Alternative splicing by hnRNP L as a new modulator of hematopoietic cell differentiation, survival and migration

Les modifications post-transcriptionnelles de l’ARN messager (ARNm), comme l’épissage alternatif, jouent un rôle important dans la régulation du développement embryonnaire, de la fonction cellulaire et de l’immunité. De nouvelles évidences révèlent que l’épissage alternatif serait également impliqué dans la régulation de la maturation et de l’activation des cellules du système hématopoïétique. Le facteur hnRNP L a été identifié comme étant le principal régulateur de l’épissage alternatif du gène codant pour le récepteur CD45 in vitro. Le récepteur CD45 est une tyrosine phosphatase exprimée par toutes les cellules du système hématopoïétique qui contrôle le développement et l’activation des lymphocytes T. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la fonction du facteur hnRNP L dans le développement des lymphocytes T et dans l’épissage de l’ARNm de CD45 in vivo en utilisant des souris dont le gène de hnRNP L a été supprimé spécifiquement dans les cellules T. La délétion de hnRNP L dans les thymocytes résulte en une expression aberrante des différents isoformes de CD45 avec une prédominance de l'isoforme CD45RA qui est généralement absent dans le thymus. Une conséquence de la délétion de hnRNP L est une diminution de la cellularité du thymus causée par un blocage partiel du développement des cellules pré-T au stade DN4. Cette réduction du nombre de cellules dans le thymus n’est pas liée à une hausse de la mort cellulaire. Les thymocytes déficients pour hnRNP L démontrent plutôt une prolifération augmentée comparée aux thymocytes sauvages due à une hyper-activation des kinases Lck, Erk1/2 et Akt. De plus, la délétion de hnRNP L dans le thymus cause une perte des cellules T en périphérie. Les résultats des expériences in vitro suggèrent que cette perte est principalement due à un défaut de migration des thymocytes déficients pour hnRNP L du thymus vers la périphérie en réponse aux chimiokines. L’épissage alternatif de CD45 ne peut expliquer ce phénotype mais l’identification de cibles par RNA-Seq a révélé un rôle de hnRNP L dans la régulation de l’épissage alternatif de facteurs impliqués dans la polymérisation de l’actine. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié le rôle de hnRNP L dans l’hématopoïèse en utilisant des souris dont la délétion de hnRNP L était spécifique aux cellules hématopoïétiques dans les foies fœtaux et la moelle osseuse. L’ablation de hnRNP L réduit le nombre de cellules progénitrices incluant les cellules progénitrices lymphocytaires (CLPs), myéloïdes (CMPs, GMPs) et mégakaryocytes-érythrocytaires (MEPs) et une perte des cellules hématopoïétiques matures. À l’opposé des cellules progénitrices multipotentes (MPPs) qui sont affectées en absence de hnRNP L, la population de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (HSCs) n’est pas réduite et prolifère plus que les cellules contrôles. Cependant, les HSCs n’exprimant pas hnRNP L sont positives pour l'Annexin V et expriment CD95 ce qui suggère une mort cellulaire prononcée. Comme pour les thymocytes, une analyse par RNA-Seq des foies fœtaux a révélé différents gènes cibles de hnRNP L appartenant aux catégories reliées à la mort cellulaire, la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et à l’adhésion cellulaire qui peuvent tous expliquer le phénotype des cellules n’exprimant pas le gène hnRNP L. Ces résultats suggèrent que hnRNP L et l’épissage alternatif sont essentiels pour maintenir le potentiel de différenciation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques et leur intégrité fonctionnelle. HnRNP L est aussi crucial pour le développement des cellules T par la régulation de l’épissage de CD45 ainsi que pour leur migration.

