Caracterização molecular da resistência genotípica secundária aos antirretrovirais em pacientes com Aids e prevalência de subtipos do HIV-1 nos Estados do Pará e Amazonas, Brasil: 2002 a 2006

A resistência às drogas antirretrovirais é o inevitável resultado da incompleta supressão da replicação do HIV-1. No presente estudo foi caracterizado o perfil de resistência genética aos antirretrovirais em amostras sorológicas provenientes dos estados do Amazonas e Pará, Região Norte do Brasil, no período de 2002 a 2006. Um total de 127 amostras de plasmas obtidas de pacientes HIV positivos e/ou Aids foram submetidas ao teste de resistência pelo ViroSeq^TM Genotyping System (Celera Diagnostic-Abbott, USA). Considerando a informação genética derivada das regiões da protease e/ou transcriptase reversa do HIV-1, o subtipo B foi observado em 85% dos casos; seguido por ambos subtipo F1 e forma recombinante BF1 (4,6%) e CF1 (0,8%). A mutação M184V (81,1%) foi a mais comumente observada associada aos NRTI, em indivíduos positivos com TARV no estado do Pará, e a mutação T215F/Y (56,3%) em indivíduos do estado do Amazonas. A mutação K103N foi a mais prevalente (em torno de 33,5%) para os NNRTI em ambos os estados. O perfil de mutação de resistência associado ao gene da protease mostrou a mutação minor L63P como a mais frequente em ambos os estados. O estudo revelou a importância da identificação de mutações associadas com resistência às drogas antirretrovirais para o uso em futuros esquemas terapêuticos. Os resultados deste estudo foram similares aos outros realizados em várias regiões do Brasil.

Estudo soroepidemiológico da co-infecção pelo Vírus da hepatite B em portadores do HIV-1 e/ou com SIDA/AIDS no Estado do Amapá

Fatores de risco e formas de transmissão do Vírus da Imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o Vírus da hepatite B (VHB) são freqüentemente os mesmos, o qual explica a alta freqüência de co-infecção envolvendo esses dois agentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo VHB, analisar possíveis fatores de risco bem como examinar a associação entre a contagem de linfócitos T CD4⁺, CD8⁺ e carga viral plasmática em 129 portadores do HIV. Cada participante foi submetido a um questionário específico e tinha uma amostra de sangue testada para os marcadores sorológicos HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBs, contagem de linfócitos T CD4⁺, CD8⁺ e carga viral plasmática. A prevalência total de marcadores para o VHB foi de 46,5%, com 3,1% de soropositividade para o HBsAg, 27,1% para o anti-HBc total e 36,4% para o anti-HBs. Após ajuste por regressão logística, os marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B foram associados com as seguintes variáveis: sexo, preferência sexual e escolaridade. A freqüência de marcadores para hepatite B foi de 39,1% em homens e 16,6% em mulheres. A prevalência de marcadores para hepatite B foi 14,4% em homo/bissexuais e 15,4% em heterossexuais. A menor freqüência de hepatite B (1%) foi encontrada em pessoas com nível superior de escolaridade. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significante entre contagem de linfócitos CD4⁺, CD8⁺ e carga viral plasmática em pacientes co-infectados com VHB comparados com aqueles pacientes infectados somente com HIV.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo de atividade biológica de complexos de prata(I) contendo ligantes baseados na 1,10-fenantrolina e tiouréia

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Functional and Topological Studies with Trp-Containing Analogs of the Peptide StII(1-30) Derived From the N-Terminus of the Pore Forming Toxin Sticholysin II: Contribution to Understand its Orientation in Membrane

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Growth performance and meat quality of heifers receiving different forms of soybean oil in the rumen

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Giro lamo Savonarola and forms of government.

The work presents an analytical study of the theme of the forms of government in the political thought of Girolamo Savonarola, based on his Thatawo circa il regimento e governo dela cimi. di Firenze (1498). Using Bobbio's methodology, the theme is analyzed from three simultaneous perspectives: the systematical, the axiological, and the teleological.

