758 resultados para isótopos estáveis
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Empregou-se a associação midazolam e detomidina para indução de anestesia com cetamina em 16 potros, machos e fêmeas, entre três e seis meses de idade, distribuídos aleatória e equitativamente em dois grupos (GI e GII). A todos os animais foram administrados midazolam, via intramuscular, na dose de 0,2mg/kg, e após 15 minutos, detomidina, via intravenosa, na dose de 0,02mg/kg. Os animais do GII receberam cetamina pela via intravenosa, dose 2,0mg/kg, três minutos após a administração de detomidina. Quinze minutos após o midazolam, ocorreram sedação e ligeira ataxia, e dois minutos após a administração da detomidina, decúbito lateral em todos os potros, com miorrelaxamento e presença dos reflexos de deglutição e miorrelaxamento, anal e oculo-palpebral. A associação midazolam/detomidina e cetamina provocou ausência dos reflexos de deglutição. Para todos os animais, o tempo de recuperação foi de 45-60 minutos, e temperatura retal e frequência respiratória permaneceram estáveis. Ocorreram bradicardia, bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau e aumento das pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média após dois minutos da administração da detomidina. A associação midazolam/detomidina e cetamina demonstrou ser um método eficiente e seguro para a anestesia de potros hígidos.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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This thesis aimed to assess the increase in solubility of simvastatin (SINV) with solid dispersions using techniques such as kneading (MA), co-solvent evaporation (ES), melting carrier (FC) and spray dryer (SD). Soluplus (SOL), PEG 6000 (PEG), PVP K-30 (PVP) e sodium lauryl sulphate (LSS) were used as carriers. The solid dispersions containing PEG [PEG-2(SD)], Soluplus [SOL-2(MA)] and sodium lauryl sulphate [LSS-2(ES)] were presented with a greater increase in solubility (5.02, 5.60 and 5.43 times respectively); analyses by ANOVA between the three groups did not present significant difference (p<0.05). In the phase solubility study, the calculation of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) revealed that the spontaneity of solubilisation of SINV occurred in the order SOL>PEG >PVP 75%>LSS, always 80%. The phase diagrams of PEG and LSS presented solubilization stoichiometry of type 1:1 (type AL). The diagrams with PVP and SOL tend to 1:2 stoichiometry (type AL + AP). The stability coefficients (Ks) of the phase diagrams revealed that the most stable reactions occurred with LSS and PVP. The solid dispersions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD), near-infrared spectroscopy imaging (NIR-CI) and X-ray diffraction of the powder using the Topas software (PDRX-TOPAS). The solid dispersion PEG-2(SD) presented the greatest homogeneity and the lowest degree of crystallinity (18.2%). The accelerated stability study revealed that the solid dispersions are less stable than SINV, with PEG-2(SD) being the least stable, confirmed by FTIR and DSC. The analyses by PDRX-TOPAS revealed the amorphous character of the dispersions and the mechanism of increasing solubility
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This study is an analysis of opportunities and challenges of health assistance migration from hospitals to home care from the approach of the Domiciliary Internment Program (PID) in Natal / RN. The research aims to identify the ways that the multidisciplinary team act and know the stories of these professionals about the situation experienced in the transition between the instituting and instituted on home care modalities. PID has as a prior focus the elderly person in stable medical conditions, not to replace the hospital care, but to offer a therapeutic support turned to the exercise of their autonomy and coexistence with the situation of diseases. The home in their internal coexistence rules preserves own customs. As the hospital care migrates to the home care, it happens in the confrontation and rationality negotiation and becomes something new, that is going to be directed by an instituting dimension. In the view of New History, that suggests an interdisciplinary approach and interprets the problems on its time and from the technique of thematic oral history, it can be seen that working in interdisciplinary team is able to incorporate new values in the way of healthcare assistance, it longs for maintaining the maximum functional capacity of patients, it presents results as the prevention of diseases, costs reduction in connection with the Hospital Service, empowers and expands the possibilities for the patient recovery by aligning with the daily life and the opportunity of the patient being assisted by a multiprofessional team, interacting on the concrete reality. Therefore, PID is in line with the contemporary demands and as an instrument to be considered in the review of a wider concept of the health-disease process
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Estudou-se a resposta de feijão-vagem de crescimento indeterminado à fertilidade do solo em Anápolis (GO). Utilizaram-se sete linhagens (Hav 13, Hav 38, Hav 40, Hav 49, Hav 56, Hav 64 e Hav 68), e as cultivares Favorito Ag 480, Macarrão Bragança e Teresópolis Ag 484, em sete doses da formulação 4-30-16 aplicadas ao solo (D0= 0; D1=200; D(2)400; D3=600; D4=800; D5=1000 e D6=1200 kg/ha). Houve diferenças significativas entre genótipos para todas características avaliadas, dentro de cada dose do formulado, exceto para produtividade, no quinto nível, e para altura média das plantas no nível mais elevado de fertilidade. As linhagens Hav 49 e Hav 64 igualaram-se aos genótipos de maiores rendimentos em todos os ambientes. O nível médio de fertilidade foi o mais conveniente, do ponto de vista econômico, para todas as características consideradas. Com exceção de Hav 13 e Teresópolis Ag 484, que se mostraram imprevisíveis quanto à produtividade, Hav 13 e Hav 64, quanto ao número de vagens por planta e Favorito Ag 480 quanto à altura média das plantas, os demais genótipos foram estáveis. Todos os genótipos responderam proporcionalmente à melhoria do ambiente para produtividade, número de vagens por planta e altura das plantas. Quanto ao peso médio das vagens a linhagem Hav 40 respondeu menos que proporcionalmente ao aumento da fertilidade do solo, mostrando-se adaptável a solos menos férteis, enquanto a cultivar Teresópolis Ag 484 respondeu mais que proporcionalmente à melhoria da fertilidade mostrando-se adaptável a solos mais férteis.
