Ecuaciones de segundo grado: su historia

Presentamos una reseña del tratamiento que daban distintas culturas antiguas a problemas que en el lenguaje del álgebra actual nos remiten a ecuaciones de segundo grado. Recorreremos, sin pretender ser exhaustivos, parte del camino que transitaron culturas como la babilónica, griega, hindú, árabe hasta la resolución dada por François Viète.

Una aproximación a la noción de infinito a través de fractales

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia realizada con cuatro grupos de alumnos provenientes de dos escuelas locales pertenecientes a noveno año de la EGB y a primer año de la Educación Polimodal. En el mismo se investiga la construcción de la idea de infinito mediante la elaboración del fractal copo de nieve. Se analizan logros y dificultades. Los fractales permiten un acercamiento entre las estructuras analíticas y las formaciones gráficas que muestran los procesos iterativos que repiten infinitamente procesos finitos. Dichos procesos permiten obtener una figura autosemejante. La visualización de estos objetos permite la comprensión de los procesos de cambios de acuerdo a la transformación de la misma figura como así también cuestionarse el por qué de dicho cambio y si el mismo es o no controlable.

Concepciones de los estudiantes acerca de la gráfica de una función lineal de dominio discreto

Se reporta un estudio de casos realizado con estudiantes de 16-17 años en relación con sus concepciones sobre la gráfica de una función lineal de dominio discreto. En este estudio detectamos que los alumnos presentan dificultades en concebir la gráfica de una función cuando su dominio no es el conjunto de los números reales pues no consideran como gráficas de funciones a aquellas que sean un conjunto de “puntos” y que no formen una “línea continua”.

Rescate Fraccionario

Presentamos una experiencia de re-aprendizaje de las operaciones con fracciones, por los frecuentes errores algorítmicos en que incurren los estudiantes de segundo año de nivel medio. De evaluaciones diagnósticas e indagaciones sobre las estrategias de enseñanza en la primaria, comprobamos que los aprendizajes previos se limitan a memorizar y repetir algoritmos carentes de significatividad y sentido, fácilmente olvidables. Así nos propusimos aprovechar la potencialidad de la razón para aprendizajes perdurables. Al efecto, diseñamos actividades de tipo experimental tendientes a lograr aprendizajes significativos que justifiquen los algoritmos. Con la experiencia realizada, los estudiantes lograron aprobar las evaluaciones en un alto porcentaje, pero fundamentalmente sintieron una intensa satisfacción con los aprendizajes obtenidos.

La conjetura en geometría dinámica a partir del arbelos de Arquímedes

Trabajando en un ambiente de Geometría Dinámica y a partir de actividades que involucran al arbelos de Arquímedes se busca explicitar la formulación de conjeturas y elaborar demostraciones que den cuenta de las conjeturas formuladas, poniendo de relieve la diversidad de resultados obtenidos así como la riqueza de los caminos tomados.

Educación a distancia: una experiencia para el ingreso en la FRBB

La sociedad plantea una variedad de demandas de educación dependiendo de su situación y circunstancias particulares. La educación a distancia representa una realidad mundial en constante crecimiento cuantitativo y cualitativo potenciada últimamente con nuevos medios de comunicación.

Sobre la enseñanza de la geometría: re-creando el arco capaz

Se reporta una investigación realizada con alumnos de 15- 16 años sobre los algoritmos de construcción de un Arco Capaz de segmento y ángulo dado. Se propuso a los alumnos un problema cuya solución óptima es un Arco Capaz de segmento y ángulo dado, y se les requirió luego que construyeran dicho arco utilizando regla, compás y semicírculo. Los alumnos idearon diversas construcciones para el Arco Capaz pero en ningún momento aparece la construcción tradicional de Euclides. Básicamente, la idea que usan los estudiantes para construir el Arco Capaz, es la de obtener un triángulo cualquiera tal que uno de sus ángulos sea el ángulo dado para luego determinar su circuncentro y trazar el Arco.

