The comparison of fac and mer ruthenium(II) trischelate complexes in anion binding

The synthesis of three new homoleptic trischelate ruthenium( II) complexes bearing new 2,2'-bipyridine ligands, 5,5'-dibenzylamido-2,2'-bipyridine (L1) and 5-benzylamido-2,2'- bipyridine (L2) has been achieved. In the case of [Ru(L2)(3)](2+), the mer and fac isomers have been separated. H-1 NMR spectroscopic anion binding studies indicate that the two C-3-symmetric pockets provided by [ Ru(L1)(3)](2+) is conducive to receive a range of anions, although this is not readily reflected in the photophysical behaviour. The fac-isomer of [Ru(L2)(3)](2+) does appear to have an enhancement in the binding interactions over the mer form with dihydrogenphosphate salts, although the difference is much less marked with the spherical chloride ions. From X-ray crystallographic evidence, the ability to hold water in the "anion" binding cleft can inhibit the strength of the interactions with anions, giving rise to the observed selectivity for directional oxoanions such as dihydrogen phosphate.

Up-regulation of GABA transporters and GABAA Receptor α1 subunit in tremor rat hippocampus

The loss of GABAergic neurotransmission has been closely linked with epileptogenesis. The modulation of the synaptic activity occurs both via the removal of GABA from the synaptic cleft and by GABA transporters (GATs) and by modulation of GABA receptors. The tremor rat (TRM; tm/tm) is the parent strain of the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER; zi/zi, tm/tm), which exhibits absence-like seizure after 8 weeks of age. However, there are no reports that can elucidate the effects of GATs and GABAA receptors (GABARs) on TRMs. The present study was conducted to detect GATs and GABAR a1 subunit in TRMs hippocampus at mRNA and protein levels. In this study, total synaptosomal GABA content was significantly decreased in TRMs hippocampus compared with control Wistar rats by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); mRNA and protein expressions of GAT-1, GAT-3 and GABAR a1 subunit were all significantly increased in TRMs hippocampus by real time PCR and western blot, respectively; GAT-1 and GABAR a1 subunit proteins were localized widely in TRMs and control rats hippocampus including CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions whereas only a wide distribution of GAT-3 was observed in CA1 region by immunohistochemistry. These data demonstrate that excessive expressions of GAT-1 as well as GAT-3 and GABAR a1 subunit in TRMs hippocampus may provide the potential therapeutic targets for genetic epilepsy.

Trisomy 10p with clinical features of facio-auriculo-vertebral spectrum: a case report

We report a male child born with complete absence of his external ear, hemifacial microsomia of the right side, high arched palate, a down-turned upper lip and slightly upslanting palpebral fissures. The features were suggestive of facio-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. Investigations showed a tandem duplication of the short arm of one chromosome 10 with apparent breakpoints at p14 and p15. This case extends the list of chromosomal abnormalities associated with the facio-auriculo-vertebral phenotype and also adds useful clinical information to possible trisomy 10p phenotypes.

5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (SEROTONIN)-IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE NERVOUS-SYSTEM OF MESOCESTOIDES-CORTI TETRATHYRIDIA (CESTODA, CYCLOPHYLLIDEA)

An indirect immunocytochemical technique has been interfaced with confocal scanning laser microscopy to investigate the occurrence and distribution of serotoninergic (5-HT) nerve elements in Mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia. Cell bodies and nerve fibers immunoreactive to 5-HT were found concentrated in the innervation around the 4 suckers and associated commissures and in the 5 pairs of longitudinal nerve cords and their cross-connectives. Immunoreactivity was evident also in the extensive, peripheral network of fine fibers of the subtegumental region and in the plexus of varicose fibers that innervate the muscle in each of the suckers. In dividing stages of the tetrathyridium, the immunoreactive lateral nerve cords of adjoining progeny were in continuity around the base of the division cleft.

