The welfare cost of macroeconomic uncertainty in the post-war period

Lucas (1987) has shown the surprising result that the welfare cost of business cycles is quite small. Using standard assumptions on preferences and a fully-áedged econometric model we computed the welfare costs of macroeconomic uncertainty for the post-WWII era using the multivariate Beveridge-Nelson decomposition for trends and cycles, which considers not only business-cycle uncertainty but also uncertainty from the stochastic trend in consumption. The post-WWII period is relatively quiet, with the welfare costs of uncertainty being about 0:9% of per-capita consumption. Although changing the decomposition method changed substantially initial results, the welfare cost of uncertainty is qualitatively small in the post-WWII era - about $175.00 a year per-capita in the U.S. We also computed the marginal welfare cost of macroeconomic uncertainty using this same technique. It is about twice as large as the welfare cost ñ$350.00 a year per-capita.

The implications of embodiment and Putty-Clay to economic development

In this paper we construct and analyze a growth model with the following three ingredients. (i) Technological progress is embodied. (ii) The production function of a firm is such that the firm makes both technology upgrade as well as capital and labor decisions. (iii) The firm’s production technology is putty-clay. We assume that there are disincentives to the accumulation of capital, resulting in a divergence between the social and the private cost of investment. We solve a single firm’s problem in this environment. Then we determine general equilibrium prices of capital goods of different vintages. Using these prices we aggregate firms’ decisions and construct the theoretical analogues of National Income statistics. This generates a relationship between disincentives and per capita incomes. We analyze this relationship and show the quantitative and qualitative roles of embodiment and putty-clay. We also show how the model is taken to data, quantified and used to determine to what extent income gaps across countries can be attributed to disincentives.

Integração, crescimento e bem-estar

Neste artigo desenvolve-se um modelo de crescimento econômico endógeno para o caso de duas economias integradas levando-se em conta a presença de custos de transporte na forma de iceberg costs. A presença de tais custos juntamente com a existência de ganhos de escala terá um efeito negativo sobre a taxa de crescimento dos países integrados e exercerá um importante efeito sobre a localização da produção de insumos intermediários. Demonstra-se, no entanto, que um processo de integração com custos de transporte ainda leva a um aumento da taxa de crescimento de estado estacionário devido ao aumento do mercado consumidor de insumos. O ganho de bem-estar decorrente da integração dependerá das dotações de cada país, na medida em que o nível de consumo per capita após a integração depende destas dotações. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma simulação de ganhos em termos de taxa de crescimento do PNB e de bem-estar para uma integração econômica entre Brasil e Argentina.

The effects of longevity and distortions on education and retirement

This article studies the impact of longevity and taxation on life-cycle decisions and long-run income. Individuals allocate optimally their total lifetime between education, working and retirement. They also decide at each moment how much to save or consume out of their income, and after entering the labor market how to divide their time between labor and leisure. The model incorporates experience-earnings profiles and the return-to-education function that follows evidence from the labor literature. In this setup, increases in longevity raises the investment in education - time in school - and retirement. The model is calibrated to the U.S. and is able to reproduce observed schooling levels and the increase in retirement, as the evidence shows. Simulations show that a country equal to the U.S. but with 20% smaller longevity will be 25% poorer. In this economy, labor taxes have a strong impact on the per capita income, as it decreases labor effort, time at school and retirement age, in addition to the general equilibrium impact on physical capital. We conclude that life-cycle effects are relevant in analyzing the aggregate outcome of taxation.

Pro-poor growth and social programmes in Brazil

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as propoor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between growth patterns and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, we assess the contribution of different income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more pro-poor social security benefits.

Common cycles in macroeconomic aggregates (revised version)

Although there has been substantial research on long-run co-movement (common trends) in the empirical macroeconomics literature. little or no work has been done on short run co-movement (common cycles). Investigating common cycles is important on two grounds: first. their existence is an implication of most dynamic macroeconomic models. Second. they impose important restrictions on dynamic systems. Which can be used for efficient estimation and forecasting. In this paper. using a methodology that takes into account short- and long-run co-movement restrictions. we investigate their existence in a multivariate data set containing U.S. per-capita output. consumption. and investment. As predicted by theory. the data have common trends and common cycles. Based on the results of a post-sample forecasting comparison between restricted and unrestricted systems. we show that a non-trivial loss of efficiency results when common cycles are ignored. If permanent shocks are associated with changes in productivity. the latter fails to be an important source of variation for output and investment contradicting simple aggregate dynamic models. Nevertheless. these shocks play a very important role in explaining the variation of consumption. Showing evidence of smoothing. Furthermore. it seems that permanent shocks to output play a much more important role in explaining unemployment fluctuations than previously thought.

Linkages between growth, poverty and the labour market

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages growth patterns, and labour market performances. Through the decomposition analysis, growth in per capita income is explained in terms of four labour market components: the employment rate, hours of work, the labour force participation rate, and productivity. The proposed methodology are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance.

