1H-1,3-Diazepines, 5H-1,3-diazepines, 1,3-diazepinones, and 2,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes

Tetrazolo[1,5-a] pyridines/ 2-azidopyridines 1 undergo photochemical nitrogen elimination and ring expansion to 1,3-diazacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraenes 3, which react with alcohols to afford 2-alkoxy-1H-1,3-diazepines 4 (5), with secondary amines to 2-dialkylamino-5H-1,3-diazepines 16, sometimes via isolable 2-dialkylamino-1H-1,3-diazepines 15, and with water to 1,3-diazepin-2-ones 19. The latter are also obtained by elimination of isobutene or propene from 2-tert-butoxy- or 2-isopropoxy-1H-1,3-diazepines 4 or 5. 1,3-Diazepin-2-one 22B and 1,3-diazepin-4-one 24 were obtained from hydrolysis of the corresponding 4-chlorodiazepines. Diazepinones 19 undergo photochemical ring closure to diazabicycloheptenones 25 in high yields. The 2-alkoxy-1H-1,3-diazepines 4 and 5 interconvert by rapid proton exchange between positions N1 and N3. The free energies of activation for the proton exchange were measured by the Forsen - Hoffman method as DeltaGdouble dagger(298) = 16.2 +/- 0.6 kcal mol(-1) as an average for 4a - c in CD2Cl2, acetone-d(6), and methanol-d(4), and 14.1 +/- 0.6 kcal mol(-1) for 4c in acetone/D2O. The structures of 2-methoxy-5,6-bis( trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,3-diazepine 4k, 1,2-dihydro-4-diethylamino-5H-1,3-diazepin-2-one 22bB, and diazabicycloheptanone 26 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The former represents the first reported X-ray crystal structure of any monocyclic N-unsubstituted 1H-azepine.

Synthesis, screening for antiacetylcholinesterase activity and binding mode prediction of a new series of [3-(disubstituted-phosphate)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-carbamic acid ethyl esters

A series of nine new [3-(disubstituted-phosphate)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-carbamic acid ethyl esters (phosphate-carbamate compounds) was obtained through the reaction of (4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxybut-1-yl)-carbamic acid ethyl esters with phosphorus oxychloride followed by the addition of alcohols. The products were characterized by ¹H, 13C, 31P, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity using the Ellman method. All compounds containing phosphate and carbamate pharmacophores in their structures showed enzyme inhibition, being the compound bearing the diethoxy phosphate group (2b) the most active compound. Molecular modeling studies were performed to investigate the detailed interactions between AChE active site and small-molecule inhibitor candidates, providing valuable structural insights into AChE inhibition.

Reverse Microemulsion Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence of Nanosized REPO(4):Ln(3+) (RE = La, Y, Gd, or Yb, and Ln = Eu, Tm, or Er)

A surfactant-mediated solution route for the obtainment of nanosized rare-earth orthophosphates of different compositions (LaPO(4):Eu(3+), (Y,Gd)PO(4):Eu(3+),LaPO(4):Tm(3+), YPO(4):Tm(3+), and YbPO(4):Er(3+)) is presented, and the implications of the morphology control on the solids properties are discussed. The solids are prepared in water-in-heptane microemulsions, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1-butanol as the surfactant and cosurfactant; the alteration of the starting microemulsion composition allows the obtainment of similar to 30 nm thick nanorods with variable length. The morphology and the structure of the solids were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy and through powder X-ray diffractometry; dynamic light scattering and thermal analyses were also performed. The obtained materials were also characterized through vibrational (FTIR) and luminescence spectroscopy (emission/excitation, luminescence lifetimes, chromaticity, and quantum efficiency), where the red, blue, and upconversion emissions of the prepared phosphors were evaluated.

2,6,,9-trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes and 2,4,6,8-tetraoxaadamantanes: Novel chiral spacer units in macrocyclic polyethers

