Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development

This paper reports changes in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development associated with recent glacier retreat (1985-2000) in the central Caucasus Mountains, Russia. Satellite imagery (Landsat TM and ETM+) was used to map the surface area and supraglacial debris cover on six neighbouring glaciers in the Adylsu valley through a process of manual digitizing on a false-colour composite of bands 5, 4, 3 (red, green, blue). The distribution and surface area of supraglacial and proglacial lakes was digitized for a larger area, which extended to the whole Landsat scene. We also compare our satellite interpretations to field observations in the Adylsu valley. Supraglacial debris cover ranges from < 5% to > 25% on individual glaciers, but glacier retreat between 1985 and 2000 resulted in a 3-6% increase in the proportion of each glacier covered by debris. The only exception to this trend was a very small glacier where debris cover did not change significantly and remote mapping proved more difficult. The increase in debris cover is characterized by a progressive upglacier migration, which we suggest is being driven by focused ablation (and therefore glacier thinning) at the up-glacier limit of the debris cover, resulting in the progressive exposure of englacial debris. Glacier retreat has also been accompanied by an increase in the number of proglacial and supraglacial lakes in our study area, from 16 in 1985 to 24 in 2000, representing a 57% increase in their cumulative surface area. These lakes appear to be impounded by relatively recently lateral and terminal moraines and by debris deposits on the surface of the glacier. The changes in glacier surface characteristics reported here are likely to exert a profound influence on glacier mass balance and their future response to climate change. They may also increase the likelihood of glacier-related hazards (lake outbursts, debris slides), and future monitoring is recommended.

Estimating surface net solar radiation by use of Landsat-5 TM and digital elevation models

The ground surface net solar radiation is the energy that drives physical and chemical processes at the ground surface. In this paper, multi-spectral data from the Landsat-5 TM, topographic data from a gridded digital elevation model, field measurements, and the atmosphere model LOWTRAN 7 are used to estimate surface net solar radiation over the FIFE site. Firstly an improved method is presented and used for calculating total surface incoming radiation. Then, surface albedo is integrated from surface reflectance factors derived from remotely sensed data from Landsat-5 TM. Finally, surface net solar radiation is calculated by subtracting surface upwelling radiation from the total surface incoming radiation.

Phenotype MicroArray (TM) in the metabolic characterisation of Salmonella serotypes Agona, Enteritidis, Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis, Newport and Typhimurium

The Phenotype MicroArray (TM) (PM) technology was used to study the metabolic characteristics of 29 Salmonella strains belonging to seven serotypes of S. enterica spp. enterica. Strains of serotypes Typhimurium (six strains among definite phage types DTs 1, 40 and 104) and Agona (two strains) were tested for 949 substrates, Enteritidis (six strains of phage type PT1), Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis and Newport strains (two of each) were tested for 190 substrates and seven other Agona strains for 95 substrates. The strains represented 18 genotypes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among 949 substrates, 18 were identified that could be used to differentiate between the strains of those seven serotypes or within a single serotype. Unique metabolic differences between the Finnish endemic Typhimurium DT1 and Agona strains were detected, for example, in the metabolism of d-tagatose, d-galactonic acid gamma-lactone and l-proline as a carbon source. Thus, the PM technique is a useful tool for identifying potential differential markers on a metabolic basis that could be used for epidemiological surveillance.

