Targeting DNA repeat sequences with Py-Im polyamides

Hairpin pyrrole-imdazole polyamides are cell-permeable, sequence-programmable oligomers that bind in the minor groove of DNA. This thesis describes studies of Py-Im polyamides targeted to biologically important DNA repeat sequences for the purpose of modulating disease states. Design of a hairpin polyamide that binds the CG dyad, a site of DNA methylation that can become dysregulated in cancer, is described. We report the synthesis of a DNA methylation antagonist, its sequence specificity and affinity informed by Bind-n-Seq and iteratively designed, which improves inhibitory activity in a cell-free assay by 1000-fold to low nanomolar IC50. Additionally, a hairpin polyamide targeted to the telomeric sequence is found to trigger a slow necrotic-type cell death with the release of inflammatory molecules in a model of B cell lymphoma. The effects of the polyamide are unique in this class of oligomers; its effects are characterized and a functional assay of phagocytosis by macrophages is described. Additionally, hairpin polyamides targeted to pathologically expanded CTG•CAG triplet repeat DNA sequences, the molecular cause of myotonic dystrophy type 1, are synthesized and assessed for toxicity. Lastly, ChIP-seq of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor is performed under hypoxia-induced conditions. The study results show that ChIP-seq can be employed to understand the genome-wide perturbation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor occupancy by a Py-Im polyamide.

Prediction of Multi-Target Networks of Neuroprotective Compounds with Entropy Indices and Synthesis, Assay, and Theoretical Study of New Asymmetric 1,2-Rasagiline Carbamates

In a multi-target complex network, the links (L-ij) represent the interactions between the drug (d(i)) and the target (t(j)), characterized by different experimental measures (K-i, K-m, IC50, etc.) obtained in pharmacological assays under diverse boundary conditions (c(j)). In this work, we handle Shannon entropy measures for developing a model encompassing a multi-target network of neuroprotective/neurotoxic compounds reported in the CHEMBL database. The model predicts correctly >8300 experimental outcomes with Accuracy, Specificity, and Sensitivity above 80%-90% on training and external validation series. Indeed, the model can calculate different outcomes for >30 experimental measures in >400 different experimental protocolsin relation with >150 molecular and cellular targets on 11 different organisms (including human). Hereafter, we reported by the first time the synthesis, characterization, and experimental assays of a new series of chiral 1,2-rasagiline carbamate derivatives not reported in previous works. The experimental tests included: (1) assay in absence of neurotoxic agents; (2) in the presence of glutamate; and (3) in the presence of H2O2. Lastly, we used the new Assessing Links with Moving Averages (ALMA)-entropy model to predict possible outcomes for the new compounds in a high number of pharmacological tests not carried out experimentally.

Visualization by High Resolution Immunoelectron Microscopy of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 at Inhibitory Synapses of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus

We have recently shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel in the peripheral and central nervous system, is localized at postsynaptic sites of the excitatory perforant path synapses in the hippocampal dentate molecular layer (ML). In the present work, we have studied the distribution of TRPV1 at inhibitory synapses in the ML. With this aim, a preembedding immunogold method for high resolution electron microscopy was applied to mouse hippocampus. About 30% of the inhibitory synapses in the ML are TRPV1 immunopositive, which is mostly localized perisynaptically (similar to 60% of total immunoparticles) at postsynaptic dendritic membranes receiving symmetric synapses in the inner 1/3 of the layer. This TRPV1 pattern distribution is not observed in the ML of TRPV1 knock-out mice. These findings extend the knowledge of the subcellular localization of TRPV1 to inhibitory synapses of the dentate molecular layer where the channel, in addition to excitatory synapses, is present.

DLK1 and DLK2 characterization in mouse salivary gland development

103 p.; 102 p.