Contact properties of surfaces in r-3 with corank 1 singularities

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Normal Forms for Polynomial Differential Systems in R-3 Having an Invariant Quadric and a Darboux Invariant

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Feature-oriented regional modeling and simulations (FORMS) for the western South Atlantic: Southeastern Brazil region

The multi-scale synoptic circulation system in the southeastern Brazil (SEBRA) region is presented using a feature-oriented approach. Prevalent synoptic circulation structures, or ""features,"" are identified from previous observational studies. These features include the southward-flowing Brazil Current (BC), the eddies off Cabo Sao Tome (CST - 22 degrees S) and off Cabo Frio (CF - 23 degrees S), and the upwelling region off CF and CST. Their synoptic water-mass (T-S) structures are characterized and parameterized to develop temperature-salinity (T-S) feature models. Following [Gangopadhyay, A., Robinson, A.R., Haley, PJ., Leslie, W.J., Lozano, C.j., Bisagni, J., Yu, Z., 2003. Feature-oriented regional modeling and simulation (forms) in the gulf of maine and georges bank. Cont. Shelf Res. 23 (3-4), 317-353] methodology, a synoptic initialization scheme for feature-oriented regional modeling and simulation (FORMS) of the circulation in this region is then developed. First, the temperature and salinity feature-model profiles are placed on a regional circulation template and objectively analyzed with available background climatology in the deep region. These initialization fields are then used for dynamical simulations via the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). A few first applications of this methodology are presented in this paper. These include the BC meandering, the BC-eddy interaction and the meander-eddy-upwelling system (MEUS) simulations. Preliminary validation results include realistic wave-growth and eddy formation and sustained upwelling. Our future plan includes the application of these feature models with satellite, in-situ data and advanced data-assimilation schemes for nowcasting and forecasting the SEBRA region. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of Primary Isolates of HIV Type 1 CRF28_BF, CRF29_BF, and Unique BF Recombinants Circulating in Sao Paulo, Brazil

We report for the first time the genetic and biological characterization of 10 HIV-1 primary isolates representing CRF28_BF and CRF29_BF together with additional unique BF recombinant forms (URFs) obtained by PBMC cocultivation. Recombination is an important factor promoting the increase in the genetic diversity of HIV-1. Notably, more than 20% of HIV-1 sequences worldwide were recombinants. Several recombinant viruses were reported in Brazil, and six circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been identified (CRF28_BF, CRF29_BF, CRF31_BC, CRF39_BF, CRF40_BF, and CRF46_BF). CRF28_BF and CRF29_BF were found to infect almost 30% of the patients in Sao Paulo State. The near full-length genomes of these 10 primary isolates were amplified by nested PCR in three overlapping segments, purified, and sequenced. Three samples were related to CRF28_BF, three to CRF29_BF, and four were unique recombinant forms (URFs), as determined by their breakpoint profile determined with the jpHMM program. Additionally, the coreceptor usage of these isolates was investigated in vitro using GHOST assays, which revealed three dual-tropic (X4/R5) viruses, four lymphotropic (X4) viruses, and three macrophage-tropic (R5) viruses with different V3-loop motifs, which challenges the notion that GWGR-carrying viruses are macrophage-tropic only. In sum, we report a much-anticipated well-characterized panel of viruses representing CRF28_BF, CRF29_BF, and URFs from Sao Paulo State, Brazil.

Vascular dementia: Different forms of vessel disorders contribute to the development of dementia in the elderly brain

The diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) describes a group of various vessel disorders with different types of vascular lesions that finally contribute to the development of dementia. Most common forms of VaD in the elderly brain are subcortical vascular encephalopathy, strategic infarct dementia, and the multi infarct encephalopathy. Hereditary forms of VaD are rare. Most common is the cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Sporadic forms of VaD are caused by degenerative vessel disorders such as atherosclerosis, small vessel disease (SVD) including small vessel arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and lipohyalinosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Less frequently inflammatory vessel disorders and tumor-associated vessel lesions (e. g. angiocentric T-cell or angiotropic large cell lymphoma) can cause symptoms of dementia. Here, we review and discuss the impact of vessel disorders to distinct vascular brain tissue lesions and to the development of dementia in elderly individuals. The impact of coexisting neurodegenerative pathology in the elderly brain to VaD as well as the correlation between SVD and CAA expansion in the brain parenchyma with that of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology is highlighted. We conclude that "pure" VaD is rare and most frequently caused by infarctions. However, there is a significant contribution of vascular lesions and vessel pathology to the development of dementia that may go beyond tissue damage due to vascular lesions. Insufficient blood blow and alterations of the perivascular drainage mechanisms of the brain may also lead to a reduced protein clearance from extracellular space and subsequent increase of proteins in the brain parenchyma, such as the amyloid beta-protein, and foster, thereby, the development of AD-related neurodegeneration. As such, it seems to be important for clinical practice to consider treatment of potentially coexisting AD pathology in cognitively impaired patients with vascular lesions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Miniversal deformations of matrices of bilinear forms

