999 resultados para Paracoccidioides brasilie (Sinalização celular)


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Se trata de una lección de apertura del curso académico 1994-95, dirigida a lo alumnos de primer curso de Medicina. La obra comienza con una pequeña introducción, tras la cual se desarrollan, brevemente, estos seis temas: el concepto de neurona: la doctrina neuronal de Cajal; Organización del sistema nervioso como un sistema de comunicación neural; concepto y clasificación de las sinapsis químicas;Estructura general de las sinapsis químicas; los neurotransmisores; Mecanismo de la transmisión sinaptica.

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El presente proyecto busca realizar la implementación de la fase E de la red Celular para la compañía Newcell, este proyecto consta de la planeación, diseño, instalación y puesta en servicio de la fase E, buscando la ampliación de la red reduciendo significativamente los costos

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El proyecto a desarrollarse constituye una de las principales soluciones de mayor disponibilidad en la red de CELULAR, puesto que la tecnología que se va a administrar mediante el Sistema de Gestión es precisamente una de las más importantes y que corresponden a los medios de transmisión entre

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Una primera versión de este artículo fue presentado como ponencia en el curso 'Biología Hoy' de la Universidad Intenacional Menéndez Pelayo, en junio de 1997

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Una primera versión de este artículo fue presentado como ponencia en el curso 'Biología Hoy' de la Universidad Intenacional Menéndez Pelayo, en junio de 1997

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Unidad didáctico para el estudio de la organización celular, dirigido a los alumnos del primer curso de bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza, en la asignatura de biología y geología. Estudio basado en actividades que plantean cuestiones y problemas que llevan a cada estudiante a proponer explicaciones y soluciones, analizar las propuestas de los demás estudiantes y a consultar y discutir datos.

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El art??culo forma parte del monogr??fico de la revista: La metodolog??a ABP

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En esta tesis se aborda uno de los temas centrales de las empresas actuales, como es la Calidad Total, y el control de los procesos como uno de los factores fundamentales para la consecución de la misma. De ahí que el tema central sobre el cual gira la tesis, es el análisis de un proceso en particular, de una empresa de telefonía celular. En el capítulo 1 se revisan los conceptos y estándares de Calidad Total, considerando aquellos incentivos o premios que motivan a las empresas a seguir por el camino de la calidad, y la certificación ISO como una guía a la cual recurren cada vez más las empresas. En el capítulo 2 se revisa la definición y demás conceptos relacionados con los procesos de la empresa, destacándose los indicadores para la cuantificación de los procesos y los métodos estandarizados para la diagramación de los mismos. El capítulo 3 aborda de lleno el proceso de “Instalación de un sitio celular” de una empresa de telefonía celular. Se realiza un análisis de las falencias del proceso actual y las consecuencias en la productividad y calidad del servicio ofrecido por la empresa. El capítulo 4 presenta una reestructuración del proceso estudiado, eliminándose las falencias del proceso original e introduciéndose modificaciones que permitan garantizar la eficiencia del mismo. El capítulo 5 presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas del desarrollo de la tesis.

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El desenvolvimiento del mercado de la telefonía móvil bajo el modelo económico neoliberal y el esquema monetario de dolarización aplicado a partir del año 2000 en la economía del Ecuador, sugieren un tema interesante para la investigación y el análisis académico. La presencia de tres operadoras con cobertura nacional en el mercado de telefonía móvil ecuatoriano, CONECEL-Porta, OTECEL-Movistar y TELECSA-Alegro PCS, las dos primeras con presencia en el mercado desde 1993 y la última relativamente nueva, desde el año 2003 han mostrado distintas suertes en un escenario económico caracterizado por el régimen de libre competencia y la intención del gobierno actual por implantar nuevas políticas socioeconómicas denominadas de socialismo moderno. Este trabajo realiza una evaluación del mercado del servicio de telefonía móvil en el Ecuador, analizando aspectos relativos con la penetración del servicio, recursos escasos, interconexión, precios, productos, cobertura y lo más importante, una estimación de la percepción de los usuarios, autoridades y empresas operadoras sobre la calidad y la satisfacción de los usuarios. La renovación de los contratos de concesión de las principales operadoras CONECEL y OTECEL, crea el momento oportuno para que el Estado analice la situación del sector y busque nuevos y mejores instrumentos de regulación considerando una realidad inevitable, la convergencia. De allí, que al finalizar este trabajo presentaremos propuestas de orden regulatorio que permitan a las autoridades de telecomunicaciones del Ecuador actuar con eficiencia técnica y jurídica, cumpliendo y haciendo cumplir derechos y obligaciones de operadores y usuarios, privilegiando la innovación, la calidad de los servicios móviles y por supuesto la satisfacción de los usuarios.