Treatment of intestinal Behçet's syndrome with chimeric tumour necrosis factor alpha antibody

Few patients with Behçet's syndrome have gastrointestinal ulceration. Such patients are difficult to treat and have a higher mortality. Faced with refractory symptoms in two patients with intestinal Behçet's, we used the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) monoclonal antibody infliximab to induce remission. Both women (one aged 27 years, the other 30 years) presented with orogenital ulceration, pustular rash, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea due to colonic ulceration, weight loss, and synovitis. One had thrombophlebitis, digital vasculitis, perianal fistula, and paracolic abscess; the other had conjunctivitis and an ulcer in the natal cleft. Treatment with prednisolone, methyl prednisolone, and thalidomide in one and prednisolone, colchicine, and cyclosporin in the other was ineffective. After full discussion, infliximab (3 mg/kg, dose reduced because of recent sepsis in one, and 5 mg/kg in the other) was administered. Within 10 days the ulcers healed, with resolution of bloody diarrhoea and all extraintestinal manifestations. A second infusion of infliximab was necessary eight weeks later in one case, followed by sustained (>15 months) remission on low dose thalidomide. Remission was initially sustained for 12 months in the other but thalidomide had to be stopped due to intolerance, and a good response to retreatment lasted only 12 weeks without immunosuppression, before a third infusion. The cause of Behçet's syndrome is unknown but peripheral blood CD45 gammadelta T cells in Behçet's produce >50-fold more TNF-alpha than controls when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD3. Infliximab could have a role for inducing remission in Behçet's syndrome.

The structure of an unconventional HD-GYP protein from Bdellovibrio reveals the roles of conserved residues in this class of cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterases

UNLABELLED: Cyclic-di-GMP is a near-ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that is important in localized signal transmission during the control of various processes, including virulence and switching between planktonic and biofilm-based lifestyles. Cyclic-di-GMP is synthesized by GGDEF diguanylate cyclases and hydrolyzed by EAL or HD-GYP phosphodiesterases, with each functional domain often appended to distinct sensory modules. HD-GYP domain proteins have resisted structural analysis, but here we present the first structural representative of this family (1.28 Å), obtained using the unusual Bd1817 HD-GYP protein from the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Bd1817 lacks the active-site tyrosine present in most HD-GYP family members yet remains an excellent model of their features, sharing 48% sequence similarity with the archetype RpfG. The protein structure is highly modular and thus provides a basis for delineating domain boundaries in other stimulus-dependent homologues. Conserved residues in the HD-GYP family cluster around a binuclear metal center, which is observed complexed to a molecule of phosphate, providing information on the mode of hydroxide ion attack on substrate. The fold and active site of the HD-GYP domain are different from those of EAL proteins, and restricted access to the active-site cleft is indicative of a different mode of activity regulation. The region encompassing the GYP motif has a novel conformation and is surface exposed and available for complexation with binding partners, including GGDEF proteins.

IMPORTANCE: It is becoming apparent that many bacteria use the signaling molecule cyclic-di-GMP to regulate a variety of processes, most notably, transitions between motility and sessility. Importantly, this regulation is central to several traits implicated in chronic disease (adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence gene expression). The mechanisms of cyclic-di-GMP synthesis via GGDEF enzymes and hydrolysis via EAL enzymes have been suggested by the analysis of several crystal structures, but no information has been available to date for the unrelated HD-GYP class of hydrolases. Here we present the multidomain structure of an unusual member of the HD-GYP family from the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and detail the features that distinguish it from the wider structural family of general HD fold hydrolases. The structure reveals how a binuclear iron center is formed from several conserved residues and provides a basis for understanding HD-GYP family sequence requirements for c-di-GMP hydrolysis.

Synapsin- and actin-dependent frequency enhancement in mouse hippocampal mossy fiber synapses

The synapsin proteins have different roles in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic terminals. We demonstrate a differential role between types of excitatory terminals. Structural and functional aspects of the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) synapses were studied in wild-type (WT) mice and in synapsin double-knockout mice (DKO). A severe reduction in the number of synaptic vesicles situated more than 100 nm away from the presynaptic membrane active zone was found in the synapsin DKO animals. The ultrastructural level gave concomitant reduction in F-actin immunoreactivity observed at the periactive endocytic zone of the MF terminals. Frequency facilitation was normal in synapsin DKO mice at low firing rates (approximately 0.1 Hz) but was impaired at firing rates within the physiological range (approximately 2 Hz). Synapses made by associational/commissural fibers showed comparatively small frequency facilitation at the same frequencies. Synapsin-dependent facilitation in MF synapses of WT mice was attenuated by blocking F-actin polymerization with cytochalasin B in hippocampal slices. Synapsin III, selectively seen in MF synapses, is enriched specifically in the area adjacent to the synaptic cleft. This may underlie the ability of synapsin III to promote synaptic depression, contributing to the reduced frequency facilitation observed in the absence of synapsins I and II.

