999 resultados para Produtos agricolas - Estimativas


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The chemical industries worldwide are passing through a very particular moment of re-adaptation due to the implementation of an European regulation called, Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). In Brazil, the Brazilian Chemical Industry needs urgently a specific guide of chemical products stability. The main purpose of this work is to present a proposal of a guide of stability for chemical products based on the reference guides of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). Thus, this work proposes an innovation in terms of methodology which will be useful for shelf life definition purpose for chemical industry products.

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The interest in the use of evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) for the analysis of different classes of natural products has grown over the years. This is because this detector has become an excellent alternative compared to other types of detectors, such as the refractive index detector and the ultraviolet (UV) detector. This review describes the basic principles of ELSD functioning and discusses the advantages and disadvantages in using an ELSD for the analysis of organic compounds. Additionaly, an overview, covering the last 23 years, of ELSD applications in natural products analysis (saponins, terpenes, carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, peptides, polyketides, coumarins and iridoids) is presented and discussed.

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Companies worldwide are reviewing their working process to avoid waste, become aligned with environmental management standards and to fulfill specifications defined for national and international regulations. In this context, it is important that Brazilian Chemical companies have a specific stability guide for their products. The main purpose of this work is to present a stability guide for chemical products based on the existing guides of the Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics segments. Furthermore, this work proposes to offer an additional period of shelf life for chemical products, provided they meet certain prerequisites.

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The present article provides an overview of the Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (GHS) and its implementation in Brazil. Although Classification and Packaging is beyond the scope of the responsibility of academic chemists, labelling of chemicals used in academic laboratories will be required by the competent authorities to ensure the safety of students and staff. Therefore, academic teachers and researchers responsible should be familiarised with the GHS principles outlined here and at least be able to label, by applying these principles, mixtures of substances previously classified by the competent authorities.

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Typically hundreds of different chemical products stored in small flasks which cannot accommodate labels large enough to bear all information required by the Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (GHS) are used in academic laboratories. To overcome this restriction Brazilian legislation permits communication of the dangers of chemical products to trained laboratory workers/students by alternative means. Here we describe an alternative label system, developed by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV), which allows hazard communication to trained workers/students via a labelling system, using pictograms and highly condensed hazard statements to alert about dangerous chemical products.

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The chemistry of natural products has been remarkably growing in the past few decades in Brazil. Aspects related to the isolation and identification of new natural products, as well as their biological activities, have been achieved in different laboratories working on this subject in the country. More recently, the introduction of new molecular biology tools has strongly influenced the research on natural products, mainly those produced by microorganisms, creating new possibilities to assess the chemical diversity of secondary metabolites. This paper describes some ideas on how the research on natural products can have a considerable input from molecular biology in the generation of chemical diversity. We also explore the role of microbial natural products in mediating interspecific interactions and their relevance to ecological studies. Examples of the generation of chemical diversity are highlighted by using genome mining, mutasynthesis, combinatorial biosynthesis, metagenomics, and synthetic biology, while some aspects of microbial ecology are also discussed. The idea to bring up this topic is linked to the remarkable development of molecular biology techniques to generate useful chemicals from different organisms. Here, we focus mainly on microorganisms, even though similar approaches have also been applied to the study of plants and other organisms. Investigations in the frontier of chemistry and biology require interactions between different areas, characterizing the interdisciplinarity of this research field. The necessity of a real integration of chemistry and biology is pivotal to finding correct answers to a number of biological phenomena. The use of molecular biology tools to generate chemical diversity and control biosynthetic pathways is largely explored in the production of important biologically active compounds. Finally, we briefly comment on the Brazilian organization of research in this area, the necessity of new strategies for the graduation programs, and the establishment of networks as a way of organization to overcome some of the problems faced in the area of natural products.

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Metabolic reactive intermediates can react with biomolecules such as DNA and proteins to produce adducts. Recently, research has shown that such adducts can act as precursors of some chronic diseases (cancer, Parkinson's, immunologic system diseases, etc.), and their determination is important because they are biomarkers of undesirable health effects. These compounds are produced at very low concentrations, but the development and dissemination of sensitive new analytical tools, especially those based on chromatography coupled to other analytical instruments, make such determinations possible. This mini review is focused on the formation of reactive intermediates, their reaction with biomolecules, and the importance of their determination.

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A simple procedure based on stir bar sorptive extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array detection (SBSE/LC-UV/PAD) to determine intermediates and by-products of esfenvalerate is described. The influence of organic modifier, ionic strength, extraction time, temperature and pH were simultaneously evaluated by using a factorial experimental design. The utilization of different organic solvents and desorption times were also investigated to establish the optimal conditions for SBSE liquid desorption. Among the ten different peaks (intermediates and by-products) detected after degradation of esfenvalerate, eight (including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde) were successfully extracted by SBSE under the optimized conditions.

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The peanut is an oleaginous plant of high nutritional value, a source of protein and a trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitors are proteins present in the vegetable kingdom, considered anti-nutritional factors for animals. However, there have been several recent reports about their heterologous and beneficial effects on human health. These important effects have been the focus of studies investigating these inhibitors in foods. The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the estimated molecular mass and specific inhibitory activity, for trypsin in the Japanese peanut, peanut butter, and peanut nougat using the techniques of precipitation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography on trypsin - Sepharose CNBr 4B. The techniques used in this study were efficient for isolating the protein inhibitors with antitryptic specific activity of 694 UI mg-1, 823 UI mg-1 and 108 UI mg-1 for the Japanese peanut, peanut nougat, and peanut butter, respectively. The techniques featured high selectivity of the adsorbent, with consequent efficiency in isolation, given the low amount of dosed proteins and specific antitryptic activity presented by the products studied. The various health-related benefits show the importance of detecting and isolating efficient trypsin inhibitors in foods, taking into account the health claims attributed to the vegetable and its high consumption by humans.

