Lanthanide oxide nanotubes and nanorods: synthesis, processing, luminescence and catalytic properties

Esta tese relata estudos de síntese, caracterização da estrutura e das propriedades de fotoluminescência e aplicações de nanotubos e nanobastonetes de óxidos de lantanídeos em pontas para microscopia de força atómica, catálise heterogénea e compósitos de base polimérica. Há um interesse crescente em compreender como o confinamento quântico decorrente da redução do tamanho de partícula pode influenciar a eficiência da luminescência, a dinâmica dos estados excitados, a transferência de energia e os efeitos de termalização de nanoluminóforos. Em nanocristais dopados com lantanídeos (Ln3+), e apesar da localização dos estados 4f, ocorrem efeitos de confinamento quântico via interacção com os modos vibracionais da rede. Em particular, a termalização anómala, descrita para uma variedade de nanocristais dopados com Ln3+, tem sido atribuída à ausência de modos vibracionais de menor frequência. Este nanoconfinamento pode ter impacto na dinâmica da luminescência, bem como na transferência de energia mediada por modos vibracionais e processos de upconversion. Nesta tese, relata-se o estudo deste efeito em nanotubos de Gd2O3:Eu3+. A influência de parâmetros como a concentração de európio e as condições de calcinação também foi investigada. Algumas aplicações destes óxidos de lantanídeos também foram exploradas, nomeadamente a modificação de pontas usadas em microscopia de força atómica com nanobastonetes de Gd2O3:Eu3+, lograda através de dielectroforese, técnica que não degrada a emissão de luz (rendimento quântico 0.47). As pontas modificadas são estáveis sob condições de trabalho, podendo ser aplicadas, por exemplo, em microscopia óptica de varrimento de campo próximo (SNOM). A oxidação em fase líquida do etilbenzendo foi investigada usando como catalisador nanotubos de CeO2, em presença dos oxidantes hidroperóxido de t-butilo e H2O2, e do solvente acetonitrilo, e temperaturas entre 55 e 105 ºC. Nanobastonetes de Gd2O3:Eu3+ recobertos com sílica foram preparados pelo método sol-gel. Esta cobertura resultou num aumento, quer do rendimento quântico de emissão, de 0.51 para 0.86 (excitação a 255 nm), quer dos tempos de vida,de 1.43 para 1.80 ms (excitação a 394.4 nm). A superfície dos nanotubos cobertos com sílica foi modificada com o agente de acoplamento metacrilato de 3-(trimetoxissilil)propilo que permitiu a preparação de compósitos através da subsequente polimerização in-situ do estireno por técnicas de miniemulsão e solução. ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on the synthesis, characterisation of the structure and photoluminescence properties, and applications of nanotubes and nanorods of lanthanides oxides in atomic force microscopy tips, heterogeneous catalysis and polymer-base composites. There is a growing interest in understanding how size-dependent quantum confinement affects the photoluminescence efficiency, excited-state dynamics, energy-transfer and thermalisation phenomena in nanophosphors. For lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped nanocrystals, and despite the localisation of the 4f states, confinement effects are induced mostly via electron-phonon interactions. In particular, the anomalous thermalisation reported for a handful of Ln3+-doped nanocrystals has been rationalised by the absence of lowfrequency phonon modes. This nanoconfinement may further impact on the Ln3+ luminescence dynamics, such as phonon-assisted energy transfer or upconversion processes. Here, this effect is investigated in Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanotubes. The influence of parameters such as europium concentration and calcination procedure is also studied. Some applications of these lanthanides oxides have been explored, for instance the modification of atomic force microscopy tips with photoluminescent Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanorods, using dielectrophoresis, a technique which preserves the red emission of the nanorods (quantum yield 0.47). The modified tips are stable under working conditions and may find applications in scanning near-field optical microscopy. The liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene over CeO2 nanotubes has been investigated, using tert-butyl-hydroperoxide and H2O2 as the oxidising agents, and acetonitrile as the solvent, in the range 55-105 ºC. Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanorods have been coated with silica via a sol-gel approach. The silica coating increases both, the Eu3+ absolute emission quantum yields from 0.51 to 0.86 (255 nm excitation), and decay times from 1.43 to 1.80 ms (394.4 nm excitation). The silica coating was modified with 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and, subsequently, composites have been prepared by in-situ radical polymerisation of styrene via miniemulsion and solution routes.