Estudo da atividade anti-inflamatória e toxicológica em extratos de corais do gênero Tubastraea

O ambiente marinho é um dos ecossistemas mais diversos e complexos em termos de biodiversidade. As condições químicas, físicas e biológicas desse ambiente favorecem a produção de uma variedade de substâncias pela biota, transformando os produtos naturais marinhos em um dos recursos promissores na pesquisa por novos compostos bioativos. O gênero Tubastraea (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) inclui corais ahermatípicos que produzem compostos secundários bioativos em situações de competição. No estado do Rio de Janeiro são encontradas duas espécies invasoras desse gênero, Tubastraea coccinea e Tubastraea tagusensis. A primeira é amplamente distribuída nas águas tropicais do Atlântico e do Pacífico, e a segunda é nativa do leste do pacífico, ambas invasoras no Atlântico Sul. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar as atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e toxicológica de extratos metanólicos de T. coccinea e T. tagusensis. As colônias de Tubastraea foram coletadas na Baía de Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil e extraídas com metanol. A caracterização química foi realizada através da espectroscopia ultravioleta, visível e de infravermelho. Ação anti-inflamatória foi avaliada pelo modelo in vivo de edema em pata de camundongo induzido por carragenina. Atividade sequestrante de radicais livres foi avaliada pelo método do DPPH. Na avaliação toxicológica utilizamos o ensaio Salmonella/microssoma, na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica exógena, o teste in vitro de micronúcleo com células de macrófagos de rato e o teste de mortalidade com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Foi possível a distinção dos grupos químicos presentes nos extratos, com os resultados encontrados sendo corroborados com os presentes na literatura. Os extratos de ambas as espécies apresentaram inibição significativa no edema da pata nas doses testadas, em relação ao veículo. Ambos os extratos demonstraram capacidade pela captura do radical DPPH. Atividades citotóxica e mutagênica na ausência de metabolização exógena não foram observadas para as linhagens TA97, TA98 e TA102 nas duas espécies; para a TA100 o extrato de T. coccinea induziu citotoxidade na concentração de 50 g/placa. Os dois extratos induziram citotoxicidade na presença de metabolização exógena para a cepa TA98, tendo sido detectada também indução de mutagenicidade nesta linhagem para T. coccinea. Os extratos não foram capazes de induzir a formação de micronúcleos e não foram tóxicos para o microcrustáceo A. salina. A resposta inibitória do edema após 2 h da indução indica que os compostos presentes nos extratos atuam na segunda fase da inflamação, possivelmente pela inibição da produção de prostaglandinas. Os resultados sugerem que os extratos das espécies T. coccinea e T. tagusensis apresentam substâncias com potencial uso farmacológico, como agente anti-inflamatório e antioxidante.

Expression and Localization of Opioid Receptors in Male Germ Cells and the Implication for Mouse Spermatogenesis

The presence of endogenous opioid peptides in different testicular cell types has been extensively characterized and provides evidence for the participation of the opioid system in the regulation of testicular function. However, the exact role of the opioid system during the spermatogenesis has remained controversial since the presence of the mu-, delta-and kappa-opioid receptors in spermatogenic cells was yet to be demonstrated. Through a combination of quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry approaches, we report for the first time the presence of active mu-, deltaand kappa-opioid receptors in mouse male germ cells. They show an exposition time-dependent response to opioid agonist, hence suggesting their active involvement in spermatogenesis. Our results contribute to understanding the role of the opioid receptors in the spermatogenesis and could help to develop new strategies to employ the opioid system as a biochemical tool for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

Transplantation of human fetal blood stem cells in the osteogenesis imperfecta mouse leads to improvement in multiscale tissue properties.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI or brittle bone disease) is a disorder of connective tissues caused by mutations in the collagen genes. We previously showed that intrauterine transplantation of human blood fetal stem/stromal cells in OI mice (oim) resulted in a significant reduction of bone fracture. This work examines the cellular mechanisms and mechanical bone modifications underlying these therapeutic effects, particularly examining the direct effects of donor collagen expression on bone material properties. In this study, we found an 84% reduction in femoral fractures in transplanted oim mice. Fetal blood stem/stromal cells engrafted in bones, differentiated into mature osteoblasts, expressed osteocalcin, and produced COL1a2 protein, which is absent in oim mice. The presence of normal collagen decreased hydroxyproline content in bones, altered the apatite crystal structure, increased the bone matrix stiffness, and reduced bone brittleness. In conclusion, expression of normal collagen from mature osteoblast of donor origin significantly decreased bone brittleness by improving the mechanical integrity of the bone at the molecular, tissue, and whole bone levels.