Traditional medicine use by cancer patients in Thailand

Ethnobotanical relevance Cancer patients commonly use traditional medicines (TM) and in Thailand these are popular for both self-medication and as prescribed by TM practitioners, and are rarely monitored. A study was conducted at Wat Khampramong, a Thai Buddhist temple herbal medicine hospice, to document some of these practices as well as the hospice regime. Materials and methods Cancer patients (n=286) were surveyed shortly after admission as to which TMs they had previously taken and perceptions of effects experienced. They were also asked to describe their current symptoms. Treatment at the hospice is built upon an 11-herb anti-cancer formula, yod-ya-mareng, prescribed for all patients, and ideally, its effects would have been evaluated. However other herbal medicines and holistic practices are integral to the regime, so instead we attempted to assess the value of the patients׳ stay at the hospice by measuring any change in symptom burden, as they perceived it. Surviving patients (n=270) were therefore asked to describe their symptoms again just before leaving. Results 42% of patients (120/286; 95% CI 36.4%, 47.8%) had used herbal medicines before their arrival, with 31.7% (38/120; 95% CI 24%, 40.4%) using several at once. Mixed effects were reported for these products. After taking the herbal regime at Khampramong, 77% (208/270 95% CI; 71.7%, 81.7%) reported benefit, and a comparison of the incidence of the most common (pain, dyspepsia, abdominal or visceral pain, insomnia, fatigue) showed statistical significance (χ2 57.1, df 7, p<0.001). Conclusions A wide range of TMs is taken by cancer patients in Thailand and considered to provide more benefit than harm, and this perception extends to the temple regime. Patients reported a significant reduction in symptoms after staying at Khampramong, indicating an improvement in quality of life, the aim of hospices everywhere. Based on this evidence, it is not possible to justify the use of TM for cancer in general, but this study suggests that further research is warranted. The uncontrolled use of TMs, many of which are uncharacterised, raises concerns, and this work also highlights the fact that validated, robust methods of assessing holistic medical regimes are urgently needed.

Energy transfer processes in Yb(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped sodium alumino-phosphate glasses with improved 1.8 mu m emission

Sodium alumino-phosphate glasses co-doped with Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) ions have been prepared with notably low OH(-) content, and characterized from the viewpoint of their spectroscopic properties. In these glasses, Yb(3+) acts as an efficient sensitizer of excitation energy at 0.98 mu m - which can be provided by high power and low cost diode lasers, and subsequently undergoes non-resonant energy transfer to Tm(3+) ions ((2)F(5/2), (3)H(6) --> (2)F(7/2), (3)H(5)). Through this process, the emitting level (3)F(4) is rapidly populated, generating improved emission at 1.8 mu m ((3)F(4) --> (3)H(6)). In order to guarantee the efficiency of such favorable energy transfer, energy losses via multiphonon decay, Yb-Yb radiative trapping, and non- radiative transfer to OH(-) groups were evaluated, and minimized when possible. The dipole - dipole energy transfer microscopic parameters corresponding to Yb(3+) --> Tm(3+), Yb(3+) --> Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) --> Tm(3+) transfers, calculated by the Forster-Dexter model, are C(Yb-Tm) = 2.9 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), C(Yb-Yb) = 42 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1) and C(Tm-Tm) = 43 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), respectively.

Human regulatory protein Ki-1/57 has characteristics of an intrinsically unstructured protein

The human protein Ki-1/57 was first identified through the cross reactivity of the anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody Ki-1; in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. The expression of Ki-1/57 in diverse cancer cells and its phosphorylation in peripheral blood leukocytes after mitogenic activation suggested its possible role in cell signaling. Ki-1/57 interacts with several other regulatory proteins involved in cellular signaling, transcriptional regulation and RNA metabolism, suggesting it may have pleiotropic functions. In a previous spectroscopic analysis, we observed a low content of secondary structure for Ki-1/57 constructs. Here, Circular dichroism experiments, in vitro RNA binding analysis, and limited proteolysis assays of recombinant Ki-1/57(122-413) and proteolysis assays of endogenous full length protein from human HEK293 cells suggested that Ki-1/57 has characteristics of an intrinsically unstructured protein. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were performed with the C-terminal fragment Ki-1/57(122-413). These results indicated an elongated shape and a partially unstructured conformation of the molecule in solution, confirming the characteristics of an intrinsically unstructured protein. Experimental curves together with ab initio modeling approaches revealed an extended and flexible molecule in solution. An elongated shape was also observed by analytical gel filtration. Furthermore, sedimentation velocity analysis suggested that Ki-1/57 is a highly asymmetric protein. These findings may explain the functional plasticity of Ki-1/57, as suggested by the wide array of proteins with which it is capable of interacting in yeast two-hybrid interaction assays.