Bicontactual hypermaps

Esta tese dedica-se ao estudo de hipermapas regulares bicontactuais, hipermapas com a propriedade que cada hiperface contacta só com outras duas hiperfaces. Nos anos 70, S. Wilson classificou os mapas bicontactuais e, em 2003, Wilson e Breda d’Azevedo classificaram os hipermapas bicontactuais no caso não-orientável. Quando esta propriedade é transferida para hipermapas origina três tipos de bicontactualidade, atendendo ao modo como as duas hiperfaces aparecem à volta de uma hiperface fixa: edge-twin, vertextwin and alternate (dois deles são o dual um do outro). Um hipermapa topológico é um mergulho celular de um grafo conexo trivalente numa superfície compacta e conexa tal que as células são 3-coloridas. Ou de maneira mais simples, um hipermapa pode ser visto como um mapa bipartido. Um hipermapa orientado regular é um triplo ordenado consistindo num conjunto finito e dois geradores, que são permutações (involuções) do conjunto tal que o grupo gerado por eles, chamado o grupo de monodromia, actua regularmente no conjunto. Nesta tese, damos uma classificação de todos os hipermapas orientados regulares bicontactuais e, para completar, reclassificamos, usando o nosso método algébrico, os hipermapas não-orientáveis bicontactuais.

Persistent luminescence of SrAl2O4:Ce(III), Dy, Eu nanotubes, nanowires and core-shells for people with disabilities: nano-emergency

Este estudo transversal está focado na propriedade de luminescência persistente do aluminato de estrôncio co-dopado com cério (III), disprósio (III) e európio (II), SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, em sistemas de sinalização de áreas de risco e emergências para pessoas com deficiências. Na área da ciência e engenharia dos materiais, foram desenvolvidos novos materiais com características nanométricas, nanotubos, nanoarames e nanobastões luminescentes de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ para aplicações na área da reabilitação e acessibilidade de pessoas com deficiências. Os nanotubos foram obtidos a partir de micro- e nano-partículas precursoras sintetizadas por reacção do estado-sólido e tratamento térmico de recozedura (1273-1473 K). Os nanoarames e nanobastões foram preparados por moagem, sonificação e recozedura (373 K). Novas nanocápsulas de aluminatos luminescentes dopados com cério (III) e encapsulados com TiO2 foram criadas de modo a obter-se materiais multifuncionais, designadamente com acção fotocatalítica antimicrobiana, antibacteriana e resistência à água. Tais aluminatos podem ser amplamente aplicados como superfícies higiénicas, auto-limpantes, em biomateriais, no domínio de medicamentos antibióticos, na formulação de vacinas, e com ênfase à aplicação em cerâmicas fotoluminescentes. As metodologias de obtenção de tais nanoestruturas de aluminato de estrôncio dopado com cério (III) e do seu encapsulamento, desenvolvidas no âmbito desta tese, são aplicáveis a diversos aluminatos dopados com outros iões lantanídeos (Ln consiste em La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Tm ou Lu) com a fórmula M(1-x-y)N2O4:Cex, Lny, onde M é Be, Mg, Ca, Sr ou Ba. Na área da oftalmologia, foi desenvolvido um equipamento médico para o diagnóstico de biofuncionalidade das células retinais fotoreceptoras, e como suporte à telemedicina oftalmológica. Este equipamento foi utilizado para realizar testes de visão cromática FM100HUE em fundo branco/preto para a personalização de materiais luminescentes. Os resultados demonstraram uma biofuncionalidade celular à visibilidade fotópica das cores em fundo preto superior no grupo de tratamento, composto por pessoas com retinopatia diabética (n=38), em comparação ao grupo de referência (n=38). Estes resultados sugerem a recomendação de materiais com fotoluminescência persistente (λem=485-555 nm), incluindo SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, para o referido grupo de tratamento, em sinalização de emergência e em ambientes de baixa iluminação. Na área da arquitectura, foi proposta uma nova aplicação dos referidos nanomateriais luminescentes à base de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ em cerâmica de revestimento, tendo em vista a sua boa visibilidade e uso por pessoas com deficiências. Novos pavimentos, cerâmicos, fotoluminescentes, foram desenhados com propriedades multisensoriais (contraste táctil, sonoro e visual) e antimicrobianas, para pessoas portadoras de deficiências utilizarem, no escuro, com a prioridade de salvar vidas em emergências. Tais pisos, com relevos, podem ser combinados de modo a compor um sistema exclusivo de sinalização fotoluminescente multisensorial que possibilita a rápida evacuação mediante o uso de auxílios de mobilidade (e.g. bengala, cadeira de rodas, andadores, muletas). A solução integrada de tais inovações que potencializa a propriedade de luminescência persistente de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ de modo acessível para as pessoas com deficiências, pode contribuir para salvar vidas, no escuro, em emergências.

