A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline.

OBJECTIVES: Resuscitation in severe head injury may be detrimental when given with hypotonic fluids. We evaluated the effects of lactated Ringer's solution (sodium 131 mmol/L, 277 mOsm/L) compared with hypertonic saline (sodium 268 mmol/L, 598 mOsm/L) in severely head-injured children over the first 3 days after injury. DESIGN: An open, randomized, and prospective study. SETTING: A 16-bed pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) (level III) at a university children's hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 35 consecutive children with head injury. INTERVENTIONS: Thirty-two children with Glasgow Coma Scores of <8 were randomly assigned to receive either lactated Ringer's solution (group 1) or hypertonic saline (group 2). Routine care was standardized, and included the following: head positioning at 30 degrees; normothermia (96.8 degrees to 98.6 degrees F [36 degrees to 37 degrees C]); analgesia and sedation with morphine (10 to 30 microg/kg/hr), midazolam (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/hr), and phenobarbital; volume-controlled ventilation (PaCO2 of 26.3 to 30 torr [3.5 to 4 kPa]); and optimal oxygenation (PaO2 of 90 to 105 torr [12 to 14 kPa], oxygen saturation of >92%, and hematocrit of >0.30). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure (ICP) were monitored continuously and documented hourly and at every intervention. The means of every 4-hr period were calculated and serum sodium concentrations were measured at the same time. An ICP of 15 mm Hg was treated with a predefined sequence of interventions, and complications were documented. There was no difference with respect to age, male/female ratio, or initial Glasgow Coma Score. In both groups, there was an inverse correlation between serum sodium concentration and ICP (group 1: r = -.13, r2 = .02, p < .03; group 2: r = -.29, r2 = .08, p < .001) that disappeared in group 1 and increased in group 2 (group 1: r = -.08, r2 = .01, NS; group 2: r = -.35, r2 =.12, p < .001). Correlation between serum sodium concentration and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) became significant in group 2 after 8 hrs of treatment (r = .2, r2 = .04, p = .002). Over time, ICP and CPP did not significantly differ between the groups. However, to keep ICP at <15 mm Hg, group 2 patients required significantly fewer interventions (p < .02). Group 1 patients received less sodium (8.0 +/- 4.5 vs. 11.5 +/- 5.0 mmol/kg/day, p = .05) and more fluid on day 1 (2850 +/- 1480 vs. 2180 +/- 770 mL/m2, p = .05). They also had a higher frequency of acute respiratory distress syndrome (four vs. 0 patients, p = .1) and more than two complications (six vs. 1 patient, p = .09). Group 2 patients had significantly shorter ICU stay times (11.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 8.0 +/- 2.4 days; p = .04) and shorter mechanical ventilation times (9.5 +/- 6.0 vs. 6.9 +/- 2.2 days; p = .1). The survival rate and duration of hospital stay were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of severe head injury with hypertonic saline is superior to that treatment with lactated Ringer's solution. An increase in serum sodium concentrations significantly correlates with lower ICP and higher CPP. Children treated with hypertonic saline require fewer interventions, have fewer complications, and stay a shorter time in the ICU.

A meta-analysis of acupuncture for chronic pain.

Results of 14 randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for chronic pain were pooled in a meta-analysis and analysed in three subgroups according to site of pain; and in two subgroups each according to type to trial, type of treatment, type of control, 'blindness' of participating agents, trial size, and type of journal in which results were published. While few individual trials had statistically significant results, pooled results of many subgroups attained statistical significance in favour of acupuncture. Various potential sources of bias, including problems with blindness, precluded a conclusive finding although most results apparently favoured acupuncture.

