Local Area Plans: Best Practice Manual

This Manual has been prepared as a companion document for the Planning Guidelines, Local Area Plans: Creating Sustainable Communities - Guidelines for Planning Authorities (Hereafter referred to as ‘The Planning Guidelines’).

The aim of the Manual is to reinforce the key aspects of the Planning Guidelines by emphasising better and more consistent processes and highlighting examples of good practice.

Análisis de la estrategia de contrucción de paz y desarrollo local de la ONG Vallenpaz, a partir de las acciones de apoyo a pequeños agricultores en Palmira-Valle (2001-2010).

En los últimos años ha habido un reconocimiento por parte de un gran número de colombianos respecto a su rol en el desarrollo económico, político y social del país. A raíz de esto, se han conformado una serie de grupos cuya misión es crear una sociedad más pacífica e igualitaria. Uno de esos grupos es Vallenpaz, creado en el año 2000 como respuesta a la escalada de violencia que estaba sufriendo el Valle del Cauca. Esta organización no gubernamental tiene entre sus objetivos el contribuir al desarrollo local y a la construcción de paz de los lugares en los que actúa. Estas metas se logran con el apoyo de las comunidades a través de la formación de asociaciones económicas basadas en valores como la responsabilidad, la colaboración, el respeto mutuo, la integración y el reconocimiento de la importancia del campesinado en la sociedad. Este texto es un estudio de caso en el que Vallenpaz es analizada desde sus inicios con el fin de entender la estrategia adoptada por esta para ayudar a las comunidades y si contribuye a solucionar la situación de conflicto armado por la que atraviesa Colombia.

Uma prática educativa ambiental na construção de agenda 21 local.

This proposal is to search, investigate practical experience in environmental education for the construction of Local Agenda 21, in the municipality of Maxaranguape-RN, attended that brought together various subject and collective social actors of civil society organizations, among them, the Center for Education and Advice Herbert de Souza - CEAHS (NGOs who serves on the council since 1999), associations of farmers and farmers in areas of settlements, teachers / as, groups of women and young people, entrepreneurs, public power, the German partner entities IBAMA. INCRA, BNB in the project of Agenda 21. They are members and participants, constituents of the Permanent Forum of Agenda 21, the main actor privileged in the search. As an object of study to identify the limits and scope of this practice, with regard to aspects of awareness / participation and awaken to an awareness of critical social subjects in the collective social and environmental perspective. The study seeks to investigate if this experience has allowed the individual and collective social subjects, understand and act in their daily life, as the changes in attitudes postures, and expand their interests to participate in various public spaces this intention, is considered the educational activities made with the principles of environmental education in the construction of Agenda 21 that have contributed in raising awareness / participation of social actors of the Permanent Forum of Agenda 21. While reference methodology, the research focuses on theoretical design Freireana with relevance on the dimensions of dialogue, critical thinking and the human dimension comprising the act as educational practice of freedom, the prospect of human emancipation and social transformation of reality, and bring other thinkers as, Carvalho (2004), Trigueiro (2003), Days (2004), among others. The investigation of this practice points to the subject of education, which ECOCIENCIA to install the Agenda 21 and its effect on demand under municipal, German, providing a change of attitudes and postures and certainly, generating a new look and act in the world, broadening their interests and desires of inserting themselves, to participate in public spheres, particularly in establishing relations with dialogical criticality with the authorities and face the demands socio-environmental locations.

Poder local e o funcionamento do comércio vicinal na cidade de São Paulo (1765-1822)

Este texto apresenta algumas hipóteses e idéias sobre o comércio de abastecimento da cidade de São Paulo, entre os anos 1765-1822, através de dados quantitativos e qualitativos levantados em dois conjuntos documentais produzidos pelo Senado da Câmara: Atas e Papéis Avulsos. Este comércio é entendido como um dos circuitos do organismo colonial, conforme proposto por José Roberto do Amaral Lapa. Neste sentido, vem sendo constatado seu funcionamento autônomo, de acordo com os fluxos do mercado interno, as ações dos negociantes-arrematadores de contratos e as reações do Senado da Câmara de São Paulo para enfrentar seus contextos de crise e a radicalização de relações de poder em torno deste circuito mercantil, como fator desencadeador de disputas e hostilidades entre interesses políticos locais, negociantes-arrematadores e autoridades régias.