Multifunctional nanoparticles for MR and fluorescence imaging

In the past few years a new generation of multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) has been proposed for biomedical applications, whose structure is more complex than the structure of their predecessor monofunctional counterparts. The development of these novel NPs aims at enabling or improving the performance in imaging, diagnosis and therapeutic applications. The structure of such NPs comprises several components exhibiting various functionalities that enable the nanoparticles to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, such as active targeting of certain cells or compartmentalization, imaging and delivery of active drugs. This thesis presents two types of bimodal bio-imaging probes and describes their physical and chemical properties, namely their texture, structure, and 1H dynamics and relaxometry, in order to evaluate their potential as MRI contrast agents. The photoluminescence properties of these probes are studied, aiming at assessing their interest as optical contrast agents. These materials combine the properties of the trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) complexes and nanoparticles, offering an excellent solution for bimodal imaging. The designed T1- type contrast agent are SiO2@APS/DTPA:Gd:Ln or SiO2@APS/PMN:Gd:Ln (Ln= Eu or Tb) systems, bearing the active magnetic center (Gd3+) and the optically-active ions (Eu3+ and Tb3+) on the surface of silica NPs. Concerning the relaxometry properties, moderate r1 increases and significant r2 increases are observed in the NPs presence, especially at high magnetic fields, due to susceptibility effects on r2. The Eu3+ ions reside in a single low-symmetry site, and the photoluminescence emission is not influenced by the simultaneous presence of Gd3+ and Eu3+. The presence of Tb3+, rather than Eu3+ ion, further increases r1 but decreases r2. The uptake of these NPs by living cells is fast and results in an intensity increase in the T1-weighted MRI images. The optical features of the NPs in cellular pellets are also studied and confirm the potential of these new nanoprobes as bimodal imaging agents. This thesis further reports on a T2 contrast agent consisting of core-shell NPs with a silica shell surrounding an iron oxide core. The thickness of this silica shell has a significant impact on the r2 and r2* relaxivities, and a tentative model is proposed to explain this finding. The cell viability and the mitochondrial dehydrogenase expression given by the microglial cells are also evaluated.

Self-referencing thermometry in the nanoscale

Na ´ultima d´ecada emergiu uma linha de investiga¸c˜ao muito activa em term´ometros n˜ao invasivos e precisos que possam determinar temperatura `a escala nanom´etrica. Esta investiga¸c˜ao foi fortemente estimulada pelas numerosas solicita¸c˜oes da nanotecnologia e da biomedicina, por exemplo. Uma das abordagens mais promissoras prop˜oe o uso de i˜oes trivalentes de lantan´ıdeos que apresenta propriedades fotoluminescentes que dependem da temperatura. Neste trabalho demonstra-se que esta t´ecnica combina as vantagens de te um limite de detec¸c˜ao de 0.5 graus com sensibilidade at´e 4.5 % · K−1. Este term´ometro molecular pode ser processado em filmes finos ou nanopart´ıculas, abrindo os campos de aplica¸c˜ao a diferentes utiliza¸c˜oes. As nanopart´ıculas de s´ılica produzidas s˜ao caracterizadas na presen¸ca e na ausˆencia de i˜oes lantan´ıdeos. Sem o metal, as nanopart´ıculas de APTES/TEOS demonstram ser luminescentes sob excita¸c˜ao UV sem necessidade de utilizar qualquer tratamento t´ermico. O rendimento quˆantico de emiss˜ao depende apenas da propor¸c˜ao dos silanos e pode atingir o valor de 0.15 ± 0.02. A co-dopagem destas nanopart´ıculas com Eu3+ e Tb3+ permite obter sondas com resposta raciom´etrica, com a possibilidade de ajustar a gama de temperaturas de opera¸c˜ao e a sensibilidade, via desenho inteligente da matriz de suporte e dos ligandos de β-dicetona que est˜ao coordenados ao i˜ao met´alico. Quando processados como filmes, este term´ometro permite o mapeamento de temperaturas com resolu¸c˜ao espacial 1.8 μm. A racionaliza¸c˜ao da dependˆencia de temperatura ´e uma ferramenta ´util para desenvolver term´ometros que operam em gamas de temperatura espec´ıficos (e.g. gama de temperatura fisiol´ogica, 290-340 K) com sensibilidade acima de 0.5 % · K−1. A combina¸c˜ao de esfor¸cos de um grande n´umero de diversas disciplinas ir´a previsivelmente permitir o surgimento de term´ometros moleculares novos e sofisticados, preenchendo os principais requisitos das nanociencias.