Anti-VEGFA therapy reduces tumor growth and extends survival in a murine model of ovarian granulosa cell tumor

Les tumeurs des cellules de la granulosa (GCTs) sont des tumeurs avec un potentiel malin ayant tendance à récidiver, provoquant ainsi la mort dans 80% des cas de stade avancé consécutif à une rechute. Bien que les GCTs représentent 5% des tumeurs ovariennes, peu d’études ont évalué les protocoles de traitement adjuvant pour la maladie avancée ou récurrente. Notre but était d’évaluer l’efficacité de la voie de signalisation du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire A (VEGFA) comme cible pour le traitement de la GCT utilisant le modèle murin transgénique Ptentm1Hwu/tm1Hwu; Ctnnb1tm1Mmt/+; Amhr2tm3(cre)Bhr/+ (PCA) qui reproduit le stade avancé de la maladie humaine. Un anticorps anti-VEGFA a été administré une fois par semaine par voie intrapéritonéale (IP) à partir de 3 semaines d’âge. La thérapie anti-VEGFA a permis une réduction de la taille des tumeurs à 6 semaines d’âge (p<0.05) et une prolongation de la survie des animaux traités, lorsque comparé aux animaux contrôles. L’analyse des GCTs a montré une réduction significative de la prolifération cellulaire (p<0.05) et de la densité microvasculaire (p<0.01) mais aucune différence significative n’a été détectée dans l’apoptose cellulaire. p44/p42 MAPK, un effecteur de la signalisation pour le récepteur 2 de VEGFA (VEGFR2) associé à la prolifération cellulaire, était moins activé dans les tumeurs traitées (p<0.05). Par contre, l’activation d’AKT, un effecteur impliqué dans la survie cellulaire, était similaire d’un groupe à l’autre. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’anticorps anti-VEGFA réduit la prolifération cellulaire et la densité microvasculaire chez les souris PCA par inhibition de la voie de signalisation VEGFR2-MAPK, inhibant ainsi la croissance tumorale. En conclusion, l’efficacité de la thérapie anti- VEGFA mérite d’être évaluée en essais contrôlés randomisés pour le traitement des GCTs chez l’homme.

Differential regulation of early response genes by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 and FGF18 in bovine granulosa cells in vitro

Les « Facteurs de croissance des fibroblastes» (FGF) agissent comme des régulateurs locaux sur la qualité des follicules et sont connus pour promouvoir la prolifération des cellules de granulosa, réduire l’apoptose et la stéroïdogenèse. Parmi la sous-famille FGF8, FGF18 est une exception puisqu’il semblerait avoir une fonction pro-apoptotique alors que FGF8 n’a pas été jusqu’à présent rapporté comme altérant la viabilité des cellules de la granulosa. Ces deux ligands ont un mode d’activation similaire et il pourrait être proposé que toute la sous-famille FGF8 ait la même réponse. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si FGF8 et FGF18 activaient la même réponse précoce de gènes dans des cultures de granulosa bovine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons cultivé des cellules de la granulosa dans du milieu de culture sans sérum pendant 5 jours. Le jour 5, les cellules ont été traitées avec FGF8 ou FGF18. Nous avons eu recours à une approche de « puce à ADN » afin d’identifier la réponse précoce de gènes induite par FGF8 et FGF18, et les données ont été confirmées par des PCRs en temps réel lors d’une expérience in vitro où les cellules de granulosa ont été traitées avec FGF8 et FGF18 pendant différents temps. L’analyse du puce à ADN a identifié 12 gènes surexprimés par FGF8, incluant SPRY2, NR4A1, XIRP1, BAMBI, EGR1, FOS et FOSL1. A l’inverse, FGF18 n’a régulé aucun gène de manière significative. Les analyses de PCR ont confirmé l’augmentation d’ARNm codant pour EGR1, EGR3, FOS, XIRP1, FOSL1, SPRY2, NR4A1 et BAMBI après 2 h de traitement. FGF18 a entrainé seulement une augmentation de l’expression de EGR1 après 2 h de traitement parmi tous les gènes testés. Ces résultats démontrent donc que FGF8 et FGF18, malgré leur similarité dans le mode d’activation de leurs récepteurs, agissent sur les cellules de la granulosa via différentes voies de signalisation. FGF8 et FGF18, sont donc tous les deux capables de stimuler l’expression de EGR1, mais les voies de signalisation induites par la suite divergent.