Una propuesta de instrucción para abordar el razonamiento probabilístico en situaciones de azar

Con el propósito de promover razonamiento probabilístico bajo los enfoques intuitivo, clásico y frecuencial en estudiantes de grado undécimo sin instrucción previa en probabilidad, se realizó un análisis didáctico para proponer la implementación de un conjunto de tareas que permitan el avance en dicho razonamiento. A partir de dicho análisis se establecen una serie de capacidades, errores y dificultades que perfilan una posible ruta de instrucción y que delinean como aporte de esta ponencia una propuesta de instrucción que incluye situaciones asociadas a juegos de tablero, laberintos, aparato de Galton y carreras de juegos electrónicos.

The Afroporteña press and Afro-Argentine’s thought in the late nineteenth century

The journalistic boom that occurred in Argentina from the second half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of an active afroporteña press that defend the interests of the black community. This paper, in addition to reviewing the history of the Afro-Argentines newspapers, emphasizes the role played by the elite of African descent in the promotion of modernity among his brothers, while exploring the possible bases for an identity in the ideas spread.

Dam methylation controls O-antigen chain length in Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by regulating the expression of Wzz protein

We reported previously that a Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis dam mutant expressing a truncated Dam protein does not agglutinate in the presence of specific antibodies against O9 polysaccharide. Here we investigate the participation of Dam in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in Salmonella. The LPS O-antigen profiles of a dam null mutant (SEDeltadam) and the Salmonella serovar Enteritidis parental strain were examined by using electrophoresis and silver staining. Compared to the parental strain, SEDeltadam produced LPS with shorter O-antigen polysaccharide chains. Since Wzz is responsible for the chain length distribution of the O antigen, we investigated whether Dam methylation is involved in regulating wzz expression. Densitometry analysis showed that the amount of Wzz produced by SEDeltadam is threefold lower than the amount of Wzz produced by the parental strain. Concomitantly, the activity of the wzz promoter in SEDeltadam was reduced nearly 50% in logarithmic phase and 25% in stationary phase. These results were further confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR showing that wzz gene expression was threefold lower in the dam mutant than in the parental strain. Our results demonstrate that wzz gene expression is downregulated in a dam mutant, indicating that Dam methylation activates expression of this gene. This work indicates that wzz is a new target regulated by Dam methylation and demonstrates that DNA methylation not only affects the production of bacterial surface proteins but also the production of surface polysaccharides.

Devolution and party organizational change: The British and Spanish and state-wide parties compared

This article investigates the link between regionalization of the structure of government, regional elections and regionalism on the one hand, and the organization of state-wide political parties in Spain and the UK on the other. It particularly looks at two aspects of the relations between the central and regional levels of party organization: integration of the regional branches in central decision making and autonomy of the regional branches. It argues that the party factors are the most crucial elements explaining party change and that party leaders mediate between environmental changes and party organization. The parties' history and beliefs and the strength of the central leadership condition their ability or willingness to facilitate the emergence of meso-level elites. The institutional and electoral factors are facilitating factors that constitute additional motives for or against internal party decentralization

Dam Methylation Participates in the Regulation of PmrA/PmrB and RcsC/RcsD/RcsB Two Component Regulatory Systems in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

The absence of Dam in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis causes a defect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pattern associated to a reduced expression of wzz gene. Wzz is the chain length regulator of the LPS O-antigen. Here we investigated whether Dam regulates wzz gene expression through its two known regulators, PmrA and RcsB. Thus, the expression of rcsB and pmrA was monitored by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting using fusions with 3×FLAG tag in wild type (wt) and dam strains of S. Enteritidis. Dam regulated the expression of both rcsB and pmrA genes; nevertheless, the defect in LPS pattern was only related to a diminished expression of RcsB. Interestingly, regulation of wzz in serovar Enteritidis differed from that reported earlier for serovar Typhimurium; RcsB induces wzz expression in both serovars, whereas PmrA induces wzz in S. Typhimurium but represses it in serovar Enteritidis. Moreover, we found that in S. Enteritidis there is an interaction between both wzz regulators: RcsB stimulates the expression of pmrA and PmrA represses the expression of rcsB. Our results would be an example of differential regulation of orthologous genes expression, providing differences in phenotypic traits between closely related bacterial serovars.