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Estudaram-se a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de 15 genótipos de feijão-vagem de crescimento indeterminado em relação a oito ambientes. Houve diferenças significativas entre genótipos em apenas três ambientes. As linhagens Hav 13, Hav 14, Hav 53 e Hav 56 igualaram-se aos genótipos mais produtivos em todos ambientes. As linhagens Hav 13, Hav 21, Hav 25, Hav 38, Hav 40, Hav 56, Hav 65 e a cultivar Favorito Ag 480 foram estáveis e as demais imprevisíveis, de acordo com a metodologia de Eberhart & Russell. Os genótipos apresentaram ampla adaptabilidade, exceto Hav 67 adaptável a ambientes desfavoráveis. A linhagem Hav 13, de vagens cilíndricas e sementes brancas, foi a alternativa mais vantajosa à cultivar Favorito Ag 480, utilizada como testemunha.
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A acurácia da análise granulométrica depende da obtenção de suspensões de solo completamente dispersas e estáveis para possibilitar a separação das suas frações granulométricas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da adição de quantidades e tamanhos de grãos de areia na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica de solos, visando à maior acurácia na obtenção dos resultados da análise granulométrica. Os solos utilizados foram: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef), LatossoloVermelho acriférrico (LVwf), Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico (LVe), Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico (PVAe) e Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (NVef). A dispersão das amostras dos solos foi realizada por meio da adição de hidróxido de sódio e agitação rotativa (60 rpm) por 16 h. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por seis quantidades (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 g) e dois diâmetros (2,0-1,0 e 1,0-0,5 mm) de areia, adicionados na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica dos solos. de acordo com as equações ajustadas, a adição de areia com diâmetro entre 1,0 e 0,5 mm nas quantidades de 21,4 g para LVef, 19,6 g para LVwf e 25,8 g para NVef proporciona, respectivamente para esses solos, aumentos de 50, 38 e 14,5 % nos teores de argila. No LVe e no PVAe não se justifica a adição de areia na análise granulométrica, pois esses solos não apresentaram problemas de dispersão. Os resultados demonstram que a adição de 25 g de areia, com diâmetro entre 1,0 e 0,5 mm, na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica de solos argilosos com altos teores de óxidos de Fe e com dificuldades de dispersão, é eficiente para promover efetiva dispersão das partículas primárias do solo.