The effects of retinoic acid on human corneal stromal keratocytes cultured in vitro under serum-free conditions

Purpose: Retinoic acid (RA) is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays a fundamental role in the development and function of the human eye. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RA on the phenotype of corneal stromal keratocytes maintained in vitro for extended periods under serum-free conditions. Methods: Keratocytes isolated from human corneas were cultured up to 21 days in serum-free media supplemented with RA or DMSO vehicle. The effects of RA and of its removal after treatment on cell proliferation and morphology were evaluated. In addition, the expression of keratocyte markers was quantified at the transcriptional and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting or ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of RA on keratocyte migration were tested using scratch assays. Results: Keratocytes cultured with RA up to 10×10-6 M showed enhanced proliferation and stratification, and reduced mobility. RA also promoted the expression of keratocyte-characteristic proteoglycans such as keratocan, lumican, and decorin, and increased the amounts of collagen type-I in culture while significantly reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteases 1, 3, and 9. RA effects were reversible, and cell phenotype reverted to that of control after removal of RA from media. Conclusions: RA was shown to control the phenotype of human corneal keratocytes cultured in vitro by regulating cell behaviour and extracellular matrix composition. These findings contribute to our understanding of corneal stromal biology in health and disease, and may prove useful in optimizing keratocyte cultures for applications in tissue engineering, cell biology, and medicine.

Na plus -Glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 Protein in Salivary Glands: Potential Involvement in the Diabetes-Induced Decrease in Salivary Flow

Oral health complications in diabetes include decreased salivary secretion. The SLC5A1 gene encodes the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 protein, which not only transports glucose, but also acts as a water channel. Since SLC5A1 expression is altered in kidneys of diabetic subjects, we hypothesize that it could also be altered in salivary glands, contributing to diabetic dysfunction. The present study shows a diabetes-induced decrease (p < 0.001) in salivary secretion, which was accompanied by enhanced (p < 0.05) SGLT1 mRNA expression in parotid (50%) and submandibular (30%) glands. Immunohistochemical analysis of parotid gland of diabetic rats revealed that SGLT1 protein expression increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, which can stimulate water reabsorption from primary saliva. Furthermore, SGLT1 protein was reduced in myoepithelial cells of the parotid from diabetic animals, and that, by reducing cellular contractile activity, might also be related to reduced salivary flux. Six-day insulin-treated diabetic rats reversed all alterations. In conclusion, diabetes increases SLC5A1 gene expression in salivary glands, increasing the SGLT1 protein content in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, which, by increasing water reabsorption, might explain the diabetes-induced decrease in salivary secretion.

Amino acids and diabetes: implications for endocrine, metabolic and immune function

Aberrant alterations in glucose and lipid concentrations and their pathways of metabolism are a hallmark of diabetes. However, much less is known about alterations in concentrations of amino acids and their pathways of metabolism in diabetes. In this review we have attempted to highlight, integrate and discuss common alterations in amino acid metabolism in a wide variety of cells and tissues and relate these changes to alterations in endocrine, physiologic and immune function in diabetes.

Novel endogenous peptide agonists of cannabinoid receptors

Hemopressin (Hp), a 9-residue alpha-hemoglobin-derived peptide, was previously reported to function as a CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist (1). In this study, we report that mass spectrometry (MS) data from peptidomics analyses of mouse brain extracts identified N-terminally extended forms of Hp containing either three (RVD-Hp alpha) or two (VD-Hp alpha) additional amino acids, as well as a beta-hemoglobinderived peptide with sequence similarity to that of hemopressin (VD-Hp beta). Characterization of the alpha-hemoglobin-derived peptides using binding and functional assays shows that in contrast to Hp, which functions as a CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist, both RVD-Hp alpha and VD-Hp alpha function as agonists. Studies examining the increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 levels or release of intracellular Ca(2+) indicate that these peptides activate a signal transduction pathway distinct from that activated by the endo-cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, or the classic CB(1) agonist, Hu-210. This finding suggests an additional mode of regulation of endogenous cannabinoid receptor activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the CB(1) receptor is involved in the integration of signals from both lipid-and peptide-derived signaling molecules.-Gomes, I., Grushko, J. S., Golebiewska, U., Hoogendoorn, S., Gupta, A., Heimann, A. S., Ferro, E. S., Scarlata, S., Fricker, L. D., Devi, L. A. Novel endogenous peptide agonists of cannabinoid receptors. FASEB J. 23, 3020-3029 (2009). www.fasebj.org

