950 resultados para regular languages
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Este trabalho demonstrará, em um primeiro momento, como o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), ao analisar a lei que instituiu o ProUni em sede de controle constitucional abstrato, alterou o objetivo atribuído ao programa pelo Poder Executivo. Argumenta-se que, se levada a sério, a decisão do STF, embora tenha declarado constitucional o ProUni, traz consigo consequências normativas que exigem alterações no desenho do ProUni, que agora passa a ter um compromisso com a empregabilidade de seus beneficiários. Em seguida, este trabalho avaliará a compatibilidade do ProUni com seu “novo” objetivo normativo e, ao cumprir essa tarefa, chamará atenção para o seguinte problema: embora o ProUni impacte positivamente no índice de empregabilidade dos alunos, não os direciona às carreias mais valoradas no mercado de trabalho. Por fim, sustentar-se-á que se a alteração do objetivo normativo do Programa feita pelo STF for levada a sério, há indícios de que a distribuição de bolsas do ProUni precisaria ser alterada para passar a priorizar cursos “estratégicos”. Isso porque – segue o argumento - ao conferir ao Programa a tarefa de “reduzir desigualdades sociais”, o STF incorporou ao ProUni um novo compromisso, o de garantir que todos (ou quase todos) seus beneficiários concluam seus cursos de educação superior e passem a ocupar vagas de trabalho bem-remuneradas.
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Cada vez mais, surgem novos casos de Perturbação do espectro do Autismo. Esta nova realidade faz com que haja um aumento dos estudos empíricos e científicos sobre o tema, onde se procura responder a questões como a causa, as suas principais características e qual a melhor forma de lidar com a problemática no seu meio familiar, escolar e social. Como não podia ser diferente, esta investigação teve como objetivo central compreender as perceções e conhecimentos dos docentes, face à inclusão de alunos com autismo no ensino regular. A amostra obtida foi de 89 docentes, sendo 74 do sexo feminino e 15 do sexo masculino, que lecionam em escolas da Região Autónoma da Madeira, mais especificamente na cidade do Funchal. A recolha dos dados foi feita através de um questionário elaborado para este estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que os professores conhecem a perturbação assim como identificam de forma correta os sinais que definem a problemática. Além disso, verifica-se que os docentes defendem e acreditam na inclusão, no entanto, quando questionados se os alunos com autismo devem ser todos incluídos, constata-se que muitos docentes salientam que essa inclusão deve ter em conta o nível de autismo que a criança apresenta. Os docentes salientaram também algumas mudanças que são fulcrais para a inclusão, como a redução das turmas, materiais de apoio, professora de educação especial para dar apoio mais individualizado a estes alunos, e ainda formação na área.
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O conceito de saúde, na concepção mais abrangente, é uma condição multidimensional de bem-estar físico, psicológico e social e não apenas a inexistência de enfermidades. Os benefícios da atividade física são tão relevantes quanto os benefícios psicológicos, porque ambos contribuem para a saúde. A literatura aponta um conjunto de ligações diretas e indiretas entre a atividade física e a qualidade de vida. Apesar destes benefícios, o processo de envelhecimento é caracterizado por grandes perdas biopsicossociais, que geram várias situações de adversidades que causam preocupação e podem colocar em risco a saúde do idoso. Deste modo, surge a resiliência como um conjunto de processos sociais e intrapsíquicos, que possibilitam o desenvolvimento saudável do idoso, mesmo diante de experiências negativas. Nesta direção, observou-se a necessidade de executar uma pesquisa de conhecimento multidisciplinar conciliando a Educação Física com a Psicologia, a Medicina, a Terapia Ocupacional e a Gerontologia, com o objetivo de investigar o efeito da atividade física sobre os níveis de resiliência em mulheres idosas, bem como conhecer a importância desta atividade para suas vidas. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo comparativo descritivo, de caráter transversal. Assim sendo, 230 mulheres idosas foram divididas em dois grupos: ativas (n=115; 65,8±5,8 anos de idade), constituído por idosas matriculadas em um programa de atividade física orientada para idosos com período de prática igual ou superior a dois anos, e sedentárias (n=115; 69,2±7,2 anos de idade). Em seguida, foram submetidas à avaliação do nível de resiliência psicológica e da aptidão física (resistência muscular de membros superiores e inferiores, flexibilidade e resistência aeróbia). As idosas ativas apresentaram valores significativamente (p=0,001) maiores do fator 3 da resiliência psicológica quando comparados àqueles do grupo de idosas sedentárias, o qual está relacionado à autoconfiança e à capacidade de adaptação a situações diversas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os grupos para os demais fatores (1 e 2). Quando comparados os testes de aptidão física com o nível de resiliência psicológica moderada (n=28) e alta (n=202) do fator 3, observou- se que idosas com nível de resiliência psicológica alta apresentaram maior flexibilidade (p=0,004). E para a avaliação da percepção da importância da atividade física para as idosas foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado. A partir da Análise de Conteúdo proposto por Bardin (2009) os resultados foram: saúde/prevenção (85%), interação (47%), autonomia (40%), alegria/felicidade (33%), resiliência (33%), lazer (15%). E para avaliar a resiliência utilizou-se a Escala de resiliência de Wagnild e Young (1993). Quanto aos níveis de resiliência os resultados demonstraram que todas idosas apresentaram alto nível. Considerando os achados do presente estudo, sugere-se o emprego da atividade física como método de intervenção para melhora da saúde mental e, por conseguinte, da resiliência psicológica na população em questão, uma vez que os resultados apontam que idosas fisicamente ativas apresentam escores de resiliência psicológica superiores àquelas estratificadas como sedentárias. O resultado desse estudo possibilitou também concluir que a importância da atividade física parece estar relacionada, na sua maioria, às características de saúde/prevenção, interação social, autonomia, resiliência, alegria/felicidade e lazer. Além disso, as mulheres do presente estudo apresentaram um alto nível de resiliência quando comparado à tabela normativa
Resumo:
Le texte se rapporte à une recherche sur les conceptions d enseignants concernant l inclusion scolaire d élèves sourds , et leurs ralations avec les pratiques qu ils développent dans les classe régulières. Elle a été conduite dans une école publique régulière appartenant à la commune de Assu RN, et dont le choix méthodologique a été une approche qualitative, du genre ethnographyque. La construction des données devient d un processus d observation, de l application d entretiens demi-structurés et de l analyse de documents, ayant pour sujets quatre enseignants des années initiales de l enseignement fondamental. L apport théorique de base a été la théorie socio-culturelle proposée par Vygotsky (2003 ; 2005), censée traduire la compréhension de l homme dans sa dimension historique et culturelle, et mettre en évidence l interaction sociale en tant que condition pour le développement des individus. Les données font connaître que les enseignants sujets de la recherche sont favorables à l inclusion scolaire des élèves sourds dans les classes régulières, néanmoins soulignent le besoin d un changement à l école pour que l inclusion devienne une réalité. Les enseignants sont d avis que l apprentissage des élèves sourds se fait d une façon qui met trop de temps, moyennant l utilisation de recours spécifiques, tels que l usage du langage des signes (Libras). Ils signalent les difficultés qu ils doivent faire face quand il s agit de travailler pédagogiquement avec ces élèves dans le quotidien, telles que : manque d un travail collectif à l école ; besoin d une formation spécialisée ; démonstration de sentiments de peur, ou préjugés de la part de quelques uns du personnel de l école , tout celà interférant directement dans leurs attitudes et leurs actions faces aux élèves ; manque d appui des instances administratives de l école ; absence de politiques consistentes pour guider l éducation sous un regard inclusif. Quant aux pratiques pédagogiques développées à l école, la recherche laisse voir que, par rapport à la présence des élèves sourds, très peu d adaptations y ont été introduites, d où se dégage que la planification des actions éducatives à l école se tourne, prioritairement, vers les élèves qui écoutent, c est-à-dire, vers un groupe apparemment homogène. On a constaté, en plus, qu il n existe pas à l école aucun professionnel habilité pour l établissement d un processus de communication avec les élèves sourds. Malgré ces difficultés, les enseignants avouent, quand même, que travailler avec ces élèves rapporte toujours des bénéfices, tels que la collaboration et le respect mutuels chez les élèves, l acquisition de nouveaux savoirs et l amélioration de la pratique pédagogique des enseignants
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This work makes a documental analise about the relationship between families of Down syndrome students and professionals of who teach them, in order to improve the process of developing teaching-learning, in an inclusive perspective. For this, we use a qualitative approach, because we believe that the object of research is not a passive and neutral knowledge, since it has meanings and relationships whose can be better interpreted and understood by the researcher in a real and active situation. For the development of this research, a bibliographical review was made about the subject, and a case studied in two regular education schools, both of them at the city of Natal/RN, one public and another one particular. We work on these educational institutions with professionals and parents of Down syndrome students. As an instrument of building information we used a semi-structured interview and to analise the results a qualitative method. Crossing the stages, we noticed: the pedagogical coordinators who made up both analyzed schools showed interest about doing an effective work with parents, regardless of Educational Policy Project of each school, predict or not the participation on educational undertaken process; On teachers discourses, reporting the relationship with the family, we realize that one of those teachers try to keep a good relationship with parents, permeated by learning exchanges, guidance and knowledge, in relation to another one, even existing an apparent openness to dialogue, when parents have any suggestions or