelágicos de interés económico en el Perú son anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), jurel (Trachurus murphyi) y caballa (Scomber japonicus) [3]. Para su evaluación, se lleva a cabo cruceros de evaluación acústica en los que se integra información de ecoabundancia y proporción de tallas por especie para obtener valores de biomasa y abundancia. Sin embargo, para especies no objetivo (como jurel), dichos valores resultan poco confiables por la lejanía entre los puntos de muestreo biométrico y acústico. Para resolver este inconveniente, el presente trabajo propuso utilizar modelos empíricos (de tipo GAM y GLM) integrando variables ambientales y de seguimiento de desembarques con la finalidad de generar índices relativos y absolutos para anchoveta y jurel en el período de 1996-2013 dentro del área de las 200 mn frente a la costa peruana. Los resultados obtenidos realzaron la importancia de los lances de comprobación para la obtención de estimaciones robustas de biomasa. Así mismo, se observó que, para anchoveta, los modelos empíricos sí produjeron un buen índice relativo y absoluto, mejorando la utilización de la ecoabundancia por sí sola. Para jurel, sin embargo, el modelo final calibrado resultó en la obtención de un mejor índice relativo. Se recomienda además, la obtención de información de tallas y pesos medios de desembarques para jurel con la finalidad de mejorar las estimaciones de biomasa y abundancia.

Valoración económica de la reducción del ruido

El aumento acelerado de las emisiones de ruido, por la mayor dinámica de las actividades industriales, comerciales y de ocio, ha generado un deterioro paulatino de la calidad acústica de las ciudades con la consecuente pérdida de bienestar para la población. Dentro de estas fuentes de emisión de ruido, el tráfico vehicular se destaca como una de las fuentes que más aporta a la pérdida de la calidad de las ciudades y, en particular, de las zonas urbanas. En este sentido, los principales impactos negativos de los mayores niveles de ruido en las zonas urbanas son aquellos asociados a los daños a la salud ya la pérdida de valor de los propiedades residenciales. Así, en este libro se hace un análisis económico del problema de las emisiones de ruido en las ciudades, particularmente del impacto negativo del ruido por tráfico vehicular. La valoración económica del ruido que se presenta acá está basada en el enfoque de las preferencias declaradas, por medio del método de valoración contingente, y en el análisis socio-acústico, basado en encuestas de percepción de molestia y en los mapas de ruido de la ciudad.

Modelagem da propagação sonora em dutos : abordagem matemática no domínio da frequência e do tempo utilizando transformada de laplace

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Gama, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Integridade de Materiais da Engenharia, 2016.