Arnold [V.I. Arnold, On matrices depending on parameters, Russian Math. Surveys 26 (2) (1971) 29-43] constructed miniversal deformations of square complex matrices under similarity; that is, a simple normal form to which not only a given square matrix A but all matrices B close to it can be reduced by similarity transformations that smoothly depend on the entries of B. We construct miniversal deformations of matrices under congruence. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatment of severe forms of paracoccidioidomycosis: is there a role for corticosteroids?

Despite their immunosuppressive effects, corticosteroids have long been used as adjunct therapy (aCST) in the treatment of infectious diseases. The rationale is that in certain infections it is necessary to decrease the exacerbated host's inflammatory response, which can otherwise result in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. In fact, a major concern in treating paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the host's intense inflammatory response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which can be further intensified by antifungal therapy. Depending on its localization, this immunological phenomenon may be life threatening or result in permanent sequels, as is the case for some patients with cerebral or laryngeal involvement. However, the literature on aCST in paracoccidioidomycosis treatment is scarce and as a result we present our recent experience in the management of four patients with severe PCM manifestations, i.e., cerebral paracoccidioidal granuloma, laryngeal stenosis, compressive abdominal mass, and exacerbated inflammatory response with tissue destruction. In addition to the antifungal therapy, these patients required aCST, which probably promoted their clinical improvement and/or prevented serious complications. We suggest that aCST: (a) can potentially help in the management of selected cases of severe forms of PCM, particularly when there is a risk of acute complications, and (b) that it can be used safely provided that the risk-benefit ratio is carefully weighed. Well-controlled, prospective studies of aCST in the treatment of severe cases of paracoccidioidomycosis are needed to better define its role in the management of PCM.

Biowaiver monographs for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms: Stavudine

Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate-release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing stavudine (d4T) are reviewed. According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), d4T can be assigned to BCS class I. No problems with BE of IR d4T formulations containing different excipients and produced by different manufacturing methods have been reported and, hence, the risk of bioinequivalence caused by these factors appears to be low. Furthermore, d4T has a wide therapeutic index. It is concluded that a biowaiver is appropriate for IR solid oral dosage forms containing d4T as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) provided that (a) the test product contains only excipients present in the IR d4T drug products that have been approved in a number of countries for the same dosage form, and (b) both test product and its comparator are either very rapidly dissolving or rapidly dissolving with similarity of dissolution profiles demonstrated at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:1016, 2012

Spectroscopic Study on the Structural Differences of Thermally Induced Cross-Linking Segments in Emeraldine Salt and Base Forms of Polyaniline

This paper reports the spectroscopic study on the structural differences of thermally induced cross-linking segments in polyaniline in its emeraldine salt (PANI-ES) and base (PANI-EB) forms. Casting films of PANI-ES (ES-film) and PANI-EB (EB-film) were prepared and heated at 150 degrees C under atmospheric air for 30 min. Raman spectra excited at 632.8 nm of heated ES-film presented the characteristic bands of phenazine-like structures at 1638, 1392, and 575 cm(-1), whereas EB-film showed lower relative intensities for these bands. The lower content of phenazine-like segments in heated EB-film is related to residual polaronic segments from preparation procedures, as revealed by Raman. This statement was confirmed by a sequence of thermal and doping experiments in both films. Quantum-chemical calculations by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) showed that the phenazine-like structure presents the intense Raman band at 1350 cm(-1) due to heterocycle breathing mode, and the non-phenazine-like structure (substituted hydrophenazine-type) presents higher energy for HOMO-LUMO transition, indicating the lack of conjugation in the heterocycle compared with the phenazine-like structure. According to experimental and theoretical data reported here, it is proposed that only thermally treated PANI-ES presents phenazine-like rings, whereas PANI-EB presents heterocyclic non-aromatic structures.