Lanthanide oxide and phosphate nanoparticles for thermometry and bimodal imaging

Nesta tese relatam-se estudos de fotoluminescência de nanopartículas de óxidos e fosfatos dopados com iões trivalentes de lantanídeos, respectivamente, nanobastonetes de (Gd,Eu)2O3 e (Gd,Yb,Er)2O3 e nanocristais de (Gd,Yb,Tb)PO4, demonstrando-se também aplicações destes materiais em revestimentos inteligentes, sensores de temperatura e bioimagem. Estuda-se a transferência de energia entre os sítios de Eu3+ C2 e S6 dos nanobastonetes Gd2O3. A contribuição dos mecanismos de transferência de energia entre sítios para o tempo de subida 5D0(C2) é descartada a favor da relaxação directa 5D1(C2) 5D0(C2) (i.e., transferência de energia entre níveis). O maior tempo de decaimento do nível 5D0(C2) nos nanobastonetes, relativamente ao valor medido para o mesmo material na forma de microcristais, é atribuído, quer à existência de espaços livres entre nanobastonetes próximos (factor de enchimento ou fracção volúmica), quer à variação do índice de refracção efectivo do meio em torno dos iões Eu3+. A dispersão de nanobastonetes de (Gd,Eu)2O3 em três resinas epoxi comerciais através da cura por UV permite obter nanocompósitos epoxi- (Gd,Eu)2O3. Relatam-se estudos cinéticos e das propriedades térmicas e de fotoluminescência destes nanocompósitos. Estes, preservam as típicas propriedades de emissão do Eu3+, mostrando o potencial do método de cura por UV para obter revistimentos inteligentes e fotoactivos. Considera-se um avanço significativo a realização de uma nanoplataforma óptica, incorporando aquecedor e termómetro e capaz de medir uma ampla gama de temperaturas (300-2000 K) à escala nano, baseada em nanobastonetes de (Gd,Yb,Er)2O3 (termómetros) cuja superfície se encontra revestida com nanopartículas de ouro. A temperature local é calculada usando, quer a distribuição de Boltzmann (300-1050 K) do rácio de intensidades da conversão ascendente 2H11=2!4I15=2/4S3=2!4I15=2, quer a lei de Planck (1200-2000 K) para uma emissão de luz branca atribuída à radiação do corpo negro. Finalmente, estudam-se as propriedades de fotoluminescência correspondentes às conversões ascendente e descendente de energia em nanocristais de (Gd,Yb,Tb)PO4 sintetizados por via hidrotérmica. A relaxividade (ressonância magnética) do 1H destes materiais são investigadas, tendo em vista possíveis aplicações em imagem bimodal (luminescência e ressonância magnética nuclear).

Metal-organic frameworks based on phosphonate linkers

During the last few decades, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), also known as Coordination Polymers, have attracted worldwide research attentions due to their incremented fascinating architectures and unique properties. These multidimensional materials have been potential applications in distinct areas: gas storage and separation, ion exchange, catalysis, magnetism, in optical sensors, among several others. The MOF research group at the University of Aveiro has prepared MOFs from the combination of phosphonate organic primary building units (PBUs) with, mainly, lanthanides. This thesis documents the last findings in this area involving the synthesis of multidimensional MOFs based on four di- or tripodal phosphonates ligands. The organic PBUs were designed and prepared by selecting and optimizing the best reaction conditions and synthetic routes. The self-assembly between phosphonate PBUs and rare-earths cations led to the formation of several 1D, 2D and 3D families of isotypical MOFs. The preparation of these materials was achieved by using distinct synthetic approaches: hydro(solvo)thermal, microwave- and ultrasound-assisted, one-pot and ionothermal synthesis. The selection of the organic PBUs showed to have an important role in the final architectures: while flexible phosphonate ligands afforded 1D, 2D and dense 3D structures, a large and rigid organic PBU isolated a porous 3D MOF. The crystal structure of these materials was successfully unveiled by powder or single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All multidimensional MOFs were characterized by standard solid-state techniques (FT-IR, electron microscopy (SEM and EDS), solid-state NMR, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis). Some MOF materials exhibited remarkable thermal stability and robustness up to ca. 400 ºC. The intrinsic properties of some MOFs were investigated. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the selected organic PBUs are suitable sensitizers of Tb3+ leading to the isolation of intense green-emitting materials. The suppression of the O−H quenchers by deuteration or dehydration processes improves substantially the photoluminescence of the optically-active Eu3+-based materials. Some MOF materials exhibited high heterogeneous catalytic activity and excellent regioselectivity in the ring-opening reaction of styrene oxide (PhEtO) with methanol (100% conversion of PhEtO at 55 ºC for 30 min). The porous MOF material was employed in gas separation processes. This compound showed the ability to separate propane over propylene. The ionexchanged form of this material (containing K+ cations into its network) exhibited higher affinity for CO2 being capable to separate acetylene over this environment non-friendly gas.