Past and future of the bankruptcy law in Brazil and Latin America

This paper studies the Bankruptcy Law in Latin America, focusing on the Brazilian reform. We start with a review of the international literature and its evolution on this subject. Next, we examine the economic incentives associated with several aspects of bankruptcy laws and insolvency procedures in general, as well as the trade-offs involved. After this theoretical discussion, we evaluate empirically the current stage of the quality of insolvency procedures in Latin America using data from Doing Business and World Development Indicators, both from World Bank and International Financial Statistics from IMF. We find that the region is governed by an inefficient law, even when compared with regions of lower per capita income. As theoretical and econometric models predict, this inefficiency has severe consequences for credit markets and the cost of capital. Next, we focus on the recent Brazilian bankruptcy reform, analyzing its main changes and possible effects over the economic environment. The appendix describes difficulties of this process of reform in Brazil, and what other Latin American countries can possibly learn from it.

Common cycles in macroeconomic aggregates

Reduced form estimation of multivariate data sets currently takes into account long-run co-movement restrictions by using Vector Error Correction Models (VECM' s). However, short-run co-movement restrictions are completely ignored. This paper proposes a way of taking into account short-and long-run co-movement restrictions in multivariate data sets, leading to efficient estimation of VECM' s. It enables a more precise trend-cycle decomposition of the data which imposes no untested restrictions to recover these two components. The proposed methodology is applied to a multivariate data set containing U.S. per-capita output, consumption and investment Based on the results of a post-sample forecasting comparison between restricted and unrestricted VECM' s, we show that a non-trivial loss of efficiency results whenever short-run co-movement restrictions are ignored. While permanent shocks to consumption still play a very important role in explaining consumption’s variation, it seems that the improved estimates of trends and cycles of output, consumption, and investment show evidence of a more important role for transitory shocks than previously suspected. Furthermore, contrary to previous evidence, it seems that permanent shocks to output play a much more important role in explaining unemployment fluctuations.

Output convergence in Mercosur: multivariate time series evidence

The aim of this paper is to provide evidence on output convergence among the Mercosur countries and associates, using multivariate time-series tests. The methodology is based on a combination of tests and estimation procedures, both univariate and multivariate, applied to the differences in per capita real income. We use the definitions of time-series convergence proposed by Bernard & Durlauf and apply unit root and tests proposed by Abuaf & Jorion and Taylor & Sarno. In this same multivariate context, the Flôres, Preumont & Szafarz and Breuer, MbNown & Wallace tests, which allow for the existence of correlations across the series without imposing a common speed of mean reversion, identify the countries that convergence. Concerning the empirical results, there is evidence of long-run convergence or, at least, catching up, for the smaller countries, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, towards Brazil and, to some extent, Argentina. In contrast, the evidence on convergence for the larger countries is weaker, as they have followed different (or rather opposing) macroeconomic policy strategies. Thus the future of the whole area will critically depend on the ability of Brazil, Argentina and Chile to find some scope for more cooperative policy actions.

The welfare cost of macroeconomic uncertainty in the post-war period

With standard assumptions on preferences and a fully-fledged econometric model we computed the welfare costs of macroeconomic uncertainty for post-war U.S. using the BeveridgeNelson decomposition. Welfare costs are about 0.9% per-capita consumption ($175.00) and marginal welfare costs are about twice as large.