Subsídios à elaboração de políticas públicas de turismo sustentável com base local: diretrizes, programas, ações e indicadores de avaliação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Os “verdadeiros conservadores” do Estado do Maranhão: poder local, redes de clientela e cultura política na Amazônia colonial (primeira metade do século XVIII)

Na primeira metade do século XVIII, duas revoltas sacudiram as capitanias do Pará e do Maranhão. A primeira delas teve como protagonista o procurador das câmaras de São Luís e Belém, Paulo da Silva Nunes que, no espaço de quinze anos, “acumulando documentos e renovando queixas” apresentou um dos mais contundentes esboços de acusações contra os jesuítas, documento esse mais tarde utilizado por Pombal em sua campanha contra os regulares da Companhia. Nessa revolta, discutia-se a legalidade das formas de cativeiros dos índios e o poder temporal dos aldeamentos indígenas por parte dos padres da Companhia, o que dificultava o acesso dos moradores à mão-de-obra escrava. A segunda revolta teve como principal arquiteto um morador da cidade de São Luís chamado Gregório de Andrade da Fonseca, que se rebelou contra alguns representantes da administração local, especialmente os da Ouvidoria, que se opuseram aos privilégios que ele havia obtido graças às redes de clientela constituídas na região. Essas revoltas possuem importância capital por apresentar uma série de elementos da cultura política que caracterizava as relações entre os habitantes do Estado do Maranhão com os segmentos estabelecidos na Corte.

Acordos de pesca: a efetividade dos acordos para o desenvolvimento local nas comunidades do Pixuna e Jarí do Socorro no município de Santarém-PA

A presente pesquisa propôs-se investigar a efetividade dos acordos de pesca na Amazônia enquanto instrumento de gestão participativa através das populações residentes nas comunidades do Pixuna e Jarí do Socorro no município de Santarém-Pa. Para tanto, analisou-se como as referidas comunidades veem os acordos de pesca vigente, já que as mesmas são consideradas agroextrativistas e que possui na atividade pesqueira sua fonte de renda, proteína e ao longo dos anos vem praticando o mecanismo do acordo de pesca como forma de gestão desta atividade. Também buscou-se entrevistar representantes de ONGs como o IPAM enquanto organização responsável em divulgar de uma maneira mais simples para os pescadores o que vem a ser na forma da Lei e na prática a Instrução Normativa do IBAMA Nº 29/2002 que trata da criação dos acordos de pesca; a Colônia de Pescadores Z-20 representante legal e responsável em defender os interesses e direitos dos trabalhadores do setor artesanal da pesca local perante os órgãos públicos e a sociedade e o IBAMA representante oficial do poder publico, gestor e fiscalizador de quaisquer ações de pesca predatória e de degradação do meio ambiente evidenciados nos acordos implantados nas comunidades. A pesquisa descreve o ambiente de várzea como cenário para essas relações que se estabelecem a partir do uso de um recurso de acesso livre a todos como é o caso do pescado. No que diz respeito à metodologia as técnicas utilizadas se constituíram em: observação direta, aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e questionários. Foram apresentadas as características da pesquisa, os seus sujeitos e as informações relativas à coleta e à análise dos dados. Assim, o estudo caracterizou-se como qualitativo. Os dados foram analisados através de procedimentos estatísticos básicos com a utilização do software SPSS a partir de frequências e estimativas de parâmetros descritivos, com representação de tendências através de tabelas e gráficos, que tem como finalidade uma melhor visualização destas análises e observações para o contexto da pesquisa. Por fim, foram feitas as considerações finais do estudo, onde foi identificado que a falta de articulação entre os comunitários residentes nas localidades, e das comunidades com o poder publico podem, ser apontados como importantes fatores na decadência observada nos acordos de pesca vigente; outro ponto interessante e de importância considerável é a ausência do órgão responsável pela fiscalização das regras encontradas nos acordos de pesca, o IBAMA. Diante disso, foram sugeridas algumas recomendações aos membros das organizações analisadas.