Expert clinical reasoning and pain assessment in mechanically ventilated patients: A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Pain assessment in mechanically ventilated patients is challenging, because nurses need to decode pain behaviour, interpret pain scores, and make appropriate decisions. This clinical reasoning process is inherent to advanced nursing practice, but is poorly understood. A better understanding of this process could contribute to improved pain assessment and management. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the indicators that influence expert nurses' clinical reasoning when assessing pain in critically ill nonverbal patients. METHODS: This descriptive observational study was conducted in the adult intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral hospital in Western Switzerland. A purposive sample of expert nurses, caring for nonverbal ventilated patients who received sedation and analgesia, were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected in "real life" using recorded think-aloud combined with direct non-participant observation and brief interviews. Data were analysed using deductive and inductive content analyses using a theoretical framework related to clinical reasoning and pain. RESULTS: Seven expert nurses with an average of 7.85 (±3.1) years of critical care experience participated in the study. The patients had respiratory distress (n=2), cardiac arrest (n=2), sub-arachnoid bleeding (n=1), and multi-trauma (n=2). A total of 1344 quotes in five categories were identified. Patients' physiological stability was the principal indicator for making decision in relation to pain management. Results also showed that it is a permanent challenge for nurses to discriminate situations requiring sedation from situations requiring analgesia. Expert nurses mainly used working knowledge and patterns to anticipate and prevent pain. CONCLUSIONS: Patient's clinical condition is important for making decision about pain in critically ill nonverbal patients. The concept of pain cannot be assessed in isolation and its assessment should take the patient's clinical stability and sedation into account. Further research is warranted to confirm these results.

Tendinopathie d'Achille [Achilles tendinopathy].

Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is the most common cause of posterior heel pain. It is most often due to mechanical stress related to overload or overuse of muscle-tendon unit. It also may be associated in a minority of cases with inflammatory arthritis. Pain secondary to AT is generally located in the corporeal part of the tendon or its attachment to the bone and is worsened by exercise. Examination can reveal a painful swelling or thickening on palpation. Additional tests are not routinely recommended but may be useful. Treatment should be tailored to the stage of tendinopathy and to functional disability, and should include an assessment of predisposing factors, analgesia and physiotherapy. Other treatments (shock waves, ultrasound) are less well documented. The indications and effectiveness of infiltrations are controversial and are reserved for chronic AT. The risk benefit ratio should be well discussed with the patient.

Les traitements laser en dermatologie pédiatrique [Laser treatments in pediatric dermatology].

Lasers in pediatric dermatology were developed as a result of the treatment of port-wine stains. Infantile hemangiomas may benefit, in some cases, from laser treatment as well as venous and lymphatic malformations. For certain pigmented lesions, as well as some hamartomas, laser treatments are a credible alternative to surgical resection. Bum scars are improved by lasers which stimulate collagen remodeling. Furthermore, hair removal of congenital and acquired hypertrichosis can relieve psychosocial discomfort and improve quality of life. The management of pain and fear of children undergoing laser treatment, using either topical or general anesthesia, remains of central importance.

El cáncer en el cine. Un recurso para los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes y del proceso oncológico, a través de una muestra de películas disponibles en DVD. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal: Se analizó una muestra de conveniencia de películas en las que el cáncer tenía carácter"puntual","relevante" o"argumental". Cada película fue visionada por dos observadores que registraron variables del paciente (edad, sexo, estado civil, etc.), del proceso oncológico (síntomas, pruebas diagnósticas, tratamientos y evolución) y del entorno sanitario, entre otras. Resultados: Se analizaron 33 películas producidas en 11 países (1939-2008). El 58% de los pacientes eran varones; y el 47% pertenecía a las clases altas y media-alta. La localización más frecuente del cáncer fue en cerebro y en sangre, con seis casos para cada localización. La media de síntomas por título fue de 3,63; la clínica general (dolor, fatiga, anorexia, etc.) se observó en el 43,32% de las películas. Las pruebas diagnósticas se mencionaron en el 85% de los títulos. El tratamiento más frecuente fue la analgesia y la quimioterapia; no obstante, fallecieron 19 pacientes (58%). Los médicos y las enfermeras intervinieron en 28 y 22 títulos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El cáncer que muestra el cine difiere de la realidad: por cuanto el cine prefiere los pacientes jóvenes, de clase social alta y las localizaciones más fotogénicas. La clínica, las pruebas diagnósticas y los tratamientos suelen reflejar la realidad, sobre todo en las películas de las últimas décadas y en las que el cáncer tiene carácter"argumental"; algunos de cuyos títulos pueden ser un recurso de primer orden para la formación de los profesionales de la salud.