criticism, that attitude is not always well coming. From the parents interviews, we can emphasize, first of all, that both of them recognize the benefits of inclusion, with regard to socialization - in general from the coexistence with pairs and the process of teaching and learning, as shown in a consistent way. Regarding school meetings with teachers, the studied parents agree about importance of such appointments and try to attend them, besides the other events organized by the school, beyond keeping individual touch with the teacher, when necessary. They are always present, looking for get envolved in everything that happens at school, in order to know better what is being done, listening and may suggest alternatives to improving the educational process. We perceive, from the study undertaken, that although the school inclusion is not an easy process to be built, is something that could be achieved. For this, is necessary that professionals of education and families recognize their functions in the educational process and act jointly on this direction
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The school inclusion is based on respect for diversity and the belief that everyone has the capacity to learn and develop, for this the school needs to prepare itself to meet the differences and provide a meaningful learning for everyone, including those with Down syndrome. It is in the interaction with others that children develop their skills and exchange substantial experiences to learn the school and non school knowledge. Among the knowledge the school must offer students, there is one that is indispensable to the present society; the writing, because writing is a way to Interact, to communicate and to build autonomy to relate in society. Before exposed, the research that started this study aimed to investigate the level of the writing conceptualization of children with Down syndrome during the literacy process in a regular school of the private school network in the city of Natal/RN. For carrying out this study, initially we conducted a qualitative research, using the bibliographical as a methodological recourse, seeking to the deepening of information, based on the literature about the subject, which allowed us to collect data about people with Down syndrome, their education and the process of the writing acquisition. Later, a case study was performed, involving free observation in the room and interviews with teachers and children, trying to verify how this writing acquisition process occurs by children with Down syndrome. The data analyzed and information recorded demonstrated that the school inclusion, when taken seriously, benefits the learning of writing for children who have intellectual deficit, and, mainly, they develop in this environment and are able to learn to write, as long as their own pace are respected
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Inclusion of students with autism in regular education settings is a topic that has not been much explored by the national scientific literature. This matter is complex and, due to the extent of various aspects involved, it is essential to delimitate a focus of investigation. The direction taken by this study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention program in the communicative interactions between a student with autism and his teacher in a regular classroom. Data were collected in an elementary private school, located in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte during the 2010 academic school year. The study included a teacher and a non-vocal, 10-year-old student diagnosed with autism. A quasi-experimental A-B research design was employed. During the intervention program the teacher was trained to use Naturalistic Teaching Strategies and Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) resources to increase the frequency of interactions with the student during three classroom routines (entry time, snack and pedagogical activity). The results indicated qualitative and quantitative changes in the interactions of the dyad after the implementation of the intervention program. The student began to use pictograms to communicate with the teacher in two of the three routines investigated. The frequency of AAC use was also observed in the teacher‟s repertoire, especially when the student failed to understand gestures and words. The teacher positively evaluated the intervention program
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Characteristics of family nucleus as correlates of regular participation in sports among adolescents
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Objectives To estimate the relationship between family nucleus and sport practice among adolescents.Methods A school-based cross-sectional study carried out with 1,752 Brazilian adolescents (812 male and 940 female), aged 11-17 years. Characteristics of the family nucleus (parental education, socioeconomic status and number of siblings) and sport practice (>= 240 min/week) were assessed by questionnaires. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression models.Results The overall prevalence of sport practice was 14.8% (boys 21.2% and girls 9.4%, P = 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status, number of siblings and parents' educational level were associated with more sport practice.Conclusion Despite the low engagement, family nucleus plays an essential role in the sport practice of our sample of Brazilian adolescents.