Integração de imagens TM e aerogeofísicas para análise litoestrutural de uma porção da zona de cisalhamento transcorrente dorsal de Canguçu, regiao de Quitéria-Várzea do Capivarita, RS

A utilização de programas de processamento de imagens digitais e de sistemas de informações geográficas que admitem a importação e exportação de inúmeros formatos de apresentação de dados, aliado a modernos equipamentos de computação, tem tornado a integração de dados, de diferentes sensores, um caminho padrão em Geociências, pela otimização da relação custo/tempo na execução de serviços de mapeamento. Neste contexto, esse trabalho resulta da análise da integração de dados de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica, com o objetivo de verificar sua aplicabilidade na identificação e caracterização litológica e estrutural de uma área-teste, localizada na Região de Quitéria -Várzea do Capivarita, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia usada, em um primeiro momento, priorizou o processamento e análise individual de dados cartográficos, de imagens TM/LANDSAT-5 e dados de aeromagnetometria e aerogamaespectrometria nos canais Contagem Total (CT), Potássio (K), Tório (Th) e Urânio (U). Os dados foram, a seguir, convertidos para o formato digital na forma de imagens (“raster”) com resolução espacial de 30 x 30 m, a fim de permitir o cruzamento de informações através de técnicas de Processamento Digital de Imagens e de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG’s). A integração das imagens TM e geofísicas foi realizada com o uso da Transformação IHS, através da conversão das bandas TM para as componentes individuais I, H e S; substituindo-se a componente H, pela imagem geofísica no retorno ao espaço RGB. A análise dos produtos de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica obtidos nessa pesquisa, permitiram identificar os Domínios Morfoestruturais; identificar e delimitar as diferentes Unidades Fotolitológicas; reconhecer os principais sistemas estruturais a partir da extração e análise de lineamentos; obter informações do padrão de relevo magnético; e, principalmente, a geração de imagens temáticas de teores de radioelementos com a identificação de áreas promissoras de mineralizações. Os resultados comprovam a eficiência do emprego de técnicas de integração de dados digitais, via computador, tanto para fins de mapeamento litoestrutural, como em caráter prospectivo, em serviços geológicos de grandes áreas.

Fatores que têm influência na implementação de planos estratégicos : o caso de uma universidade privada do Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho visa a identificar fatores que têm influência na implementação de planos estratégicos, através da realização de um estudo de caso em uma universidade privada do Rio Grande do Sul - a Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Uma breve revisão da literatura promove a abordagem de alguns conceitos relativos ao tema "estratégia", como planejamento estratégico, plano estratégico e processo estratégico, além de um elenco de elementos que envolvem a formulação e implementação de estratégias nas organizações em geral. O trabalho inclui também uma descrição da estrutura e do contexto organizacionais da instituição objeto do estudo. A análise dos documentosgerados pelo processo de planejamento estratégico da Organização,associada a uma pesquisa do tipo survey e respostas a uma questão aberta, permitiram destacar um conjunto de fatores considerados influentes na implementação de um plano estratégico na organização estudada. A pesquisa contemploutambém uma análise de fatores que ocorreram na organização durante a formulação e a implementaçãodo plano estratégicoem questão.

Choques no preço das commodities minerais e dinâmica macroeconômica – uma avaliação empírica com dados de países em painel

Neste artigo é desenvolvido um modelo de equilíbrio das firmas a dois setores, mineral e não mineral, que possibilita a construção da trajetória da produtividade total dos fatores setorial. A partir dessa modelagem, o estudo tem dois objetivos: Primeiro, testar a influência da dotação de recursos minerais no desempenho macroeconômico dos países, via PTF. Segundo, testar a dinâmica macroeconômica, PTF, PIB e inflação, gerada por um choque no preço das commodities minerais. Os resultados sugerem a presença da doença holandesa, países com grande dotação de recurso mineral têm um pior desempenho econômico, e que um choque no preço das commodities minerais leva a um aumento da taxa de crescimento do PIB, no curto prazo, e a elevação da inflação mais adiante, em países ricos nesse recurso.