An Introduction to Conservation Easements in the United States: A Simple Concept and a Complicated Mosaic of Law

The idea of a conservation easement – restrictions on the development and use of land designed to protect the land’s conservation or historic values – can be relatively easily understood. More significant and more challenging is the complex body of state and federal laws that shapes the creation, funding, tax treatment, enforcement, modification, and termination of conservation easements. The explosion in the number of conservation easements over the past four decades has made them one of the most popular land protection mechanisms in the United States. The National Conservation Easement Database estimates that the total number of acres encumbered by conservation easements exceeds 40 million.Because conservation easements are both novel and ubiquitous, understanding how they actual work is essential for practicing lawyers, policymakers, land trust professionals, and students of conservation. This article provides a “quick tour” through some of the most important aspects of the developing mosaic of conservation easement law. It gives the reader a sense of the complex inter-jurisdictional dynamics that shape conservation transactions and disputes about conservation easements. Professors of property law, environmental law, tax law, and environmental studies who wish to cover conservation easements in the context of a more general course can use the article to provide their students with a broad but comprehensive overview of the relevant legal and policy issues.

Changes in the Photoreceptor Mosaic of P23H-1 Rats During Retinal Degeneration: Implications for Rod-Cone Dependent Survival

Purpose. To investigate the spatiotemporal relationship between rod and cone degeneration in the P23H-1 rat. Methods. Control Sprague-Dawley (SD) and P23H-1 rats of ages ranging from P30 to P365 were used. Retinas were processed for whole mounts or cross sections and rods and cones were immunodetected. We used newly developed image analysis techniques to quantify the total population of L/M cones (the most abundant cones in the rat) and analyzed the rings of rod-cone degeneration. Results. In P23H-1 rats, rod degeneration occurs rapidly: first the rod outer segment shortens, at P30 there is extensive rod loss, and by P180 rod loss is almost complete except for the most peripheral retina. The numbers of L/M cones are, at all postnatal ages, lower in P23H-1 rats than in control SD rats, and decrease significantly with age (by P180). Rod and cone degeneration is spatiotemporally related and occurs in rings that appear already at P90 and spread throughout the entire retina. At P180, the rings of rod-cone degeneration are more abundant in the equatorial retina and are larger in the dorsal retina. Conclusions. This work describes for the first time that in the P23H-1 rat, rod and cone degeneration is spatiotemporally related and occurs in rings. Cone loss follows rod loss and starts very soon, even before P30, the first age analyzed here. The characteristics of the rings suggest that secondary cone degeneration is influenced by retinal position and/or other intrinsic or extrinsic factors.

Leadless decorative tiles, faience, and mosaic, comprising notes and excerpts on the history, materials, manufacture & use of ornamental flooring tiles, ceramic mosaic, and decorative tiles and faience, with complete series of recipes for tile-bodies, and for leadless glazes and art-tile enamels,

Mode of access: Internet.

The laws of contrast and colour and their application to the arts of painting, decoration of buildings, mosaic work ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

A report on the sugar cane mosaic situation in February, 1924, at Soledad, Cuba,

Letterpress descriptive of each plate on verso of preceding plate.

Syria : fragile mosaic of power /

Includes index.

Mosaic /

Mode of access: Internet.

Consumer preferences for selected frozen concentrated apple juice.

Mode of access: Internet.

The apple situation in New York State, a preliminary report

Cover title.

The Bible and slavery: in which the Abrahamic and Mosaic discipline is considered in connection with the most ancient forms of slavery : and the Pauline code on slavery as related to Roman slavery and the discipline of the apostolic churches.

Microform.

A new and fashionable mosaic puzzle : forming a variety of elegant devices adapted for tesselated pavements &c. &c. &c. /

Title page includes illustration of a pavement under a columned archway; all other ill. are squares with individual black & white geometric designs, except for leaf [9] which contains squares without designs but with guidelines drawn in them.

Orchard practice for the control of blister canker of apple trees /

Cover title.

The fruiting habit of the apple tree.

Thesis (M. S. in Agr.) - Cornell Univ., June 1918.

Insect and mite pests of apple in California /

Mode of access: Internet.

Apple loss adjustment standards handbook.

Mode of access: Internet.