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We have used our new pulsed CO(2) laser, operating both on regular and hot bands, to excite the (13)CD(3)OH methanol isotopomer. This has lead to the observation of 13 new high-threshold far-infrared laser emissions (also identified as terahertz laser lines), with frequencies in the range between 24.11 and 102.56 cm(-1) (0.72-3.07 THz). The absorption transitions leading to these new FIR laser emissions have been located by observing the optoacoustic absorption spectra around the CO(2) emissions. Here, we present these new far-infrared laser lines, characterized in wavelength, polarization, offset relative to the center of the pumping CO(2) laser transition, relative intensity, and optimum operation pressure.
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Studies on ethics in information organization have deeply contributed to the recognition of the social dimension of Information Science. The subject approach to information is linked to an ethical dimension because one of its major concerns is related to its reliability and usefulness in a specific discursive community or knowledge domain. In this direction, we propose, through an exploratory research design with qualitative and inductive characteristics, to identify the specific terminology that Brazilian indexing languages allow for terms relating to male homosexuality. We also analyzed the terms assigned to papers published in the Journal of Homosexuality, Sexualities and Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health between the years 2005 to 2009. From this analysis of terms and the Brazilian indexing languages, we see (1) the Brazilian context, (2) imprecision in the terminology, (3) indications of prejudices disseminated by political correctness, (4) biased representation of the subject matter, (5) and the presence of figures of speech.
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Objetivou-se com esse estudo identificar o perfil de professores de ensino regular da cidade de Marília que tinham alunos com deficiências matriculados em suas salas de aula, bem como o perfil da clientela atendida por estes professores. Participaram do estudo 68 professores da cidade de Marília - SP que tinham alunos com deficiência matriculados em suas salas. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário contendo 13 questões divididas em 2 partes: 1) identificação dos participantes e 2) identificação dos alunos com deficiência. Os dados colhidos nos questionários foram submetidos à análise da freqüência absoluta e relativa. Foram identificadas 10 categorias. de acordo com os resultados dessa pesquisa, concluiu-se que a inserção do aluno com deficiência no ensino regular ocorre com a modificação da formação que favorece ao profissional o conhecimento e a compreensão das distintas formas de aprendizagem do seu alunado, a fim de estruturar sua própria prática pedagógica para atender, com qualidade, a diversidade.
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Researches in Requirements Engineering have been growing in the latest few years. Researchers are concerned with a set of open issues such as: communication between several user profiles involved in software engineering; scope definition; volatility and traceability issues. To cope with these issues a set of works are concentrated in (i) defining processes to collect client s specifications in order to solve scope issues; (ii) defining models to represent requirements to address communication and traceability issues; and (iii) working on mechanisms and processes to be applied to requirements modeling in order to facilitate requirements evolution and maintenance, addressing volatility and traceability issues. We propose an iterative Model-Driven process to solve these issues, based on a double layered CIM to communicate requirements related knowledge to a wider amount of stakeholders. We also present a tool to help requirements engineer through the RE process. Finally we present a case study to illustrate the process and tool s benefits and usage
Biocompatibility in vitro tests of mineral trioxide aggregate and regular and white Portland cements
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Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement are being used in dentistry as root end-filling materials. However, biocompatibility data concerning genotoxicity and cytotoxicity are needed for complete risk assessment of these compounds. In the present study, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of MTA and Portland cements were evaluated in vitro using the alkaline single cell gel (comet) assay and trypan blue exclusion test, respectively, on mouse lymphoma cells. The results demonstrated that the single cell gel (comet) assay failed to detect DNA damage after a treatment of cells by MTA and Portland cements for concentrations up to 1000 mu g/ml. Similarly, results showed that none of the compounds tested were cytotoxic. Taken together, these results seem to indicate that MTA and Portland cements are not genotoxins and do not induce cellular death.