Double bass and electric bass: the case study of John Patitucci

The electric bass and double bass are two different instruments sharing a common function: they link harmony with rhythm, especially when talking about jazz music. The capacity of a bassist to fully support an ensemble is something that can be achieved individually playing electric or double bass. However there are some bassists who, despite of the technical differences between these two instruments, choose to play both. Some of these performers are true masters using and switching electric and double bass according to the different musical settings. It is possible to define similarities and differences between the electric and double bass, but is it viable to use similar approaches too? In order to investigate this field, I focus my research on one exemplar player who combines all the qualities needed to both play electric than double bass: John Patitucci, an inspiration for bassists of all generations and a musician who synthesizes all the fundamental characteristics of an ideal bass player. This dissertation is inspired by Patitucci’s example and by the urge to fill a gap in the specialized literature concerning the history and application of different left and right hand techniques on the electric and double bass. The main purpose of this study is to create the backbone of a bass program for teaching both instruments using John Patitucci as example. His technical approach on both instruments and his soloing vocabulary are points of departure of this dissertation. I begin my study with the historical origins of Patitucci’s techniques ending with the development of exercises created in order to teach his techniques and vocabulary to those who aspire to play electric and double bass; RESUMO: Baixo elétrico e contrabaixo, dois instrumentos distintos que partilham uma função comum: a possibilidade de produzir um conjunto de notas capazes de interligar uma grelha harmonia a uma base rítmica, criando uma coesão estética e musical, sobretudo na música jazz. A capacidade de um baixista de conseguir alcançar de forma eficiente esta ligação como sólido suporte para um “ensemble” musical está na base de uma sua eventual afirmação profissional. Há músicos que apesar das diferencias técnicas entre estes dois instrumentos, decidiram tocar ambos; alguns deles conseguiram destacarse, usando e trocando o baixo elétrico e o contrabaixo para servir melhor diferentes situações musicais. O contrabaixo e baixo elétrico têm características em comum mas ao mesmo tempo diferem por apresentar algumas diferenças técnica substanciais; será por isso possível abordar, explorar e aprender ambos utilizando uma mesma base metodológica? Com o intuito de explorar esta possibilidade direcionei a minha pesquisa para o estudo de um músico que no curso da sua longa carreira consegui grande destaque em quanto baixista elétrico e contrabaixista. John Patitucci é a síntese desta tipologia de músico, sendo uma fonte de inspiração para baixistas de todas as gerações. Esta dissertação é inspirada no seu exemplo e no desejo de colmatar o vazio presente na literatura musical comum aos dois instrumentos sobre a história e aplicação das técnicas da mão esquerda e direita. O foco principal é a criação de uma base sólida para o futuro desenvolvimento de um programa de ensino comum para o baixo eléctrico e o contrabaixo, utilizando o vocabulário técnico e improvisativo de Patitucci como ponto de partida. A dissertação aborda as origens históricas das técnicas utilizadas por Patitucci desenvolvendo, numa fase sucessiva, exercícios criados com a função de ensinar as suas técnicas aos que desejarem aprofundar a prática do baixo elétrico e do contrabaixo.

Influência da vermiculita expandida na resistência à compressão e reologia de pastas cimentantes de poços de petróleo

Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

Adição de vermiculita expandida mícron em pastas de baixa densidade para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The northeastern region of Brazil has a large number of wells producing oil using a method of secondary recovery steam injection, since the oil produced in this region is essentially viscous. This recovery method puts the cement / coating on thermal cycling, due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between cement and metal coating causes the appearance of cracks at this interface, allowing the passage of the annular fluid, which is associated with serious risk socioeconomic and environmental. In view of these cracks, a correction operation is required, resulting in more costs and temporary halt of production of the well. Alternatively, the oil industry has developed technology for adding new materials in cement pastes, oil well, providing high ductility and low density in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by the injection of water vapor. In this context, vermiculite, a clay mineral found in abundance in Brazil has been applied in its expanded form in the construction industry for the manufacture of lightweight concrete with excellent insulation and noise due to its high melting point and the presence of air in their layers lamellar. Therefore, the vermiculite is used for the purpose of providing low-density cement paste and withstand high temperatures caused by steam injection. Thus, the present study compared the default folder containing cement and water with the folders with 6%, 8% and 10% vermiculite micron conducting tests of free water, rheology and compressive strength where it obtained the concentration of 8 % with the best results. Subsequently, the selected concentration, was compared with the results recommended by the API standard tests of filtered and stability. And finally, analyzed the results from tests of specific gravity and time of thickening. Before the study we were able to make a folder with a low density that can be used in cementing oil well in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by steam injection

Contribución al atlas prosódico de Canarias (AMPER-Can) : declarativas e interrogativas de La Gomera (Islas Canarias)