Desenvolvimento da linguagem na criança: hábitos orais e perturbações da fala

O tema desta investigação é a análise dos fatores de risco associados às perturbações da linguagem na criança, em particular, o estudo das relações entre hábitos orais, alterações orofaciais e perturbações da fala. Centra-se nas crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 9 anos, para identificar o papel de hábitos orais (aleitamento materno, sucção da chupeta, do biberão, do dedo e da língua e onicofagia), tipo de respiração (oral, nasal e misto), alterações orofaciais (oclusão dentária, lábios, língua, palato e freio lingual) nas perturbações da linguagem da criança. A literatura indica que esses hábitos orais, ocorridos de modo prolongado nos primeiros anos de vida da criança, potencializam alterações orofaciais e constituem fatores de risco de determinados tipos de perturbações da fala. A amostra compreende 763 crianças portuguesas com perturbações da linguagem, avaliadas em consulta de terapia da fala, em instituições públicas e privadas, durante os anos de 2008 e 2009; e um grupo de controlo com 100 crianças sem perturbações da fala. A recolha de dados efetuou-se através do preenchimento de uma ficha de registo disponibilizada a cada terapeuta da fala envolvida no estudo. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os principais resultados apontam para a importância dos antecedentes familiares, da respiração oral, das alterações na língua, nos lábios e no palato enquanto fatores preditivos das perturbações da fala das crianças. Quanto à interferência nociva que os hábitos orais poderão ter no desenvolvimento e nas perturbações da linguagem da criança, os resultados não a confirmam. Estes dados contribuem para a intervenção e prevenção terapêuticas mais sustentadas nas perturbações da fala e apontam para a necessidade de maior investimento científico neste domínio.

The role of water in determining structure and function of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies /

The interaction of biological molecules with water is an important determinant of structural properties both in molecular assemblies, and in conformation of individual macromolecules. By observing the effects of manipulating the activity of water (which can be accomplished by limiting its concentration or by adding additional solutes, "osmotic stress"), one can learn something about intrinsic physical properties of biological molecules as well as measure an energetic contribution of closely associated water molecules to overall equilibria in biological reactions. Here two such studies are reported. The first of these examines several species of lysolipid which, while present in relatively low concentrations in biomembranes, have been shown to affect many cellular processes involving membrane-protein or membrane-membrane interactions. Monolayer elastic constants were determined by combining X-ray diffraction and the osmotic stress technique. Spontaneous radii of curvature of lysophosphatidylcholines were determined to be positive and in the range +30A to +70A, while lysophosphatidylethanolamines proved to be essentially flat. Neither lysolipid significantly affected the bending modulus of the monolayer in which it was incorporated. The second study examines the role of water in theprocess of polymerization of actin into filaments. Water activity was manipulated by adding osmolytes and the effect on the equilibrium dissociation constant (measured as the criticalmonomer concentration) was determined. As water activity was decreased, the critical concentration was reduced for Ca-actin but not for Mg-actin, suggesting that 10-12 fewer water molecules are associated with Ca-actin in the polymerized state. Thisunexpectedly small amount of water is discussed in the context of the common structural motif of a nucleotide binding cleft.

Prediction of the clinical response to psychostimulant by the basal and reactive salivary cortisol in children with ADHD.