Novos materiais com polioxotungstatos substituídos com metais d e f

The present work reports studies on the new compounds obtained by the combination of polyoxoanions derived from the Keggin and Lindquist structures with several cations. The studies were first focused on the monolacunary Keggin polyoxoanions [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = CoII and n = 5) and its combination with the organic cation 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+). The association of Bmim+ cation with the polyoxoanion [PW11O39Fe(H2O)]4- allowed to isolate for the first time both the monomeric and the dimeric [PW11O39Fe)2O]10- anions, with the same cation and using simple bench techniques by pH manipulation. Studies regarding the stability of these inorganic species in solution indicated that both species are present in solution in equilibrium. However, the inability to up until now isolate the dimeric unit through simple bench methods, lead to the hypothesis that the cation had a role to play in the selective precipitation of either the monomer or the dimer. Repetition of the same procedures with the polyoxoanions [SiW11O39Fe(H2O)]5- and [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = Co and n = 5), afforded only the corresponding monomeric compounds, (Bmim)5[SiW11O39FeIII(H2O)]· 4H2O (3), (Bmim)5[PW11O39CoII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O, (4) and (Bmim)5[PW11O39MnIII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O (5). Moreover, the combination of Bmim+ and the polyoxotungstate [PW11O39Co(H2O)]5- afforded two different crystal structures, depending on the synthetic conditions. Thus, a ratio Bmim+:POM of 5:1 and the presence of K+ cations (due to addition of KOH) led to a formula Na2K(Bmim)2[PW11.2O39Co0.8(H2O)]·7H2O (4a), whilst a ratio Bmim:POM of 7:1 led to the formation of a crystal with the chemical formula Na2(Bmim)8[PW11O39Co(H2O)]2·3H2O (4b). Electrochemical studies were performed with carbon paste electrodes modified with BmimCl to investigate the influence of the Bmim+ cation in the performance of the electrodes. The voltametric measurements obtained from solutions containing the anions [PW11O39]7- and [SiW11O39]8- are presented. Results pointed to an improvement of the acquired voltametric signal with a slight addition of BmimCl (up to 2.5% w/w), specially in the studies regarding pH variation. Additional synthesis were carried out with both the cations Omim+ and THTP+.

Preparação e análise estrutural de complexos de samário

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica - Ramo de Bioprocessos

Environmental assessment and biomonitoring of the Twelve Mile Creek watershed, Niagara Peninsula, Ontario

In light of the heavy reliance of the people of the Niagara Peninsula on the T\\'elve Mile Creek (TMC) watershed for recreational activities and for municipal and industrial uses ( e.g., drinking water, shipping and discharge of effluents), it was deemed prudent to assess the envirol1tnental health of the system by analysing the sediments total and exchangeable metal, and TPH contents. The MOEE has set guidelines with limits for the protection and management of aquatic sediments, and the sediments from the headwaters of the TMC have total metal and TPH (subset of O&G) contents well below the lower provincial limits. Areas of environmental concern where total metal contents in sediments, either individually or collectively, exceed the guideline, are the south side of Lake Gibson, the Old WeIland Canal, a segment of TMC just south of the QEW and Martindale Pond. The total metal content of sediments does not in all instances identify areas of biological concern. Instead, it has been found that the exchangeable metal fraction of sediments is a better indicator of metal availability and thus potential accumulation in organisms. In some instances, the exchangeable metal fraction agrees with the total metal fraction defining areas of environmental concern, but it does vary from site to site reflecting the natural variability of the ambient environment. Overall, the exchangeable metal fraction of sediments appears to be a better indicator of anthropogenic pollution and ecosystem impact. A histochemical study of Anodon.ta sp., Elliptio sp. and zebra mussels (Dreissena polyn'101pha) was done in conjunction with passive biomonitoring of zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) from the Twelve Mile Creek watershed and Lake 51. Clair (Jeanette's Creek, Chatham, Ontario). The highest concentrations of divalent metals such as Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn, and trivalent Al appear to accumulate in gill and kidney tissues. Metal contents of organ tissues in Anodonta sp. vary with size class. Organ metal content varies among size classes, thus requiring consideration of size in biomonitoring studies. Shucked zebra and quagga mussel tissues, exhibited similar size class to Al content trends. In addition they reflected the Al content trends of top (approximately 10 cm) most sediments in the Twelve Mile Creek watershed. Quagga mussels appear to have higher Al concentrations than zebra mussels, thus suggesting that quagga mussels may be better passive biomonitors of AI. Cd content in zebra mussel tissues, seemed to increase with size class trends. This was not demonstrated in the quagga mussel tissues. This suggests that Cd may be regulated by quagga mussels and not by zebra mussels, and that zebra mussels may be better passivebiomonitors of Cd than are quagga mussels. Zebra mussel, quagga mussel, Anodonta sp., and Elliptio sp. were used in a two part, active (translocated) biomonitoring study of the Twelve Mile Creek watershed. There was no statistical difference in death rates between zebra and quagga mussels after 65 days of biomonitoring. However there does appear to be a difference of death rates between sites. Unfortunately the data base did not permit us to differentiate between sites. Relative to Port Colborne Harbour (Port Colborne, Ontario), the Twelve Mile Creek watershed appears to be elevated in bioavailable AI. An area near the terminus of the Twelve Mile Creek appears to be an area of environmental concern since mussels seemed to have accumulated relatively large concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb. In addition to possible metal loading from a nearby outfalls, or possible upstream outfalls, road salt runoff from storm sewers may have contributed to metal accumulation through cation exchanges processes. Similar trends in cumulative quagga mussel metal concentrations during the two time periods (65 and 159 days), suggest that quagga mussels may reach equilibrium within 65 days of translocation. Differences in bioaccumulated metal concentrations of the two dreissenid species demonstrate that active biomonitoring studies must use a variety of organisms to adequately assess the environmental situation of specific waterways and/or bodies.