The unusual chiral heterocyclic systems, trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes (bridged bisdioxines), are incorporated as novel spacer molecules into macrocyclic polyether ring systems of various sizes (8, 9 as well as 11-15) by cyclocondensation reaction of the! bisacid chloride 4b or bisesters 6,7 and 10, with several ethylene glycols. The 2:2 macrocycles 12-14 are obtained in approximately 50:50 mixtures of diastereomers. These conclusions are mainly based on HPLC data presented in Table I as well as X-ray analyses of (1R,5R)-8c (space group Pbca, a = 10.163(3) Angstrom, b = 18.999(4) Angstrom, c = 36.187(10) Angstrom, V = 6987(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 8, d(calc) = 1.218 g cm(-3), 6974 reflections, R = 0.0553.), mesolrac-11 (space group P (1) over bar, a = 10.472(5) Angstrom, b = 16.390(5) Angstrom, c = 17.211(5) Angstrom, alpha = 98.69(2)degrees, beta = 93.04(2)degrees, gamma = 98.52(2)degrees, V = 2879.3(18) Angstrom(3), Z = 2, d(calc) = 1.173 g cm(-3), 11,162 reflections, R = 0.0945) and meso-12 (space group P2(1)/c, a = 9.927(2), b = 18.166(3), c = 17.820(3) Angstrom, beta = 96.590(10)degrees, V = 3192.3(10)Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-c = 1.109 g cm(-3), 3490 reflections, R = 0.0646). The 1:1 macrocycles 8b,c are also formed by intramolecular transesterification of the open-chain bisesters 7b,c and their formation is favored by the use of metal ions as templates. The bridged bisdioxine moieties in 8b and 12 are converted into the corresponding chiral tetra-oxaadamantane spacers to afford macrocycles 16 and 17. Preliminary metal ion complexation studies with selected species (8c, 11-14) were also performed.

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of 9-carboxyhexahydro-7-methoxy-4a,7-ethano-benzopyran-5-en-1-one

9-Carboxyhexahydro-7-methoxy-4a,7-ethano-benzopyran-5-en-1-one (1) was prepared and examined by X-ray crystallography to probe its potential as a new peptide scaffold/template. The crystal structure of the anhydride precursor 7-(2-acetoxyethyl)-4-methoxy-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione (6) is also reported.

Baseline characteristics of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 and stage 4 in Spain: the MERENA observational cohort study.

To obtain information on cardiovascular morbidity, hypertension control, anemia and mineral metabolism based on the analysis of the baseline characteristics of a large cohort of Spanish patients enrolled in an ongoing prospective, observational, multicenter study of patients with stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney diseases (CKD)

Operación Eureka XXXI (3-4 de setiembre de 1974)

Presenta los resultados que se obtuvieron en el estudio realizado entre el 3 y 4 de setiembre, en donde se determinó que el reclutamiento no mostró niveles altos indicando una recuperación lenta del stock. El ciclo reproductivo se manifiesta con gran intensidad en toda la costa y se estimó una biomasa alrededor de 5.6 millones de toneladas de anchoveta.

Kivikk'aho-lauluja nrot 1, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5

Digitoitu 13. 8. 2008.

Polarizabilidades e primeira hiperpolarizabilidades elétricas dipolares de ésteres E-4-amino-trans-1,3-butadienil-(1',2'-di-hidroxibenzeno) de boro, alumínio e gálio

Static electric dipole polarizabilities and first hyperpolarizabilites have been calculated for the title molecules and their 3' and 4'-nitro derivatives at ab-initio Hartree- Fock/6-31G(d, p) level. The influence of the pivotal p vacant 3A elements (B, Al or Ga) substitution on the electrical properties of these molecules is detailed. The axial vector components of the first hyperpolarizabilities β(0) of the push-pull 4'-nitro derivatives, -18.2×10-32 esu (B), -21.1×10-32 esu (Al) and -20.8×10-32 esu (Ga) are calculated to be as much as fourfold larger then that calculated for the p-nitroaniline, a reference organic molecule for comparison for this type of molecular property.

Narrow-band 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360º angular frequency filters

We measured human frequency response functions for seven angular frequency filters whose test frequencies were centered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 or 24 cycles/360º using a supra-threshold summation method. The seven functions of 17 experimental conditions each were measured nine times for five observers. For the arbitrarily selected filter phases, the maximum summation effect occurred at test frequency for filters at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 cycles/360º. For both 16 and 24 cycles/360º test frequencies, maximum summation occurred at the lower harmonics. These results allow us to conclude that there are narrow-band angular frequency filters operating somehow in the human visual system either through summation or inhibition of specific frequency ranges. Furthermore, as a general result, it appears that addition of higher angular frequencies to lower ones disturbs low angular frequency perception (i.e., 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles/360º), whereas addition of lower harmonics to higher ones seems to improve detection of high angular frequency harmonics (i.e., 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360º). Finally, we discuss the possible involvement of coupled radial and angular frequency filters in face perception using an example where narrow-band low angular frequency filters could have a major role.