The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the Development of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity (NDO)

Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is a well known consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI), recognizable after spinal shock, during which the bladder is areflexic. NDO emergence and maintenance depend on profound plastic changes of the spinal neuronal pathways regulating bladder function. It is well known that neurotrophins (NTs) are major regulators of such changes. NGF is the best-studied NT in the bladder and its role in NDO has already been established. Another very abundant neurotrophin is BDNF. Despite being shown that, acting at the spinal cord level, BDNF is a key mediator of bladder dysfunction and pain during cystitis, it is presently unclear if it is also important for NDO. This study aimed to clarify this issue. Results obtained pinpoint BDNF as an important regulator of NDO appearance and maintenance. Spinal BDNF expression increased in a time-dependent manner together with NDO emergence. In chronic SCI rats, BDNF sequestration improved bladder function, indicating that, at later stages, BDNF contributes NDO maintenance. During spinal shock, BDNF sequestration resulted in early development of bladder hyperactivity, accompanied by increased axonal growth of calcitonin gene-related peptide-labeled fibers in the dorsal horn. Chronic BDNF administration inhibited the emergence of NDO, together with reduction of axonal growth, suggesting that BDNF may have a crucial role in bladder function after SCI via inhibition of neuronal sprouting. These findings highlight the role of BDNF in NDO and may provide a significant contribution to create more efficient therapies to manage SCI patients.

Tele-Supervised FES-Assisted Exercise for Hemiplegic Upper Limb

Stroke survivors often have upper limb (UL) hemiparesis, limiting their ability to perform activities of daily life (ADLs). Intensive, task-oriented exercise therapy (ET) can improve UL function, but motivation to perform sufficient ET is difficult to maintain. Here we report on a trial in which a workstation was deployed in the homes of chronic stroke survivors to enable tele-coaching of ET in the guise of computer games. Participants performed 6 weeks of 1 hour/day, 5 days/week ET. Hand opening and grasp were assisted with functional electrical stimulation (FES). The primary outcome measure was the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Secondary outcome measures included a quantitative test of UL function performed on the workstation, grasp force measurements and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Improvements were seen in the functional tests, but surprisingly, not in the TMS responses. An important finding was that participants commencing with intermediate functional scores improved the most.

CONCLUSIONS: 1) Daily, tele-supervised FES-ET in chronic stroke survivors is feasible with commercially-available technology. 2) The intervention can significantly improve UL function, particularly in people who start with an intermediate level of function. 3) Significant improvements in UL function can occur in the absence of changes in TMS responses.

Detection of Tetrodotoxins in Puffer Fish by a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Based Immunoassay and Comparison with Surface Plasmon Resonance, LC-MS/MS, and Mouse Bioassay

The increasing occurrence of puffer fish containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the Mediterranean could represent a major food safety risk for European consumers and threaten the fishing industry. The work presented herein describes the development of a new enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (mELISA) based on the immobilization of TTX through dithiol monolayers self-assembled on maleimide plates, which provides an ordered and oriented antigen immobilization and favors the antigen-antibody affinity interaction. The mELISA was found to have a limit of detection (LOD) of TTX of 0.23 mg/kg of puffer fish matrix. The mELISA and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor previously developed were employed to establish the cross-reactivity factors (CRFs) of 5,6,11-trideoxy-TTX, 5,11-deoxy-TTX, 11-nor-TTX-6-ol, and 5,6,11-trideoxy-4-anhydro-TTX, as well as to determine TTX equivalent contents in puffer fish samples. Results obtained by both immunochemical tools were correlated (R(2) = 0.977). The puffer fish samples were also analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the corresponding CRFs were applied to the individual TTX contents. Results provided by the immunochemical tools, when compared with those obtained by LC-MS/MS, showed a good degree of correlation (R(2) = 0.991 and 0.979 for mELISA and SPR, respectively). The mouse bioassay (MBA) slightly overestimated the CRF adjusted TTX content of samples when compared with the data obtained from the other techniques. The mELISA has been demonstrated to be fit for the purpose for screening samples in monitoring programs and in research activities.