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes paracoccidioidomycosis the most severe deep mycosis from South America Although cell mediated immunity is considered the most efficient protective mechanism against Pb infection mechanisms of innate immunity are poorly defined Herein we investigated the interaction of the complement system with high and low virulence isolates of Pb We demonstrated that Pb18 a high virulence Pb Isolate when incubated with normal human serum (NHS) induces consumption of hemolytic complement and when immobilized promotes binding of C4b C3b and C5b-C9 Both low virulence (Pb265) and high virulence (Pb18) isolates consumed C4 C3 and mannose-binding learn (MBL) of MBL-sufficient but not of MBL-deficient serum as revealed by deposition of residual C4 C3 and MBL on immune complexes and mannan However higher complement components consumption was observed with Pb265 as compared with Pb18 The suggested relationship between low virulence and significant complement activation properties of Pb isolates was confirmed by the demonstration that virulence attenuation of Pb 18 results in acquisition of the ability to activate complement Conversely reactivation of attenuated Pb18 results in loss of the ability to activate complement Our results demonstrate for the first time that Pb yeasts activate the complement system by the lectin pathway and there is an Inverse correlation between complement activating ability and Pb virulence These differences could exert an influence on Innate immunity and severity of the disease developed by infected hosts (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

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P>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) modulate extracellular matrix turnover, inflammation and immunity. We studied MMP-9 and MMP-2 in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. At 15 and 120 days after infection (DAI) with virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, MMP-9 was positive by immunohistochemistry in multinucleated giant cells, in mononuclear cells with macrophage and lymphocyte morphologies and also in fungal cells in the lesions of susceptible and resistant mice. Using gelatin zymography, pro- and active MMP-9 and active MMP-2 were detected in all infected mice, but not in controls. Gelatinolytic activity was not observed in P. brasiliensis extracts. Semiquantitative analysis of gelatinolytic activities revealed weak or absent MMP-2 and strong MMP-9 activity in both mouse strains at 15 DAI, declining at 120 DAI. Avirulent P. brasiliensis-infected mice had residual lesions with MMP-9-positive pseudoxantomatous macrophages, but no gelatinase activity at 120 DAI. Our findings demonstrate the induction of MMPs, particularly MMP-9, in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, suggesting a possible influence in the pattern of granulomas and in fungal dissemination.

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The role of nitric oxide (NO) in granulomas of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected inducible NO synthase-deficient C57BL/6 mice (iNOS KO) and their wild-type counterparts and its association with osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was studied. At 15 days after infection (DAI), iNOS KO mice showed compact and necrotic granulomas with OPN+ macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, whereas wild-type mice developed loose granulomas with many fungi and OPN+ cells distributed throughout the tissue. In addition, high OPN levels and fungal load were observed in iNOS KO mice. Both experimental groups had MMP-9 activity. At 120 DAI, iNOS KO had smaller granulomas with OPN+ cells, lower OPN levels, lower fungal load and decreased MMP-9 activity compared with wild-type mice. These findings suggest that NO has an important role in granuloma modulation, by controlling OPN and MMP production, as well as by inducing loose granulomas formation and fungal dissemination, resulting, at later phases, in progression of paracoccidioidomycosis.