El cáncer en el cine. Un recurso para los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes y del proceso oncológico, a través de una muestra de películas disponibles en DVD. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal: Se analizó una muestra de conveniencia de películas en las que el cáncer tenía carácter"puntual","relevante" o"argumental". Cada película fue visionada por dos observadores que registraron variables del paciente (edad, sexo, estado civil, etc.), del proceso oncológico (síntomas, pruebas diagnósticas, tratamientos y evolución) y del entorno sanitario, entre otras. Resultados: Se analizaron 33 películas producidas en 11 países (1939-2008). El 58% de los pacientes eran varones; y el 47% pertenecía a las clases altas y media-alta. La localización más frecuente del cáncer fue en cerebro y en sangre, con seis casos para cada localización. La media de síntomas por título fue de 3,63; la clínica general (dolor, fatiga, anorexia, etc.) se observó en el 43,32% de las películas. Las pruebas diagnósticas se mencionaron en el 85% de los títulos. El tratamiento más frecuente fue la analgesia y la quimioterapia; no obstante, fallecieron 19 pacientes (58%). Los médicos y las enfermeras intervinieron en 28 y 22 títulos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El cáncer que muestra el cine difiere de la realidad: por cuanto el cine prefiere los pacientes jóvenes, de clase social alta y las localizaciones más fotogénicas. La clínica, las pruebas diagnósticas y los tratamientos suelen reflejar la realidad, sobre todo en las películas de las últimas décadas y en las que el cáncer tiene carácter"argumental"; algunos de cuyos títulos pueden ser un recurso de primer orden para la formación de los profesionales de la salud.

Extrafascial injection for interscalene brachial plexus block reduces respiratory complications compared with a conventional intrafascial injection: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial?.

BACKGROUND: Hemidiaphragmatic paresis after ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block is reported to occur in up to 100% of patients. We tested the hypothesis that an injection lateral to the brachial plexus sheath reduces the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis compared with a conventional intrafascial injection, while providing similar analgesia. METHODS: Forty ASA I-III patients undergoing elective shoulder and clavicle surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized to receive an ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block for analgesia, using 20 ml bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200 000 injected either between C5 and C6 within the interscalene groove (conventional intrafascial injection), or 4 mm lateral to the brachial plexus sheath (extrafascial injection). The primary outcome was incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis (diaphragmatic excursion reduction >75%), measured by M-mode ultrasonography, before and 30 min after the procedure. Secondary outcomes were forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and peak expiratory flow. Additional outcomes included time to first opioid request and pain scores at 24 h postoperatively (numeric rating scale, 0-10). RESULTS: The incidences of hemidiaphragmatic paresis were 90% (95% CI: 68-99%) and 21% (95% CI: 6-46%) in the conventional and extrafascial injection groups, respectively (P<0.0001). Other respiratory outcomes were significantly better preserved in the extrafascial injection group. The mean time to first opioid request was similar between groups (conventional: 802 min [95% CI: 620-984 min]; extrafascial: 973 min [95% CI: 791-1155 min]; P=0.19) as were pain scores at 24 h postoperatively (conventional: 1.6 [95% CI: 0.9-2.2]; extrafascial: 1.6 [95% CI: 0.8-2.4]; P=0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block with an extrafascial injection reduces the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis and impact on respiratory function while providing similar analgesia, when compared with a conventional injection. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02074397.