Investigation into the determination of arsenic by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometer

Improvements have been made on the currently available hydride generator system manufactured by SpectraMetrics Incorporated, because the system was found to be unsatisfactory with respect to the following: 1. the drying agent, anhydrous calcium chloride, 2. the special sample tube, 3. the direction of argon flow through the Buchner funnel when it came to dealing with real sample, that is, with reference only to aqueous extracts of soil samples. Changes that were made on the system included the replacement of anhydrous calcium chloride with anhydrous calcium sulphate and the replacement of the special sample tube with a modified one made from silica. Re-directing the flow of argon through the top of the Buchner funnel appeared to make the system compatible with aqueous extracts of soil samples. The interferences from 1000 ~g/mL of nickel(II) , cobalt(II), iron(III), copper(II) have been eliminated with the aid of 1.4 M hydrochloric acid and 1% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Greater than 90% recovery of 0.3 ~g/mL arsenic signal was achieved in each case. Furthermore, 103% of arsenic signal was accomplished in the presence of 1000 ~g/mL cadmium with 5 M Hel. tVhen each of the interferents was present in solution at 1000 ppm, a recovery of 85% was achieved by using 5 M hydrochloric acid and 3% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Without L-cystine and when 1.4 M hydrochloric acid was used, the recoveries were 0% (Ni), 0% (Co), 88% (Fe), 15% (Cu), 18% (Cd). Similarly, a solution containing 1000 ppm of each interferent gave a zero percent recovery of arsenic. The reduction of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic at a pH less than one has also been investigated and shown to be quantitative if peak areas are measured. The reproducibility determination of a 0.3 Vg/mL standard arsenic solution by hydride generation shows a relative standard deviation of 3.4%. The detection limits with and without Porapak Q have been found to be 0.6 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively.

Novel Magnetic Materials Based on Macrocyclic Ligands: Towards High Relaxivity Contrast Agents and Mononuclear Single-Molecule Magnets

The preparation and characterization of coordination complexes of Schiff-base and crown ether macrocycles is presented, for application as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, Project 1; and single-molecule magnets (SMMs), Projects 2 and 3. In Project 1, a family of eight Mn(II) and Gd(III) complexes of N3X2 (X = NH, O) and N3O3 Schiff-base macrocycles were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential contrast agents for MRI. In vitro and in vivo (rodent) studies indicate that the studied complexes display efficient contrast behaviour, negligible toxicity, and rapid excretion. In Project 2, DyIII complexes of Schiff-base macrocycles were prepared with a view to developing a new family of mononuclear Ln-SMMs with pseudo-D5h geometries. Each complex displayed slow relaxation of magnetization, with magnetically-derived energy barriers in the range Ueff = 4 – 24 K. In Project 3, coordination complexes of selected later lanthanides with various crown ether ligands were synthesized. Two families of complexes were structurally and magnetically analyzed: ‘axial’ or sandwich-type complexes based on 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5; and ‘equatorial’ complexes based on 18-crown-6. Magnetic data are supported by ab initio calculations and luminescence measurements. Significantly, the first mononuclear Ln-SMM prepared from a crown ether ligand is described.