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The participation of osteopontin (OPN) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected mice, its association to granulomatogenesis, severity of infection, pattern of lesions, nitric oxide (NO) levels and fungal load were evaluated in this investigation. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed marked OPN staining in extracellular matrix and in macrophages and multinucleated giant cells at the center of lesions, suggesting a possible role of OPN in the distribution of these cells within the granulomas. At 15 days post-infection with a virulent P. brasiliensis isolate, OPN(+) cells were more numerous and intensely immunostained in the loose granulomas of susceptible mice than in those of resistant mice. In addition, high fungal loads and low NO levels were observed in susceptible mice. At 120 days after infection, resistant mice had increased total OPN levels (ELISA) and OPN positivity in compact granulomas, higher NO levels and lower fungal loads than susceptible mice. Residual lesions associated with low OPN levels, high NO and control of fungal dissemination were observed in both mouse strains at 120 days post-infection with the slightly virulent fungal isolate. Therefore, OPN could be associated with higher severity of the disease in an early phase of infection and with a degree of control of the progressive infection.

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The mechanisms that govern the initial interaction between Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a primary dimorphic fungal pathogen, and cells of the innate immunity need to be clarified. Our previous studies showed that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 regulate the initial interaction of fungal cells with macrophages and the pattern of adaptive immunity that further develops. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the role of MyD88, an adaptor molecule used by TLRs to activate genes of the inflammatory response in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Studies were performed with normal and MyD88(-/-) C57BL/6 mice intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis yeast cells. MyD88(-/-) macrophages displayed impaired interaction with fungal yeast cells and produced low levels of IL-12, MCP-1, and nitric oxide, thus allowing increased fungal growth. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, MyD88(-/-) mice developed a more severe infection of the lungs and had marked dissemination of fungal cells to the liver and spleen. MyD88(-/-) mice presented low levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, suppressed lymphoproliferation, and impaired influx of inflammatory cells to the lungs, and this group of cells comprised lower numbers of neutrophils, activated macrophages, and T cells. Nonorganized, coalescent granulomas, which contained high numbers of fungal cells, characterized the severe lesions of MyD88(-/-) mice; the lesions replaced extensive areas of several organs. Therefore, MyD88(-/-) mice were unable to control fungal growth and showed a significantly decreased survival time. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that MyD88 signaling is important in the activation of fungicidal mechanisms and the induction of protective innate and adaptive immune responses against P. brasiliensis.

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Alveolar macrophages ( AM) are the first host cells to interact with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in Latin America. To better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of AM from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to infection. Untreated, IFN-gamma and IL-12 primed AM from B10. A and A/J mice were challenged with P. brasiliensis yeasts and cocultured for 72 h. B10. A macrophages presented an efficient fungicidal ability, were easily activated by both cytokines, produced high levels of nitric oxide ( NO), IL-12, and MCP-1 associated with low amounts of IL-10 and GM-CSF. In contrast, A/J AM showed impaired cytokine activation and fungal killing, secreted high levels of IL- 10 and GM-CSF but low concentrations of NO, IL- 12, and MCP-1. The fungicidal ability of B10. A but not of A/J macrophages was diminished by aminoguanidine treatment, although only the neutralization of TGF-beta restored the fungicidal activity of A/J cells. This pattern of macrophage activation resulted in high expression of MHC class II antigens by A/J cells, while B10. A macrophages expressed elevated levels of CD40. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that susceptibility to a fungal pathogen can be associated with an efficient innate immunity, while a deficient innate response can ultimately favor the development of a resistant pattern to infection. Moreover, our data suggest that different pathogen recognition receptors are used by resistant and susceptible hosts to interact with P. brasiliensis yeasts, resulting in divergent antigen presentation, acquired immunity, and disease outcomes.