Percutaneous access versus standard femoral exposure for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a randomized, controlled trial

The treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has shifted from the exposure of the aorta artery in an open repair technique to a small groin cut in an endovascular repair. Recently, a percutaneous access for endovascular repair has appeared. This new technique aims to minimize the complications of the common femoral artery exposure, the patient discomfort and the length of hospitalizationObjectives: To compare the proportion of discharged patients within the first 48 postoperative hours of two common femoral artery accesses for endovascular repair of AAA: the open exposure technique and the percutaneous technique. Secondary objectives include to evaluate the total procedure time, the femoral access complications, the need for extra analgesia and the patient satisfaction and groin discomfort of the two techniquesDesign: Randomized controlled trial conducted between 2014 and 2017Participants: Patients diagnosed with abdominal aortic aneurysm with elective endovascular repair indication

Quitosana: biopolímero funcional com potencial industrial biomédico

The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last two decades due to its renewable and biodegradable source, and also because of the recent increase in the knowledge of its functionality in the technological and biomedical applications. The present article reviews the biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives as versatile biomaterials for potential drug delivery systems, as well as tissue engineering applications, analgesia and treatment of arthritis.

The Role of Cytochrome P450 3A Inducers and Inhibitors in the Metabolism and the Effects of Oxycodone

Oxycodone is an opioid used in the treatment of moderate or severe pain. It is principally metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes whereas approximately 10% is metabolized by CYP2D6. Little is known about the interactions between oxycodone and other drugs, herbals and nutritional substances. In this work the effects of CYP3A inducers rifampicin and St. John’s wort and CYP3A inhibitors voriconazole, grapefruit juice, ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir were investigated on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone. All studies were randomized, balanced, placebo-controlled crossover clinical studies in healthy volunteers. The plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its metabolites were determined for 48 hours and pharmacodynamic parameters were recorded for 12 hours in each study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. Rifampicin decreased the plasma concentrations, analgesic effects, and oral bioavailability of oral oxycodone. St. John’s wort reduced the concentrations of oxycodone and diminished the self-reported drug effect. Voriconazole increased the exposure to oral oxycodone by 3.6-fold whereas grapefruit juice, which inhibits predominantly the intestinal CYP3A, elevated the mean concentrations of oxycodone by 1.7-fold. Ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir increased the mean AUC of oxycodone by 3.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, and prolonged its elimination half-life. In spite of increased oxycodone plasma concentrations during concomitant administration of CYP3A inhibitors, the analgesic effects were not increased. These studies show that the induction or inhibition of CYP3A alters the pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effects of oxycodone. The exposure to oxycodone decreased after induction and increased after inhibition of CYP3A. As a conclusion, the clinicians should avoid concomitant administration of CYP3A inducers or inhibitors and oral oxycodone. If this is not possible, they should be prepared to interactions leading to impaired analgesia after CYP3A inducers or increased adverse effects after CYP3A inhibitors and oral oxycodone.

O processo de aprendizagem do residente de anestesiologia: uma reflexão sobre o cuidado ao paciente

Pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa. O objetivo do estudo é identificar o cuidado com o paciente cirúrgico dispensado pelo residente de anestesiologia e o compartilhamento deste cuidado com a equipe cirúrgica, bem como as percepções desse residente sobre o autocuidado. A análise dos discursos dos nove residentes entrevistados resultou na construção de seis categorias: (a) escolha da especialidade: proximidade com o intensivista, imediatismo das ações e analgesia; (b) cuidados com o paciente cirúrgico: apresentação de ações de rotina e da técnica anestésica empregada; (c) compartilhamento do cuidado com os outros profissionais: o residente compreende sua importância, mas compartilha pouco; (d) preceptoria médica: existe uma ambivalência de sentimentos − satisfação pela proximidade com o docente, pela orientação e resolução de problemas, e insatisfação pelo pouco tempo dedicado às atividades acadêmicas e despreparo docente; (e) autocuidado: os residentes negligenciam o autocuidado, devido principalmente à extensa carga horária. As repercussões desta postura são relatadas como nervosismo, impaciência, diminuição da criatividade e do humor, e propensão a erros.