The Recombination Protein RAD52 Cooperates with the Excision Repair Protein OGG1 for the Repair of Oxidative Lesions in Mammalian Cells

Oxidized bases are common types of DNA modifications. Their accumulation in the genome is linked to aging and degenerative diseases. These modifications are commonly repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) initiates BER of oxidized purine bases. A small number of protein interactions have been identified for OGG1, while very few appear to have functional consequences. We report here that OGG1 interacts with the recombination protein RAD52 in vitro and in vivo. This interaction has reciprocal functional consequences as OGG1 inhibits RAD52 catalytic activities and RAD52 stimulates OGG1 incision activity, likely increasing its turnover rate. RAD52 colocalizes with OGG1 after oxidative stress to cultured cells, but not after the direct induction of double-strand breaks by ionizing radiation. Human cells depleted of RAD52 via small interfering RNA knockdown, and mouse cells lacking the protein via gene knockout showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Moreover, cells depleted of RAD52 show higher accumulation of oxidized bases in their genome than cells with normal levels of RAD52. Our results indicate that RAD52 cooperates with OGG1 to repair oxidative DNA damage and enhances the cellular resistance to oxidative stress. Our observations suggest a coordinated action between these proteins that may be relevant when oxidative lesions positioned close to strand breaks impose a hindrance to RAD52 catalytic activities.

Redox regulation of the mitochondrial K(ATP) channel in cardioprotection

The mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mK(ATP)) is important in the protective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). The channel is reportedly sensitive to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and the aim of this study was to compare such species in parallel, to build a more comprehensive picture of mK(ATP) regulation. mK(ATP) activity was measured by both osmotic swelling and Tl(+) flux assays, in isolated rat heart mitochondria. An isolated adult rat cardiomyocyte model of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury was also used to determine the role of mK(ATP) in cardioprotection by nitroxyl. Key findings were as follows: (i) mK(ATP) was activated by O(2)(center dot-) and H(2)O(2) but not other peroxides. (ii) mK(ATP) was inhibited by NADPH. (iii) mK(ATP) was activated by S-nitrosothiols, nitroxyl, and nitrolinoleate. The latter two species also inhibited mitochondrial complex II. (iv) Nitroxyl protected cardiomyocytes against IR injury in an mK(ATP)-dependent manner. Overall, these results suggest that the mK(ATP) channel is activated by specific reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and inhibited by NADPH. The redox modulation of mK(ATP) may be an underlying mechanism for its regulation in the context of IPC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria and Cardioprotection. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

THE EXTENT OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY AUTHORSHIP OF ARTICLES ON SCIENTOMETRICS AND BIBLIOMETRICS IN BRAZIL

The publications in scientometrics and bibliometrics with Brazilian authorship expanded exponentially in the 1990-2006 period, reaching 13 times in the Web of Science database and 19.5 times in the Google Scholar database. This increase is rather superior to that of the total Brazilian scientific production in the same time period (5.6 times in the Web of Science). Some characteristics to be noticed in this rise are: 1) The total number of articles during this period was 197; in that, 78% were published in 57 Brazilian journals and 22% in 13 international journals. 2) The national and international articles averaged 4.3 and 5.9 citations/article, respectively; two journals stood out among these, the national Ciencia da Informacao (44 articles averaging 6.7 citations/article) and the international Scientometrics (32 articles averaging 6.2 citations/article). 3) The articles encompass an impressive participation of authors from areas other than information science; only one-fourth of the authors are bound to the information science field, the remaining ones being distributed among the areas of humanities/business administration, biology/biomedicine, health and hard sciences. The occurrence of adventitious authors at this level of multidisciplinarity is uncommon in science. However, the possible benefits of such patterns are not clear in view of a fragmented intercommunication among the authors, as noticed through the citations. The advantages of changing this trend and of using other scientometric and bibliometric databases, such as SciELO, to avoid an almost exclusive use of the Web of Science database, are discussed.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors transduce signals for neurite outgrowth after binding of the prion protein to laminin gamma 1 chain