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A eclosão e mortalidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne exigua foram avaliadas em extratos aquosos de urucum-colorau (Bixa orellana), cravo-da-índia (Syzygium aromaticum), canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), salsa (Petroselium crispum), soro de leite, solução nutritiva hidropônica, solução aquosa de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e açúcar (sacarose), fermento biológico e probiótico (Controlmix®). O soro de leite e os extratos de canela, fermento biológico e cloreto de sódio causaram 100% de mortalidade (P<0,05) após 24 h do contato dos J2 com os extratos. Mortalidade acima de 50% também ocorreu nos extratos de cravo-da-índia e no probiótico. Os demais materiais testados foram estatisticamente iguais à água (P<0,05). A eclosão foi avaliada durante 16 dias de imersão dos ovos de M. exigua nos extratos. Comparando os valores da área abaixo da curva de progresso da eclosão, observou-se que, exceto o açúcar e a solução hidropônica, todos os extratos e produtos testados inibiram a eclosão (P<0,01) dos J2 de M. exigua. Entre todos os extratos e produtos testados, maior inibição (P<0,01) da eclosão ocorreu no soro de leite, probiótico, canelaecravo-da-índia, destacando-se o soro de leite e o extrato de canela que assim como inibiram a eclosão também foram altamente tóxicos aos juvenis.

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Em condições de campo, avaliaram-se produtos alternativos no manejo da requeima do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), causada por Phytophthora infestans, em três experimentos (E). Compararam-se, em E1, extratos de: [pimenta (Capsicum chinense) + pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum) + cravo (Syzygium aromaticum) + açafrão-da-índia (Curcuma longa) + alho (Allium sativum)]; (pimenta-do-reino + cravo + alho); e (cravo + açafrão-da-índia + alho); em E2, óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica) (0,5%); leite (20%); e calda bordalesa; e em E3, preparado homeopático obtido de tecido de tomateiro com requeima (dinamização C30); mistura água-etanol; e calda bordalesa. Em E1, os extratos e a testemunha não diferiram quanto à severidade na metade da epidemia (Y50), severidade final (Ymáx), área abaixo da curva de progresso (AACPD) e taxa de progresso da doença (r). Em E2, Y50 com óleo de nim (3%) e calda bordalesa (1%) não diferiram; Ymáx foi maior com óleo de nim (44%) que com calda bordalesa (14%); leite não reduziu Ymáx; r e AACPD foram menores com óleo de nim (0,161 e 533, respectivamente) que na testemunha (0,211 e 1186, respectivamente) e semelhantes àqueles com calda bordalesa (0,156 e 130, respectivamente); r e AACPD foram similares nos tratamentos leite e testemunha. Em E3, Y50, Ymáx, AACPD e r com a mistura água-etanol e preparado homeopático foram similares aos da testemunha. A calda bordalesa foi o tratamento mais eficiente no controle da requeima, e o óleo de nim foi promissor. No manejo da doença em sistemas alternativos de produção, é necessário integrar práticas, para se potencializarem os efeitos individualizados.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar produtos orgânicos quanto ao efeito protetor e indutor de resistência à ferrugem do cafeeiro (Hemileia vastatrix), comparando-se com fungicidas sistêmicos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se mudas de cafeeiro cv. Catuaí Vermelho 144. Foram avalidados como indutores de resistência extratos foliares, suspensões de conídios fúngicos e de células bacterianas, fertilizantes foliares, hipocloritos e acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, sendo que cada parcela experimental foi constituída de cinco mudas de café perfazendo um total de 15 mudas por tratamento. Os experimentos foram repetidos duas vezes com resultados semelhantes. Quando avaliado o efeito protetor, a maioria dos compostos reduziu o número de pústulas e a área foliar com ferrugem em comparação à testemunha 1 (água). Extratos de folhas de café, obtidos pelo processo aquoso e extratos de sementes de Azadirachta indica ('neem") obtidos pelo processo de extração com metanol apresentaram proteção similar, mas nunca superior a epoxiconazole + piraclostrobin. Extratos aquosos de folhas de café, ASM, Bacillus subtilis e Pseudomonas putida reduziram a infecção causada por H. vastatrix em mais de 77 %.

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O uso do ácido nitroso para determinação de paracetamol (acetoaminofenol) em formulações sólidas e líquidas empregando um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo é descrito. A determinação da droga foi realizada pela reação do paracetamol com ácido nitroso gerado em linha e o produto dessa reação foi monitorado em 430 nm em meio alcalino. A curva analítica apresentou uma faixa de concentração de paracetamol variando entre 9,7x10-5 a 6,2x10-3 mol L-1 com um limite de detecção de 2,5x10-5 mol L-1. Os desvios padrão relativos foram menores que 2% para soluções contendo 1,2x10-4 e 2,8x10-4 mol L-1 de paracetamol (n=10) e uma freqüência de amostragem de 60 determinações por hora foram obtidos. Os resultados da determinação de paracetamol nas formulações farmacêuticas obtidas pelo procedimento em fluxo proposto estão em boa concordância com os resultados obtidos utilizando-se o procedimento da Farmacopéia Americana a um nível de confiança de 95% e dentro de uma faixa aceitável de erro.