Ensaios em macroeconometria e finanças

Esta tese de doutorado está composta por quatro ensaios em macroeconometria e finanças com aplicações nas áreas de abertura comercial, custo de bem estar do ciclo de negócios e taxas de juros. No primeiro ensaio analisamos o comportamento da indústria de transformação após as reformas implantadas na década de noventa. Verificamos se o processo de abertura gerou aumentos da produtividade média da indústria de transformação. Adicionalmente, estimamos o mark-up de diferentes setores industriais e testamos se este se modifica após a abertura comercial. Os resultados das estimações indicam a existência de um significativo aumento na produtividade industrial na maior parte dos setores estudados. O canal para este aumento de produtividade, aparentemente, não é o aumento da concorrência, já que não há evidência estatística de redução de mark-up. Este é talvez o resultado mais surpreendente do artigo, o fato de que o mark-up não se modificar significativamente após a abertura comercial. Os setores estimados como não concorrenciais antes da abertura continuaram a ser depois dela. Acesso a insumo importados e uso de novas tecnologias podem ser possíveis canais de aumento de produtividade. Este resultado está em desacordo com Moreira (1999) que constrói diretamente dos dados medidas de mark-up. No segundo ensaio testamos a Hipótese das Expectativas Racionais (HER) para a estrutura a termo brasileira. Examinamos várias combinações de prazos entre 1 dia e 1 ano, seguindo a metodologia adotada pelo Banco Central do Brasil, para o período de Julho de 1996 a Dezembro de 2001. Mostramos que: (i) os coeficientes estimados dos diferenciais de rendimento entre as taxas longa e curta (yield spreads) nas equações de mudança de curto prazo da taxa longa e nas equações de mudança de longo prazo da taxa curta são imprecisos e incapazes de rejeitarem a HER; e (ii) diferenciais de rendimento altamente correlacionados com as previsões de expectativas racionais das futuras mudanças das taxas curtas, mas significativamente mais voláteis que estas últimas, sugerem a rejeição da HER. A hipótese alternativa de reação exagerada (overreaction) do diferencial de rendimento em relação à expectativa das futuras variações da taxa curta parece uma explicação razoável para as evidências, com implicações para a política monetária e para a gestão de investimentos. No terceiro ensaio estudamos o custo de bem-estar dos ciclos de negócios. Robert Lucas (1987) mostrou um resultado surpreendente para a literatura de ciclos de negócios, o custo de bem-estar, por ele calculado, é muito pequeno (US$ 8,50 por ano). Modelamos as preferências por funções com elasticidade de substituição constante e uma forma reduzida para o consumo razoável. Construímos dados seculares para a economia americana e computamos o custo de bem-estar para dois períodos distintos, pré e pós-segunda guerra mundial, usando três formas alternativas de decomposição tendência-ciclo, com foco na decomposição de Beveridge-Nelson. O período pós-guerra foi calmo, com um custo de bem-estar que raramente ultrapassa 1% do consumo per-capita (US$ 200,00 por ano). Para o período pré-guerra há uma alteração drástica nos resultados, se utilizamos a decomposição de Beveridge-Nelson encontramos uma compensação de 5% do consumo per-capita (US$ 1.000,00 por ano) com parâmetros de preferências e desconto intertemporal razoáveis. Mesmo para métodos alternativos, como o modelo com tendência linear, encontramos um custo de bem estar de 2% do consumo per-capita (US$ 400,00 por ano). Deste estudo podemos concluir: (i) olhando para dados pós-guerra, o custo de bem-estar dos ciclos de negócios marginal é pequeno, o que depõe contra a intensificação de políticas anticíclicas, sendo que do ponto de vista do consumidor pré-segunda guerra este custo é considerável; e (ii) o custo de bem-estar dos ciclos de negócios caiu de 5% para 0.3% do consumo per-capita, do período pré para o período pós-guerra, se esta redução é resultado de políticas anticíclicas, estas políticas foram muito bem sucedidas. Por último, no quarto ensaio analisamos o comportamento da taxa de juros livre de risco - cupom cambial - na economia brasileira para o período de 20 de janeiro de 1999 a 30 de julho de 2003. Identificamos os componentes de curto e longo prazo de três medidas de taxa de retorno, as quais foram submetidas aos tratamentos econométricos propostos em Vahid e Engle (1993) e Proietti (1997). Os resultados sugerem a convergência das taxas de retorno para um equilíbrio de longo prazo. Identificamos a dominância do componente de longo prazo na determinação da trajetória do Prêmio do C-BOND e do componente de curto prazo no caso do Prêmio do Swap Cambial. Já para o Prêmio Descoberto de Juros não conseguimos identificar o domínio de qualquer componente. Associando o componente de longo prazo aos fundamentos da economia e os componentes de curto prazo a choques nominais, poderíamos dizer que, em termos relativos, o Prêmio do C-BOND estaria mais fortemente ligado aos fundamentos e o Prêmio do Swap Cambial a choques nominais.

Efeitos da receita orçamentária municipal sobre o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH): uma análise da realidade brasileira na década de 1990

O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar se há correlação significativa entre a receita orçamentária municipal, em termos per capita, e seu grau de desenvolvimento humano medido pelo indicador IDH. Para tanto foi proposto um modelo econométrico com o emprego de dados em painel aplicado a uma amostra de 2264 cidades brasileiras nos anos de 1991 e 2000. Para testar a robustez dos resultados preliminares, os municípios foram segregados ainda conforme a região geográfica em que estão localizados e segundo o tamanho da população residente em seus territórios. Independentemente do agrupamento efetuado os resultados se mantiveram bastante estáveis, sendo possível concluir que a relação entre a receita orçamentária per capita municipal e o IDH é muito fraca, embora estatisticamente significante. Outra importante conclusão deste estudo é que quanto pior os indicadores sociais do município observado, maior é o aumento marginal esperado no IDH em função de acréscimos na sua arrecadação per capita.

Brazilian regional development distribution, evidences for socio-economic policy

As to many Latin american countries, the impacts of the recent economic globalization on the Brazilian economy have revealed a diversified tendency in spatial development when regional economic indicators are observed. This is due to the specificities or each region, as regard their sector structure, the availability of human resources and the degree of technological innovation undertaken by local enterprises. From a situation of regional inequalities observed in lhe socio-economic levels of development at the beginning of the eighties the dynamics of the Brazilian regional evolution has presented different speeds and intensities in the several spaees. This paper aims to evaluate the dynamics of Brazilian regional development during the 1985-95 period and the impacts over the working population and regional disparities in order to offer some elements to assist social and economic policy. For this purpose Dispersion Quotients and Dispersion lntensity Coefficients were calculated based on two variables, the Regional Gross Domestic Product anel the Working Population. The results of the analysis confirm the existence of considerable regional disparities and it was observed that thc sector and regional redistribution of the GDP indicate that in a general way, no remarkable changes occurred in the regional development in the period. The results show that although the economic policies did stimulate a global convergence process of the per capita product among regions, those policies did not attenuate economic dynamism concentration to the desired extent.