The prion protein (PrP(C)) is highly expressed in the nervous system, and its abnormal conformer is associated with prion diseases. PrP(C) is anchored to cell membranes by glycosylphosphatidylinositol, and transmembrane proteins are likely required for PrP(C)-mediated intracellular signaling. Binding of laminin (Ln) to PrP(C) modulates neuronal plasticity and memory. We addressed signaling pathways triggered by PrP(C)-Ln interaction in order to identify transmembrane proteins involved in the transduction of PrP(C)-Ln signals. The Ln gamma 1-chain peptide, which contains the Ln binding site for PrP(C), induced neuritogenesis through activation of phospholipase C (PLC), Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores, and protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation in primary cultures of neurons from wild-type, but not PrP(C)-null mice. Phage display, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization experiments showed that group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) associate with PrP(C). Expression of either mGluR1 or mGluR5 in HEK293 cells reconstituted the signaling pathways mediated by PrP(C)-Ln gamma 1 peptide interaction. Specific inhibitors of these receptors impaired PrP(C)-Ln gamma 1 peptide-induced signaling and neuritogenesis. These data show that group I mGluRs are involved in the transduction of cellular signals triggered by PrP(C)-Ln, and they support the notion that PrP(C) participates in the assembly of multiprotein complexes with physiological functions on neurons.-Beraldo, F. H., Arantes, C. P., Santos, T. G., Machado, C. F., Roffe, M., Hajj, G. N., Lee, K. S., Magalhaes, A. C., Caetano, F. A., Mancini, G. L., Lopes, M. H., Americo, T. A., Magdesian, M. H., Ferguson, S. S. G., Linden, R., Prado, M. A. M., Martins, V. R. Metabotropic glutamate receptors trans-duce signals for neurite outgrowth after binding of the prion protein to laminin gamma 1 chain. FASEB J. 25, 265-279 (2011). www.fasebj.org

Annexin A1 regulates neutrophil clearance by macrophages in the mouse bone marrow

Under homeostatic conditions, a proportion of senescent CXCR4(hi) neutrophils home from the circulation back to the bone marrow, where they are phagocytosed by bone marrow macrophages. In this study, we have identified an unexpected role for the anti-inflammatory molecule annexin A1 (AnxA1) as a critical regulator of this process. We first observed that AnxA1(-/-) mice have significantly increased neutrophil numbers in their bone marrow while having normal levels of GM and G colony-forming units, monocytes, and macrophages. Although AnxA1(-/-) mice have more neutrophils in the bone marrow, a greater proportion of these cells are senescent, as determined by their higher levels of CXCR4 expression and annexin V binding. Consequently, bone marrow neutrophils from AnxA1(-/-) mice exhibit a reduced migratory capacity in vitro. Studies conducted in vitro also show that expression of AnxA1 is required for bone marrow macrophages, but not peritoneal macrophages, to phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. Moreover, in vivo experiments indicate a defect in clearance of wild-type neutrophils in the bone marrow of AnxA1(-/-) mice. Thus, we conclude that expression of AnxA1 by resident macrophages is a critical determinant for neutrophil clearance in the bone marrow.-Dalli, J., Jones, C. P., Cavalcanti, D. M., Farsky, S. H., Perretti, M., Rankin, S. M. Annexin A1 regulates neutrophil clearance by macrophages in the mouse bone marrow. FASEB J. 26, 387-396 (2012). www.fasebj.org