Le trouble du déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) est un des troubles comportementaux le plus commun chez les enfants. TDAH a une étiologie complexe et des traitements efficaces. Le médicament le plus prescrit est le méthylphénidate, un psychostimulant qui bloque le transporteur de la dopamine et augmente la disponibilité de la dopamine dans la fente synaptique. Des études précliniques et cliniques suggèrent que le cortisol peut potentialiser les effets de la dopamine. Un dysfonctionnement du système hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS) est associé avec plusieurs maladies psychiatriques comme la dépression, le trouble bipolaire, et l’anxiété. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que le cortisol influence l’efficacité du traitement des symptômes du TDAH par le méthylphénidate. L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer les niveaux de cortisol le matin au réveil et en réponse à une prise de sang dans un échantillon d’enfants diagnostiqué avec TDAH âgé de 8 ans. Le groupe était randomisé dans un protocole en chassé croisé et en double aveugle avec trois doses de méthylphénidate et un placebo pour une période de quatre semaines. Les enseignants et les parents ont répondu aux questionnaires SWAN et à une échelle d’évaluation des effets secondaires. Les résultats ont démontrés qu’un niveau de cortisol élevé au réveil prédit les sujets qui ne répondent pas au traitement du TDAH, si on se fie aux rapports des parents. En plus, la réactivité au stress élevé suggère un bénéfice additionnel d’une dose élevée de méthylphénidate selon les enseignants. Aussi, les parents rapportent une association entre la présence de troubles anxieux co-morbide avec le TDAH et une meilleure réponse à une dose élevée. Cette étude suggère qu’une forte réactivité de l’axe HHS améliore la réponse clinique à des doses élevées, mais qu’une élévation chronique du niveau de cortisol pourrait être un marqueur pour les non répondeurs. Les résultats de cette étude doivent être considérés comme préliminaires et nécessitent des tests plus approfondis des interactions possibles entre les médicaments utilisés pour traiter le TDAH et l’axe HHS.

Stomatite prothétique, candidose orale et leur évolution dans le temps

Objectifs: Observer l’évolution de la stomatite prothétique dans le temps quant à la fréquence et la sévérité ainsi que son association avec de potentiels facteurs de risque au cours d’un suivi longitudinal de 2 ans. Matériels et méthodes : Cent trente-cinq patients âgés complètement édentés et en bonne santé ont été sélectionnés pour participer à cette étude et ont été divisés de façon randomisée en deux groupes. Ils ont tous reçu une prothèse dentaire amovible totale conventionnelle au maxillaire supérieur. La moitié d’entre eux a reçu une prothèse totale mandibulaire implanto-portée retenue par deux attachements boule et l’autre moitié une prothèse conventionnelle. Ils ont été suivis sur une période de deux ans. Les données sociodémographiques, d’habitudes de vie, d’hygiène et de satisfaction des prothèses ont été amassées à l’aide de questionnaires. Les patients ont aussi subi un examen oral complet lors duquel une évaluation de la stomatite prothétique, basée sur la classification de Newton, a été effectuée ainsi qu’un prélèvement de la plaque prothétique. Les analyses microbiologiques pertinentes afin de détecter la présence de Candida ont ensuite été effectuées. Des tests Chi-carré de Pearson et McNemar ont été utilisés pour analyser la fréquence de la stomatite, son association avec de possibles facteurs de risque ainsi que son évolution dans le temps. Des rapports de cotes (odds ratio) et leurs intervalles de confiance (95%) ont été effectués afin de déterminer la force d’association entre les facteurs de risque et la stomatite prothétique. Résultats : La prévalence de la stomatite a augmenté entre la première (63,6%) et la deuxième année de suivi (88,7%) avec une incidence de 78,8%. Les patients souffrant d’une stomatite de type 2 ou 3 et qui brossent leur palais ont environ 6 fois plus de chance de voir la sévérité de leur stomatite diminuer [p = 0,04 OR 5,88 CI (1,1-32,2)]. Il n’y a pas d’association statistiquement significative entre la fréquence de la stomatite et les facteurs de risque investigués. La prévalence de la candidose est demeurée stable dans le temps (45,8% et 49,2% à la première et deuxième année de suivi respectivement, p > 0,05). Il n’y a pas d’association entre la présence d’une candidose orale, la stomatite prothétique et les facteurs de risque étudiés. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que la stomatite prothétique progresse dans le temps indépendamment de la présence d’une candidose. Le brossage du palais pourrait être une approche simple à conseiller aux patients souffrant d’une stomatite prothétique de type 2 ou 3.