AMPER (Atlas Multimedia de Prosodia del Espacio Románico), nacido en el año 2002 en Francia, pretende realizar un atlas de prosodia de las lenguas y variedades lingüísticas del ámbito románico y hacer estudios descriptivos que permitan la comparación entre ellas. Dentro de este macroproyecto se sitúa AMPERCan, subproyecto que se ocupa del estudio geolingüístico de la prosodia del español de Canarias para contribuir a la confección del Atlas con la aportación de los datos prosódicos de este punto de España. En este marco, la presente tesis doctoral pretende describir las características fonéticas y fonológicas de un conjunto de oraciones declarativas neutras con sentido completo e interrogativas absolutas extraídas de un corpus experimental y espontáneo emitido por informantes de la isla canaria de La Gomera. El análisis acústico se realizó con MatLab y Praat y los valores absolutos de F0, duración e intensidad obtenidos fueron relativizados para determinar su importancia perceptiva a partir del umbral diferencial de 1,5 semitonos (F0), 36% (duración) y 3 dB (intensidad). El objetivo de este estudio es doble: 1) En primer lugar, trataremos de comprobar si la entonación de esta variedad canaria dista sustancialmente de la descrita para el español de las otras islas, estableciendo las posibles diferencias entre las variables lingüísticas y extralingüísticas consideradas. Desde el punto de vista lingüístico el habla gomera presenta rasgos más conservadores y, asimismo, afines al español de América debido a la confluencia de determinados factores históricos. 2) En segundo lugar, contribuiremos a la confección del Atlas completando seis fases de estudio correspondientes a la isla objeto de investigación distribuidas en dos puntos de encuesta: San Sebastián y Valle Gran Rey.

Caracterización termo-acústica de fachadas multicapa resueltas con elementos de madera.

El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo la realización de un estudio térmico y acústico de diferentes tipos de fachada multicapa con elementos de madera. De este modo, se analizará el espesor mínimo de aislamiento de las fachadas planteadas con el fin de obtener unas soluciones con el menor espesor posible que cumplan la normativa vigente en el CTE para el mejor aprovechamiento de la superficie útil. Así, será posible conocer diferentes tipologías de fachadas que presenten unas prestaciones térmicas y acústicas idóneas en las distintas zonas climáticas del país, junto con una comparativa económica de las distintas soluciones propuestas.

Descripción de la selección y uso del hábitat de los zifios de Blainville (Mesoplodon densirostris) y de Cuvier (Ziphius cavirostris) en la isla de El Hierro : propuestas de conservación