Boron uptake in normal melanocytes and melanoma cells and boron biodistribution study in mice bearing B16F10 melanoma for boron neutron capture therapy

Information on B-10 distribution in normal tissues is crucial to any further development of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo boron biodistribution in B16F10 murine melanoma and normal tissues as a model for human melanoma treatment by a simple and rapid colorimetric method, which was validated by HR-ICP-MS. The B16F10 melanoma cell line showed higher melanin content than human melanocytes, demonstrating a greater potential for boronophenylalanine uptake. The melanocytes showed a moderate viability decrease in the first few minutes after BNCT application, stabilizing after 75 min, whereas the B16F10 melanoma showed the greatest intracellular boron concentration at 150 min after application, indicating a different boron uptake of melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes. Moreover, at this time, the increase in boron uptake in melanoma cells was approximately 1.6 times higher than that in normal melanocytes. The B-10 concentration in the blood of mice bearing B16F10 melanoma increased until 90 min after BNCT application and then decreased after 120 min, and remained low until the 240th minute. On the other hand, the B-10 concentration in tumors was increased from 90 min and maximal at 150 min after application, thus confirming the in vitro results. Therefore, the present in vitro and in vivo study of B-10 uptake in normal and tumor cells revealed important data that could enable BNCT to be possibly used as a treatment for melanoma, a chemoresistant cancer associated with high mortality.

Interstrain differences in the severity of liver injury induced by a choline- and folate-deficient diet in mice are associated with dysregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem and a leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and developed countries. In humans, genetic factors greatly influence individual susceptibility to NAFLD. The goals of this study were to compare the magnitude of interindividual differences in the severity of liver injury induced by methyl-donor deficiency among individual inbred strains of mice and to investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with the variability. Feeding mice a choline-and folate-deficient diet for 12 wk caused liver injury similar to NAFLD. The magnitude of liver injury varied among the strains, with the order of sensitivity being A/J approximate to C57BL/6J approximate to C3H/HeJ < 129S1/SvImJ approximate to CAST/EiJ < PWK/PhJ < WSB/EiJ. The interstrain variability in severity of NAFLD liver damage was associated with dysregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, primarily with a down-regulation of the peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha (PPAR alpha)-regulated lipid catabolic pathway genes. Markers of oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage were also elevated in the livers but were not correlated with severity of liver damage. These findings suggest that the PPAR alpha-regulated metabolism network is one of the key mechanisms determining interstrain susceptibility and severity of NAFLD in mice.-Tryndyak, V., de Conti, A., Kobets, T., Kutanzi, K., Koturbash, I., Han, T., Fuscoe, J. C., Latendresse, J. R., Melnyk, S., Shymonyak, S., Collins, L., Ross, S. A., Rusyn, I., Beland, F. A., Pogribny, I. P. Interstrain differences in the severity of liver injury induced by a choline-and folate-deficient diet in mice are associated with dysregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. FASEB J. 26, 4592-4602 (2012). www.fasebj.org

Cell Types as Natural Kinds

Talk of different types of cells is commonplace in the biological sciences. We know a great deal, for example, about human muscle cells by studying the same type of cells in mice. Information about cell type is apparently largely projectible across species boundaries. But what defines cell type? Do cells come pre-packaged into different natural kinds? Philosophical attention to these questions has been extremely limited [see e.g., Wilson (Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, pp 187-207, 1999; Genes and the Agents of Life, 2005; Wilson et al. Philos Top 35(1/2): 189-215, 2007)]. On the face of it, the problems we face in individuating cellular kinds resemble those biologists and philosophers of biology encountered in thinking about species: there are apparently many different (and interconnected) bases on which we might legitimately classify cells. We could, for example, focus on their developmental history (a sort of analogue to a species' evolutionary history); or we might divide on the basis of certain structural features, functional role, location within larger systems, and so on. In this paper, I sketch an approach to cellular kinds inspired by Boyd's Homeostatic Property Cluster Theory, applying some lessons from this application back to general questions about the nature of natural kinds.