4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine als chirale Bausteine in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese

Durch asymmetrische Doppelbindungsisomerisierung mittels Me-DuPHOS-modifizierter Dihalogen-Nickel-Komplexe als Katalysatorvorstufen lassen sich aus 2-Alkyl-4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepinen hochenantiomerenreine 2-Alkyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepine erhalten. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die bisher noch unbekannte Absolutkonfiguration dieses Verbindungstyps zu bestimmen und darüber hinaus ihre Einsatzfähigkeit in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden enantiomerenangereichertes 2-Isopropyl- und 2-tert-Butyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin mit m-Chlorperbenzoesäure epoxidiert. Dabei bildeten sich die entsprechenden 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-ester in hohen Ausbeuten und Diastereoselektivitäten. Von den vier zu erwartenden Diastereomeren wurden jeweils nur zwei mit einer Selektivität von mehr als 95:5 gebildet. Im Fall des 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-isopropyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-esters konnte das Haupt-diastereomer kristallin erhalten werden. Durch röntgenspektroskopische Untersuchung war es möglich, die Relativ-Konfiguration dieser Verbindung zu bestimmen. Die Ester lassen sich unter Ringverengung in 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbaldehyde umlagern. Ausgehend von diesen Carbaldehyden stehen zwei Synthesewege zur Verfügung, welche zu Verbindungen führen deren Absolutkonfiguration bereits bekannt ist. So erhält man durch Reduktion 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl-methanole, welche sich in 1,2,4-Butantriol überführen lassen. Oxidation ergibt die 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbonsäuren, aus denen 3-Hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-on gewonnen werden kann. Messung des Drehwertes dieser beiden literaturbekannten Verbindungen liefert nicht nur Information über deren Enantiomerenreinheit sondern ebenfalls über die Konfiguration ihres Stereozentrums. In Kombination mit der Relativ-Konfiguration des Esters ist somit ein Rückschluss auf die Absolutkonfiguration der eingesetzten 4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine möglich. Die auf den beschriebenen Wegen gewonnenen Substanzen finden Anwendung in der stereoselektiven organischen Synthese. Löst man die Chlorbenzoesäureester in Dichlormethan und behandelt sie mit wässriger Salzsäure, so entstehen die bicyclischen 2-Alkyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole. Auch bei diesen Verbindungen konnten hohe Enantio- und Diastereoselektivitäten erzielt werden. Der intermolekular verlaufende Reaktionsmechanismus der Bicyclus-Bildung, welcher unter Abspaltung eines den Alkylrest tragenden Aldehyds und dessen Neuanlagerung unter Ausbildung eines Acetals verläuft, konnte in dieser Arbeit durch ein Kreuzungsexperiment bestätigt werden. Umacetalisierung der Bicyclen liefert 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuran-3-ol, aus dem durch Acetalspaltung Tetrahydrofuran-2,3-diol erhalten wird, das die Halbacetalform der entsprechenden Desoxytetrose darstellt, die auf diese Weise in einer de novo-Synthese hergestellt werden kann.

Experiencia de trabajo en un aula de 3-4 años. Colaboración entre eoep y profesora de infantil.

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Molecular structures of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, obtained by gas-phase electron diffraction and theoretical calculations

The structures of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid have been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction using results from quantum chemical calculations to inform the choice of restraints applied to some of the structural parameters. The results from the study presented here demonstrate that resonance hybrids are not as helpful in rationalizing the structures of 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids as are models based upon electrostatic effects.

Synthesis and reactions of [Et3NH]4[Mo8O6]: X-ray crystal structure of [Et3NH]3[NaMo8O26]

[Et3NH]4[Mo8O26] (1) was prepared by reacting triethylamine with either molybdenum trioxide dihydrate or with a solution of ammonium molybdate in aqueous HCl. An aqueous solution of complex 1 reacted with an excess of sodium chloride to give a mixture of [Et3NH]3[NaMo8O26] (2) and [Et3NH]2[Mo6O19] (3). Complex 2 was also formed on reacting sodium molybdate with triethylamine in aqueous HCl. In the reaction of 1 with potassium chloride the nature of the product obtained was critically dependent upon reaction time. After a 5.5 h reflux period a mixture of [Et3NH]3[KMo8O26] (4) and 3 was obtained, whereas upon prolonged reflux (24 h) only K4Mo8O26 · H2O (5) was precipitated. The X-ray crystal structure of 2 shows it to be polymeric, with each Na+ ion sandwiched between two β[Mo8O26]4− ions. Four oxygen atoms on one face of each β[Mo8O26]4− ion are coordinated to a Na+ ion, and four oxygens from the opposite face are bonded to the next Na+ ion in the polymer chain. This produces a zig-zag arrangement of Na+ ions throughout the molecular structure. Spectral, conductivity and voltammetry data are given.