Internacionalización de las empresas colombianas caso: Pizza Gourmet 1969

A través de un análisis interno y estructural realizado a dos compañías pertenecientes al sector de alimentos, más específicamente al sector de las pizzas. Para reconocer sus principales características, cualidades y situación actual. Ambas con evidentes diferencias entre ellas, es decir, donde una es reconocida mundialmente y la otra aún no ha salido de su lugar de origen, asimismo donde una es estadounidense: Pizza Hut, y la otra Colombiana: Pizza Gourmet 1969. Y su respectivo análisis con respecto a su relación con las diversas teorías de la internacionalización de las empresas, se logró identificar la estrategia utilizada por Pizza Hut para lograr conquistar otros mercados y ser identificada como una de las mejores en el mundo. Y por otro lado, revelar y descubrir el mejor camino que podría seguir Pizza Gourmet 1969 para realizar su proceso de internacionalización. Por medio de lo dicho anteriormente, se evidencio que Pizza Gourmet 1969 podría llevar a cabo un comportamiento parecido al utilizado por P izza Hut para lograr salir de sus fronteras. Utilizando un mecanismo de franquicias y de la calidad e innovación de productos. Resaltando de esta forma los factores diferenciadores, y así obtener el aprovechamiento de los recursos, conocimientos y talentos de la compañía. Logrando conquistar el paladar del consumidor y satisfacer sus necesidades. De esta forma, la experiencia día a día será mayor y la participación de mercado a su vez se incrementara. El indiscutible éxito de Pizza Hut en el mundo, es el motivo por el cual se tomó como patrón y base para dicho análisis comparativo. Esta compañía es un ejemplo, y su historia y estrategias pueden ser utilizadas e imitadas por compañías que deseen ampliar sus mercados y realizar procesos de internacionalización.

Correlación genotipo-fenotipo y análisis molecular en pacientes con síndrome Down

El síndrome Down (SD) es la trisomía más común en humanos, presentándose en 1 de cada 745 nacidos vivos y es la causa más frecuente de retardo mental. El origen más observado de la trisomíaes una no disyunción meiótica (95%), la cual generalmente es de origen materno, mientras un 5% se debe a errores post-cigóticos mitóticos. Objetivo: identificar el origen parental delcromosoma 21 extra, el momento del error no disyuncional y establecer una correlación entre estos eventos y las manifestaciones fenotípicas de los pacientes afectados. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron cincuenta familias con un hijo con SD mediante el uso de cinco short tandem repeats (STR) a lo largo de 21q, se construyeron los haplotipos de cada paciente y sus padres, determinandoel origen parental y el momento en que surgió el error no disyuncional. Resultados:en 80% de las familias el error fue en meiosis I y 20% en la meiosis II; 98% de los cromosomasadicionales fue de origen materno y 2% paterno. Se encontró correlación genotipo-fenotipo en ocho características estudiadas: cuello corto y ancho, tercera fontanela, labio inferior prominente, paladar estrecho y corto, raíz del hélix cruzando la concha, alopecia, pliegue único palmar yotras anomalías como nevus y xeroderma y eventos de recombinación en 24,5% de las familias analizadas. Conclusiones: la edad materna y la variación en el número de recombinaciones está asociada con no disyunciones meióticas I y II; se encontró correlación entre el momento del errorno disyuncional y algunas variables clínicas.

Franquicia GastroPub Torino

Es la construcción de un modelo de franquicia de restaurantes con la temática GastroPub que es una nueva tendencia originaria de europa. Es un restaurante que sirve comida colombiana gourmet, típica pero no común, en un ambiente de pub.

Are clefts contagious in conversation?

It is well known that conversationalists often imitate their own body language as a sign of closeness and empathy. This study shows that in spontaneous, unplanned conversation, speakers go as far as emulating each other's grammar. The use of a family of focusing constructions (namely, the cleft), such as it was my mother who rang the other day, or what I meant to say was that he should go Thursday, was investigated in a corpus of conversation excerpts in New Zealand English. Findings show that clefting is contagious. In other words, if one speaker uses a cleft, others will be likely to do so too.