Observations on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine. Clinical Studies on Healthy Volunteers and Intensive Care Patients

Patients treated in intensive care units require sedation and analgesia. However, sedative drugs also have potential adverse effects, and there is no single ideal sedativeanalgesic drug for these patients. Dexmedetomidine is an apha2-adrenoceptor agonist licenced for sedation of intensive care patients and patients undergoing surgery and other invasive procedures. Several routes of parenteral administration (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intranasal) have been utilized. In the present series of studies, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasally administered dexmedetomidine as well as the gastrointestinal effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine were determined in healthy volunteers. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine during long lasting, high-dose infusions were characterized in intensive care patients. The bioavailability of intranasal dexmedetomidine was relatively good (65%), but interindividual variation was large. Dexmedetomidine significantly inhibited gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. In intensive care patients, the elimination half-life of dexmedetomidine was somewhat longer than reported for infusions of shorter duration and in less ill patients or healthy volunteers. Dexmedetomidine appeared to have linear pharmacokinetics up to the studied dose rate of 2.5 μg/kg/h. Dexmedetomidine clearance was decreasing with age and its volume of distribution was increased in hypoalbuminaemic patients, resulting in a longer elimination half-life and context-sensitive half-time. Intranasally administered dexmedetomidine was efficacious and well tolerated, making it appropriate for clinical situations requiring light sedation. The clinical significance of the gastrointestinal inhibitory effects of dexmedetomidine should be further evaluated in intensive care patients. The possibility of potentially altered potency and effect duration should be taken into account when administering dexmedetomidine to elderly or hypoalbuminaemic patients.

Redução do tempo de hospitalização após cirurgia torácica de grande porte: identificação de fatores determinantes

OBJETIVO: Os custos da internação hospitalar têm relação direta com o tempo de permanência do paciente operado. Por outro lado, um menor tempo de internação permite aumentar a produtividade nos hospitais públicos com demanda reprimida. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores determinantes da redução do tempo de internação pós-cirurgia torácica de grande porte. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo por análise de prontuários, realizado em duas fases. Na fase I levantou-se uma série consecutiva de 169 pacientes divididos em grupo I (n=81)-operados no período de junho de 1990 a dezembro de 1995, e grupo II (n=88) _operados de janeiro de 1996 a maio de 2000, para verificação do tempo de internação e fatores relacionados. Na fase II levantou-se uma série consecutiva de 20 pacientes (grupo III) retroagindo a partir de março de 2002, para análise e comparação com uma pequena enquête enviada pela internet para 21 cirurgiões torácicos. RESULTADOS: A quase totalidade dos pacientes prescindiu de UTI no pós-operatório imediato. O tempo de internação médio caiu de 7,6 dias (mediana 7) no grupo I para 5,1 dias (mediana 4) no grupo II (p<0,001). A utilização mais freqüente da analgesia epidural e o uso de vias de acesso menos traumáticas no grupo II alcançou significância estatística (p<0,001). No grupo III o tempo de internação médio foi de 4,2 dias (mediana 4), com uso mais efetivo da analgesia epidural (75%) e emprego da toracotomia vertical (90%). Oito cirurgiões torácicos responderam à enquête: o tempo médio de internação informado variou de cinco a nove dias, todos os pacientes foram enviados para a UTI ou similar, e apenas dois cirurgiões usam de rotina toracotomia com preservação muscular. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo confirma que o controle da dor e o menor trauma da via de acesso são fatores importantes para a mais rápida recuperação funcional dos pacientes. Sugere que uso da UTI pode ser restringido para pacientes com alto risco.

Paradigmas e evidências da nutrição peri-operatória

Understanding perioperative pathophysiology and implementing care regimes, through a multimodal approach, to reduce the organic response to stress after surgery and the related postoperative ileus, are major challenges. Multimodal surgical strategies such as pre-operative intake of a carbohydrate drink, instead of the usually recommended 2- to 6-hour period of nothing-bymouth, together with patient's education of the postoperative care plan, plus efficacious analgesia and early postoperative nutrition, among others, have been described to significantly impact on the previous variables. Therefore, these strategies accelerate rehabilitation and, as a consequence, decrease complications and hospital length of stay and, its related costs.