Ligand Design for Dual Property Single Molecule Magnets

This thesis describes two different approaches for the preparation of polynuclear clusters with interesting structural, magnetic and optical properties. Firstly, exploiting p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (TBC4) macrocycles together with selected Ln(III) ions for the assembly of emissive single molecule magnets, and secondly the preparation and coordination of a chiral mpmH ligand with selected 3d transition metal ions, working towards the discovery of chiral polynuclear clusters. In Project 1, the coordination chemistry of the TBC4 macrocycle together with Dy(III) and Tb(III) afforded two Ln6[TBC4]2 complexes that have been structurally, magnetically and optically characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that both complexes contain an octahedral core of Ln6 ions capped by two fully deprotonated TBC4 macrocycles. Although the unit cells of the two complexes are very similar, the coordination geometries of their Ln(III) ions are subtly different. Variable temperature ac magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that both complexes display single molecule magnet (SMM) behaviour in zero dc field and the energy barriers and associated pre-exponential factors for each relaxation process have been determined. Low temperature solid state photoluminescence studies reveal that both complexes are emissive; however, the f-f transitions within the Dy6 complex were masked by broad emissions from the TBC4 ligand. In contrast, the Tb(III) complex displayed green emission with the spectrum comprising four sharp bands corresponding to 5D4 → 7FJ transitions (where J = 3, 4, 5 and 6), highlighting that energy transfer from the TBC4 macrocycle to the Tb(III) ion is more effective than to Dy. Examples of zero field Tb(III) SMMs are scarce in the chemical literature and the Tb6[TBC4]2 complex represents the first example of a Tb(III) dual property SMM assembled from a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycle with two magnetically derived energy barriers, Ueff of 79 and 63 K. In Project 2, the coordination of both enantiomers of the chiral ligand, α-methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (mpmH) to Ni(II) and Co(II) afforded three polynuclear clusters that have been structurally and magnetically characterized. The first complex, a Ni4 cluster of stoichiometry [Ni4(O2CCMe3)4(mpm)4]·H2O crystallizes in a distorted cubane topology that is well known in Ni(II) cluster chemistry. The final two Co(II) complexes crystallize as a linear mixed valence trimer with stoichiometry [Co3(mpm)6]·(ClO4)2, and a Co4 mixed valence complex [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2], whose structural topology resembles that of a defective double cubane. All three complexes crystallize in chiral space groups and circular dichroism experiments further confirm that the chirality of the ligand has been transferred to the respective coordination complex. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that for all three complexes, there are competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. The [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2] complex represents the first example of a chiral mixed valence Co4 cluster with a defective double cubane topology.

POCN-type Pincer Complexes of NiII and NiIII : synthesis, reactivities, catalytic activities and physical properties