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A utilização de resíduos da indústria de processamento de frutas na agricultura pode proporcionar melhorias à qualidade do solo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduos de sementes de goiaba na agregação e no estoque de carbono orgânico do solo (EC). O experimento esteve inserido em um pomar comercial irrigado de goiabeiras (cv. Paluma), com sete anos de idade, sobre um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados e parcelas subdivididas, sendo cinco tratamentos (doses de: 0;9;18;27 e 36 Mg ha-1 de resíduo) e duas camadas de solo (0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m). Foi avaliado o mesmo tipo de solo sobre mata nativa adjacente à área experimental. As análises realizadas foram a distribuição do tamanho dos agregados estáveis em água, o diâmetro médio ponderado, o diâmetro médio geométrico, os agregados maiores que 2 mm e o EC. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (Teste F), seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (5 doses x 2 camadas). As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, e as médias das camadas foram comparadas pelo teste F, a 5% de probabilidade. Os dados coletados no solo sob mata foram utilizados apenas como referência de um solo em estado natural e, portanto, não foram considerados como fator de variação nas análises de variância. Os valores dos índices de agregação com o estoque de carbono orgânico do solo foram submetidos à correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05). O efeito das doses de resíduo de sementes de goiaba sobre o estoque de carbono orgânico, na camada de 0-0,20 m do solo, foi avaliado por análise de regressão. Os tratamentos não diferiram em relação à agregação do solo, contudo EC foi diretamente relacionado à quantidade de resíduo aplicado ao solo. Houve correlação positiva e significativa entre os índices de agregação e o EC. A aplicação de resíduos de sementes de goiaba proporcionou melhoria da qualidade do solo.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inoculação de Bacillus subtilis sobre as características e perdas ocorridas na fermentação, no desenvolvimento de leveduras e fungos filamentosos e na estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho. Estudou-se o milho híbrido 2B655, no qual avaliaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: silagem sem inoculação de B. subtilis e silagens inoculadas com B. subtilis nas concentrações de 5x10(4); 1x10(5) e 5x10(5)UFC/g de forragem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em que as silagens constituíram as parcelas e os tempos de exposição aeróbia as subparcelas, com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância por meio do software SISVAR®, bem como aplicou-se a análise de regressão a 5% de significância. A aplicação de B. subtilis não alterou as características químicas e as perdas no processo de fermentação da silagem de milho. A contagem de leveduras na abertura dos silos foi reduzida, assim como a população de fungos filamentosos diminuiu durante a exposição aeróbia, o que implicou em menores valores de pH e resultou em maior estabilidade aeróbia, devido à utilização da maior dose de B. subtilis. A inoculação de Bacillus subtilis na concentração de 5x10(5)UFC/g de forragem controla o crescimento dos micro-organismos deterioradores e melhora a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de milho, a manter os valores de pH mais estáveis na fase de pós-abertura dos silos.
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This work develops a robustness analysis with respect to the modeling errors, being applied to the strategies of indirect control using Artificial Neural Networks - ANN s, belong to the multilayer feedforward perceptron class with on-line training based on gradient method (backpropagation). The presented schemes are called Indirect Hybrid Control and Indirect Neural Control. They are presented two Robustness Theorems, being one for each proposed indirect control scheme, which allow the computation of the maximum steady-state control error that will occur due to the modeling error what is caused by the neural identifier, either for the closed loop configuration having a conventional controller - Indirect Hybrid Control, or for the closed loop configuration having a neural controller - Indirect Neural Control. Considering that the robustness analysis is restrict only to the steady-state plant behavior, this work also includes a stability analysis transcription that is suitable for multilayer perceptron class of ANN s trained with backpropagation algorithm, to assure the convergence and stability of the used neural systems. By other side, the boundness of the initial transient behavior is assured by the assumption that the plant is BIBO (Bounded Input, Bounded Output) stable. The Robustness Theorems were tested on the proposed indirect control strategies, while applied to regulation control of simulated examples using nonlinear plants, and its results are presented
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In this thesis, a frequency selective surface (FSS) consists of a two-dimensional periodic structure mounted on a dielectric substrate, which is capable of selecting signals in one or more frequency bands of interest. In search of better performance, more compact dimensions, low cost manufacturing, among other characteristics, these periodic structures have been continually optimized over time. Due to its spectral characteristics, which are similar to band-stop or band-pass filters, the FSSs have been studied and used in several applications for more than four decades. The design of an FSS with a periodic structure composed by pre-fractal elements facilitates the tuning of these spatial filters and the adjustment of its electromagnetic parameters, enabling a compact design which generally has a stable frequency response and superior performance relative to its euclidean counterpart. The unique properties of geometric fractals have shown to be useful, mainly in the production of antennas and frequency selective surfaces, enabling innovative solutions and commercial applications in microwave range. In recent applications, the FSSs modify the indoor propagation environments (emerging concept called wireless building ). In this context, the use of pre-fractal elements has also shown promising results, allowing a more effective filtering of more than one frequency band with a single-layer structure. This thesis approaches the design of FSSs using pre-fractal elements based on Vicsek, Peano and teragons geometries, which act as band-stop