An economic approach to consumer product ratings

In three essays we examine user-generated product ratings with aggregation. While recommendation systems have been studied extensively, this simple type of recommendation system has been neglected, despite its prevalence in the field. We develop a novel theoretical model of user-generated ratings. This model improves upon previous work in three ways: it considers rational agents and allows them to abstain from rating when rating is costly; it incorporates rating aggregation (such as averaging ratings); and it considers the effect on rating strategies of multiple simultaneous raters. In the first essay we provide a partial characterization of equilibrium behavior. In the second essay we test this theoretical model in laboratory, and in the third we apply established behavioral models to the data generated in the lab. This study provides clues to the prevalence of extreme-valued ratings in field implementations. We show theoretically that in equilibrium, ratings distributions do not represent the value distributions of sincere ratings. Indeed, we show that if rating strategies follow a set of regularity conditions, then in equilibrium the rate at which players participate is increasing in the extremity of agents' valuations of the product. This theoretical prediction is realized in the lab. We also find that human subjects show a disproportionate predilection for sincere rating, and that when they do send insincere ratings, they are almost always in the direction of exaggeration. Both sincere and exaggerated ratings occur with great frequency despite the fact that such rating strategies are not in subjects' best interest. We therefore apply the behavioral concepts of quantal response equilibrium (QRE) and cursed equilibrium (CE) to the experimental data. Together, these theories explain the data significantly better than does a theory of rational, Bayesian behavior -- accurately predicting key comparative statics. However, the theories fail to predict the high rates of sincerity, and it is clear that a better theory is needed.

Assessment of consumer acceptance of kilishi of African carp (Labeo coubie Rueppell) and Elephant snout (Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis, Guenther)

This study was carried out to assess consumers' acceptance of kilishi prepared from Labeo coubie and Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis in Sokoto. The organoleptic properties (texture, odour, taste and flavour) of kilishi in its fresh form and under storage for 16 weeks were determined. The mean scores for the organoleptic assessment (6.90 and 7.19 for kilishi of Labeo and Hyperopisus respectively) showed that fish kilishi was highly acceptable. Hyperopisus kilishi recorded slightly higher mean scores for the tested organoleptic properties. The declining pattern of the sensory assessment scores with length of storage indicated that the optimum storage period under the room temperature for kilishi made from the experimental fish species in the study area was 6-8 weeks. Further research on appropriate storage methods is desirable. However, preparation of fish kilishi could be explored as alternative preservation technique to reduce fish spoilage especially during the glut in supply and to diversify fish products

Socioeconomic status, parental support, motivation and self-confidence in youth competitive sport

World Conference on Psychology and Sociology 2012

Changes in consumer tastes in the demand for fish and meat in Malaysia

In this article the demand for fish and its substitute was estimated using a very flexible demand function, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) developed by Deaton and Muelllbaeur (1980), incorporating the habit formation variable to measure the impact of the changes in tastes in comsumer demand for fish and meat products from 1960 to 1990 in Malaysia. Information on price and income elasticities for these meat groups was also obtained. To incorporate consumption habit variables, the dynamic translating procedure proposed by Pollak (1970) and Pollak and Wales (1981) has been adopted. The overall results of the maximum likelihood estimates of the dynamic AIDS model are quite good where 19 of 30 coefficients are significantly different from zero and the minimum budget shares, the constant, are between zero and one for each meat type. Consumers tend to purchase and consume fish, chicken, and pork almost daily. Beef and mutton are only consumed occassionally since they are relatively more expensive. This finding is consistent with the trend observed in the per capita consumption and budget share where fish, chicken, and pork tended to dominate over beef and mutton from 1960 to 1990.

Metodologia de avaliação de rendimento de aerogeradores de pequeno porte utilizando perfis diários típicos de vento.

O crescimento do uso dos aerogeradores de pequeno porte em áreas urbanas em todo o mundo aponta para um mercado em expansão e extremamente promissor, principalmente no brasil, onde o potencial eólico é grande. tratando-se de máquinas pequenas existe interesse dos consumidores residenciais na sua utilização, seja para economia de energia ou por adesão às fontes alternativas. existe uma grande quantidade de fabricantes no mundo incluindo aerogeradores de alta, média e baixa qualidade. com isso surge a necessidade de criar métodos que avaliem estes produtos quanto ao seu rendimento energético, como ocorrem com as geladeiras, lâmpadas, fogões e outros, a fim de resguardar a qualidade deste equipamento ao consumidor. a proposta é criar um ciclo de teste (ou ciclo de ventos) baseado nos perfis de comportamentos diários de ventos urbano obtidos através de medições reais feitos pelo projeto sonda. esse perfil será usado para testar os aerogeradores de até 1 kw em laboratório, com auxílio de um túnel de vento a fim de determinar o rendimento energético do conjunto gerador, servindo como método para o aprimoramento desses aparelhos. outra possibilidade é o uso desta metodologia no programa brasileiro de etiquetagem, que classifica os produtos em função de sua eficiência energética. este trabalho também pode ser usado para acreditação de laboratórios de certificação que avaliam produtos em função de sua eficiência e/ou rendimento, visto que a acreditação é uma ferramenta estabelecida em escala internacional para gerar confiança na atuação de organizações que executam atividades de avaliação da conformidade.