Cette thèse décrit la synthèse, la caractérisation, les réactivités, et les propriétés physiques de complexes divalents et trivalents de Ni formés à partir de nouveaux ligands «pincer» de type POCN. Les ligands POCN de type amine sont préparés d’une façon simple et efficace via l’amination réductrice de 3-hydroxybenzaldéhyde avec NaBH4 et plusieurs amines, suivie par la phosphination de l’amino alcool résultant pour installer la fonction phosphinite (OPR2); le ligand POCN de type imine 1,3-(i-Pr)2PC6H4C(H)=N(CH2Ph) est préparé de façon similaire en faisant usage de PhCH2NH2 en l’absence de NaBH4. La réaction de ces ligands «pincer» de type POCN avec NiBr2(CH3CN)x en présence d’une base résulte en un bon rendement de la cyclométalation du lien C-H situé en ortho aux fonctions amine et phosphinite. Il fut découvert que la base est essentielle pour la propreté et le haut rendement de la formation des complexes «pincer» désirés. Nous avons préparé des complexes «pincer» plan- carrés de type POCN, (POCNRR΄)NiBr, possédant des fonctions amines secondaires et tertiaires qui démontrent des réactivités différentes selon les substituants R et R΄. Par exemple, les complexes possédant des fonctions amines tertiaires ArCH2NR2 (NR2= NMe2, NEt2, and morpholinyl) démontrent des propriétés rédox intéressantes et pourraient être convertis en leurs analogues trivalents (POCNR2)NiBr2 lorsque réagis avec Br2 ou N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). Les complexes trivalents paramagnétiques à 17 électrons adoptent une géométrie de type plan-carré déformée, les atomes de Br occupant les positions axiale et équatoriale. Les analyses «DSC» et «TGA» des ces composés ont démontré qu’ils sont thermiquement stables jusqu’à ~170 °C; tandis que la spectroscopie d’absorption en solution a démontré qu’ils se décomposent thermiquement à beaucoup plus basse température pour regénérer les complexes divalents ne possédant qu’un seul Br; l’encombrement stérique des substitutants amines accélère cette route de décomposition de façon significative. Les analogues NMe2 et N(morpholinyl) de ces espèces de NiIII sont actifs pour catalyser la réaction d’addition de Kharasch, de CX4 à des oléfines telles que le styrène, tandis qu’il fut découvert que l’analogue le moins thermiquement stable (POCNEt2)Ni est complètement inerte pour catalyser cette réaction. Les complexes (POCNRH)NiBr possédant des fonctions amines secondaires permettent l’accès à des fonctions amines substituées de façon non symétrique via leur réaction avec des halogénures d’alkyle. Un autre avantage important de ces complexes réside dans la possibilité de déprotonation pour préparer des complexes POCN de type amide. De telles tentatives pour déprotoner les fonctions NRH nous ont permis de préparer des espèces dimériques possédant des ligands amides pontants. La nature dimérique des ces complexes [P,C,N,N-(2,6-(i-Pr)2PC6H3CH2NR)Ni]2 (R= PhCH2 et Ph) fut établie par des études de diffraction des rayons-X qui ont démontré différentes géométries pour les cœurs Ni2N2 selon le substituant N : l’analogue (PhCH2)N possède une orientation syn des substitutants benzyles et un arrangement ressemblant à celui du cyclobutane du Ni et des atomes d’azote, tandis que l’analogue PhN adopte un arrangement de type diamant quasi-planaire des atomes du Ni et des atomes d’azote et une orientation anti des substituants phényles. Les espèces dimériques ne se dissocient pas en présence d’alcools, mais elles promouvoient l’alcoolyse catalytique de l’acrylonitrile. De façon intéressante, les rendements de ces réactions sont plus élevés avec les alcools possédant des fonctions O-H plus acides, avec un nombre de «turnover» catalytique pouvant atteindre 2000 dans le cas de m-cresol. Nous croyons que ces réactions d’alcoolyse procèdent par activation hétérolytique de l’alcool par l’espèce dimérique via des liaisons hydrogènes avec une ou deux des fonctions amides du dimère. Les espèces dimériques de Ni (II) s’oxydent facilement électrochimiquement et par reaction avec NBS ou Br2. De façon surprenante, l’oxydation chimique mène à l’isolation de nouveaux produits monomériques dans lesquels le centre métallique et le ligand sont oxydés. Le mécanisme d’oxydation fut aussi investigué par RMN, «UV-vis-NIR», «DFT» et spectroélectrochimie.

Lier la spéciation chimique du cérium à sa biodisponibilité sous différentes conditions environnementales

L’étude qui suit porte sur l’évaluation du risque écotoxicologique du cérium, l’élément le plus exploité de la famille des lanthanides. La présence grandissante de ce métal dans notre quotidien rend possible son relargage dans l’environnement. Il est donc primordial de comprendre l’impact qu’il aura sur les organismes vivant dans un système aquatique. Une approche centrée sur le modèle du ligand biotique a été utilisée pour évaluer adéquatement l’interaction entre le cérium et un ligand biotique à la surface de l’algue unicellulaire Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Pour mener une étude sur le risque écotoxicologique d’un élément métallique il faut, avant tout, comprendre la spéciation (répartition sous ses différentes formes chimiques) de l’élément en question. Les premières sections du mémoire vont donc traiter des expériences qui ont été menées pour évaluer la spéciation du cérium dans les conditions expérimentales d’exposition à C. reinhardtii. Il sera question de faire la distinction entre la forme particulaire du métal et sa forme dissoute, de caractériser ces changements par spectroscopie ainsi que d’évaluer le pouvoir complexant de la matière organique naturelle. Les résultats montrent une importante déplétion du métal dissout en solution à pH neutre et basique et une forte interaction avec la matière organique naturelle, peu importe le pH de la solution. Ensuite, les expériences de bioaccumulation seront expliquéesen comparant l’effet du pH, de la présence d’un ion compétiteur et de la présence de matière organique naturelle sur les paramètres d’internalisation du cérium. Les résultats indiquent qu’à pH acide, le comportement du cérium est plus prévisible qu’à pH neutre. Néanmoins, en tenant compte de la complexité des milieux naturels, l’interaction du métal avec les molécules complexantes va diminuer son risque d’interaction avec un organisme vivant.