Los principales avances metodológicos que aporta la presente tesis son los siguientes: I. El análisis y cuantificación de los ecos generados por los chasquidos de ecolocalización emitidos por los zifios, al reflejarse en el fondo marino y en organismos en la columna de agua, registrados en marcas DTAG. Estos ecos permiten describir de forma simultánea el entorno biofísico que rodea a los zifios, según las capacidades sensoriales de los propios animales, mientras se alimentan, contribuyendo a interpretar de forma única las decisiones de estos depredadores marinos en el contexto de su hábitat. II. El desarrollo de una modificación a los métodos analíticos ¿Distance¿ tradicionales, para estudiar el efecto de la profundidad sobre la distribución de los zifios en El Hierro, a partir de datos de avistamientos realizados desde un punto fijo en tierra. III. El uso de una serie de sistemas autónomos de grabación DMON colocados en boyas de deriva para realizar un muestreo acústico estratificado y estudiar la selección del hábitat de los zifios en El Hierro. Las principales contribuciones científicas que aporta la presente tesis son las siguientes: I. La colocación de 14 marcas acústicas no invasivas DTAG a zifios de Blainville, para el estudio de su comportamiento de buceo, alimentación y comunicación social. El análisis de los registros acústicos muestra lo siguiente: i) Los zifios de Blainville se alimentan en aguas mesopelágicas y bentopelágicas profundas, a distancias de tan solo cinco m del fondo marino. La caza se produce siempre a profundidades mayores de 200 m y principalmente entre 500 y 900 m. La alimentación bentopelágica se da a lo largo de toda la columna de agua (385-1326 m) y predomina a profundidades por debajo de la capa de reflexión profunda. La alimentación mesopelágica se da principalmente en los niveles medios e inferiores de esta capa, coincidiendo con la capa del mínimo de oxígeno, y se adapta solo parcialmente a las migraciones circadianas de ésta. De noche estos zifios comienzan a alimentarse a una profundidad media de 258 m (168-873) y de día a 479 m (276-589). ii) La estrategia de estos zifios parece dirigida a explotar presas profundas distribuidas en estratos verticales estables y posiblemente con una capacidad de movimiento limitada en relación a un depredador que respira aire. Ello les permite mantenerse dedicando tan solo un 18 % de su tiempo en la obtención de alimento, pero por otro lado, requiere de la captura de un gran número de presas por inmersión y por tanto implica realizar inmersiones de larga duración. En ellas estos cetáceos de mediano tamaño corporal desafían sus límites de buceo aeróbico y presumiblemente precisan de largos periodos de recuperación que representan en torno al 64 % del tiempo en su ciclo de buceo. iii) La comunicación mediada por vocalizaciones entre los zifios de Blainville se da exclusivamente a profundidad (> 170 m). Se han identificado dos tipos de sonidos aparentemente destinados a la comunicación social: ¿rasp¿, series rápidas de chasquidos de frecuencia modulada similares a los zumbidos pero con diferentes propiedades acústicas y contexto de emisión; y silbidos tonales cortos y con armónicos, con una frecuencia fundamental media de 12 kHz, que son emitidos a profundidades de hasta 900 m, las mayores registradas en cualquier animal. II. Se realizaron 1789 avistamientos de zifios desde tierra, cuya identificación específica fue confirmada en 859 casos desde una embarcación. La localización de los avistamientos fue utilizada para crear un modelo predictivo de la distribución de los zifios en superficie, en relación a la profundidad del fondo, utilizando un estimador de máxima verosimilitud. Los resultados muestran la preferencia de los zifios por distribuirse entre las cotas batimétricas de 500 y 1500 m, coincidiendo con el talud insular. III. La preferencia de los zifios por distribuirse en la zona del talud fue confirmada mediante un muestreo acústico estratificado. Se registraron 245 h de sonidos con sistemas autónomos de grabación DMON suspendidos a 200 m de profundidad desde boyas a la deriva, localizadas en cotas batimétricas entre 500 y 3000 m. La tasa de detección de chasquidos de zifios fue mayor sobre el talud respecto a la llanura abisal cercana. IV. La coincidencia de los resultados obtenidos con los métodos acústico y visual destaca la importancia del talud insular para la alimentación de los zifios en El Hierro. La consistencia de estos resultados en dos de las tres vertientes de la Isla justificó la extensión del modelo predictivo de distribución de las especies a todo el perímetro de El Hierro, que presenta unas características batimétricas similares, mediante el uso de sistemas de información geográfica. A ello se unió un modelado del alcance espacial de distintas fuentes de posible impacto antrópico, para diseñar con base científica una propuesta de Área Marina Protegida para zifios en El Hierro. El área propuesta se extiende hasta la cota batimétrica de 3000 m en torno a la Isla e incluye una zona de amortiguamiento hasta 50 nmi para fuentes intensas de sonido antrópico.

Estudo sobre as potencialidades de compósitos à base de gesso e fibras de coco seco para aplicação na construção civil

The use of gypsum, one of the oldest building materials for the construction industry in the country has been experiencing a significant and steady growth, due to its low cost and some of its properties that confer comparative advantage over other binder materials. Its use comprises various applications including the coating of walls and the production of internal seals and linings. Moreover, the fibers are being increasingly incorporated into arrays fragile in an attempt to improve the properties of the composite by reducing the number of cracks, the opening of the same and its propagation velocity. Other properties, depending on the function of the component material or construction, among these thermal and acoustic performances, are of great importance in the context of buildings and could be improved, that is, having better performance with this embodiment. Conduct a comparative study of physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustic composite gypsum incorporating dry coconut fiber, in the form of blanket, constituted the main objective of this work. Improving the thermal and acoustic performances of precast gypsum, used for lining and internal vertical fences of buildings, was the purpose of development of these composites. To evaluate the effect of fiber content on the properties of the composites were used to manufacture the composite layer with different thicknesses. The composites were fabricated in the form of plates with dimensions of 500x500x24mm. To facilitate the comparative study of the properties were also made with material gypsum boards only. We then determined the physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustical plaster and composites. The results indicated that the composites were significant gains in relation to thermal performance and also acoustic, in certain frequency range, increasing the thickness of the blanket. Concerning other physical-mechanical properties, the results showed that although the compressive strength was lower than for the composite did not occur after a fracture catastrophic failure. The same trend was observed with regard to resistance to bending, since the composites have not suffered sudden rupture and still continued after the load supporting point of maximum load