spatial filters. The transmission properties of the periodic surfaces are analyzed to design compact and efficient devices with stable frequency responses, applicable to microwave frequency range and suitable for use in indoor communications. The results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic effect resulting from the variation of parameters such as: fractal iteration number (or fractal level), scale factor, fractal dimension and periodicity of FSS, according the pre-fractal element applied on the surface. The analysis of the fractal dimension s influence on the resonant properties of a FSS is a new contribution in relation to researches about microwave devices that use fractal geometry. Due to its own characteristics and the geometric shape of the Peano pre-fractal elements, the reconfiguration possibility of these structures is also investigated and discussed. This thesis also approaches, the construction of efficient selective filters with new configurations of teragons pre-fractal patches, proposed to control the WLAN coverage in indoor environments by rejecting the signals in the bands of 2.4~2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b) and 5.0~6.0 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). The FSSs are initially analyzed through simulations performed by commercial software s: Ansoft DesignerTM and HFSSTM. The fractal design methodology is validated by experimental characterization of the built prototypes, using alternatively, different measurement setups, with commercial horn antennas and microstrip monopoles fabricated for low cost measurements
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This thesis describes design methodologies for frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) composed of periodic arrays of pre-fractals metallic patches on single-layer dielectrics (FR4, RT/duroid). Shapes presented by Sierpinski island and T fractal geometries are exploited to the simple design of efficient band-stop spatial filters with applications in the range of microwaves. Initial results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic effect resulting from the variation of parameters such as, fractal iteration number (or fractal level), fractal iteration factor, and periodicity of FSS, depending on the used pre-fractal element (Sierpinski island or T fractal). The transmission properties of these proposed periodic arrays are investigated through simulations performed by Ansoft DesignerTM and Ansoft HFSSTM commercial softwares that run full-wave methods. To validate the employed methodology, FSS prototypes are selected for fabrication and measurement. The obtained results point to interesting features for FSS spatial filters: compactness, with high values of frequency compression factor; as well as stable frequency responses at oblique incidence of plane waves. This thesis also approaches, as it main focus, the application of an alternative electromagnetic (EM) optimization technique for analysis and synthesis of FSSs with fractal motifs. In application examples of this technique, Vicsek and Sierpinski pre-fractal elements are used in the optimal design of FSS structures. Based on computational intelligence tools, the proposed technique overcomes the high computational cost associated to the full-wave parametric analyzes. To this end, fast and accurate multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network models are developed using different parameters as design input variables. These neural network models aim to calculate the cost function in the iterations of population-based search algorithms. Continuous genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and bees algorithm (BA) are used for FSSs optimization with specific resonant frequency and bandwidth. The performance of these algorithms is compared in terms of computational cost and numerical convergence. Consistent results can be verified by the excellent agreement obtained between simulations and measurements related to FSS prototypes built with a given fractal iteration
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The tanning industries are those which transform animal hide or skin into leather. Due to the complexity of the transformation process, greater quantities of chemicals are being used which results in the generation of effluents with residual solids. The chromium in the residual waters generated by tanning tend to be a serious problem to the environment, therefore the recovery of this metal could result in the reduction of manufacturing costs. This metal is usually found in a trivalent form which can be converted into a hexavalent compound under acidic conditions and in the presence of organic matter. The present study was carried out with the objective to recover chromium through an extraction/re-extraction process using micro emulsions. Micro emulsions are transparent and thermodynamically stable system composed of two immiscible liquids, one forming the continuous phase and the other dispersed into micro bubbles, established by an interfacial membrane formed by surface active and co-surface active molecules. The process of recovering the chromium was carried out in two stages. The first, an extraction process, where the chromium was extracted in the micro emulsion phase and the aqueous phase in excess was separated. In the second stage, a concentrated acid was added to the micro emulsion phase rich in chromium in order to obtain a Winsor II system, where the water that formed in the micro emulsion phase separates into a new micro emulsion phase with a higher concentration of chromium, due to the lowering of the hydrophiles as well as the ionisation of the system. During the experimental procedure, a study was initiated with a synthetic solution of chromium sulphate passing onto the effluent. A Morris extractor was used in the extraction process. Tests were carried out according to the plan and the results were analysed by statistical methods in order to optimise the main parameters that influence the process: the total rate of flow (Q), stirring speed (w) and solvent rate (r). The results, after optimization, demonstrated that the best percentuals in relation to the chromium extraction (99 %) were obtained in the following operational conditions: Q= 2,0 l/h, w= 425 rpm and r= 0,375. The re-extraction was carried out at room temperature (28 °C), 40 °C and 50°C using hydrochloric acid (8 and 10 M) and sulphuric acid (8 M) as re-extracting agents. The results obtained demonstrate that the process was efficient enough in relation to the chromium extraction, reaching to re-extraction percentage higher than 95 %.