Complicating the Local: Defining the Aymara at Tiwanaku, Bolivia

The archaeological site of Tiwanaku, Bolivia, is commonly held to be the "Spiritual Capital of the Aymara People." But negotiating who qualifies as Aymara, and in what contexts, is decidedly more complicated. Local political divisions between residents of the village of Tiahuanacu (who are seen locally as less-Aymara but not as not-Aymara) and residents of the surrounding rural communities (who are considered to be unquestionably Aymara) structure discussions about who has the right to earn income at the Tiwanaku archaeological site, who manages major public events, and who is responsible for the site's maintenance and security. The situation is complicated further by national-level events such as the Winter Solstice, where urban Aymara travel to Tiwanaku to seek their roots, and Bolivian Presidents and politicians come to participate in national Aymara "culture." I focus on the intervencin ("Intervention") that took place in Tiahuanacu in August 2000, which resulted in the transfer of management of the Tiwanaku archaeological site from the Bolivian state to local municipal and indigenous authorities. Heritage researchers should take such local divisions into account, rather than assuming that "locals" are politically unified or easily delineated by geographical boundaries.

Valorization of agrobiodiversity products and strengthening of local identities in the Peruvian Andes: Experiences from the BioAndes Programme

In the Peruvian Andes, a long history of interaction between the local populations and their natural environment has led to extraordinary levels of agrobiodiversity. However, in sharp contrast with this biological wealth, Andean indigenous populations live under most precarious conditions. Moreover, natural resources are undergoing severe degradation processes and local knowledge about biodiversity management is under serious pressure. Against this background, the BioAndes Programme is developing initiatives based on a biocultural approach that aim at fostering biodiversity through the enhancement of cultural processes. On the basis of intercultural dialogue, joint learning and capacity development, and transdisciplinary action-research, indigenous communities, development practitioners, and researchers strive for the creation of innovative ways to contribute to more sustainable economic, socio-cultural, and political valorization of Andean biodiversity. Project activities are diverse and range from the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of organic Andean fruits in San Marcos, Cajamarca Department, to the recuperation of natural dying techniques for alpaca wool and traditional weaving in Pitumarca, Cusco Department, and the promotion of responsible ecotourism in both regions. Based on the projects’ first two-years of experience, the following lessons learnt will be presented and discussed: 1. The economic valorization and commercialization of local products can be a powerful tool for the revival and innovation of eroded know-how; at the same time it contributes to the strengthening of local identities, in parallel with the empowerment of marginalized groups such as smallholders and women. 2. Such initiatives are only successful when they are embedded within activities that go beyond the focus on local products and seek the valorization of the entire natural and cultural landscape (e.g. through the promotion of agrotourism and local gastronomy, more sustainable management of local resources including the restoration of ecosystems, and the realization of inventories of local agrobiodiversity and the knowledge related to it). 3. The sustainability of these initiatives, which are often externally induced, is conditioned by the ability of local actors to acquire ownership of projects and access to the knowledge required to carry them out, which also means developing the personal and institutional capacities for handling the whole chain from production to commercialization. 4. The confrontation of different economic rationalities and their underlying worldviews that occur when local or indigenous people integrate into the market economy implies the need for a dialogical co-production of knowledge and collective action by local people, experts from NGOs, and political authorities in order to better control the conditions relating to the market economy. The valorization of local agrobiodiversity shows much potential for enhancing natural and cultural diversity in Southern countries, but only when local communities can participate in the shaping of the conditions under which this happens. Such activities should be designed in the mid- to long-term as part of social learning processes that are carefully embedded in the local context. Supporting institutions play a crucial role in these processes, but should see themselves only as facilitators, while ensuring that control and ownership remain with the local actors.

The impact of associational life on trust in local institutions: a comparison of 57 Swiss municipalities

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of associational life on individual political trust in 57 Swiss municipalities. Our hierarchical regression models show that individual political trust is not only affected by individual associational membership but also by the exchange between associations and local political authorities in a community. In other words, if political authorities and associations are linked at the community level, citizens will place more trust in their local institutions. Furthermore, we find clear evidence for the rainmaker hypothesis: our results show that the positive effect of a vibrant connection between associational life and local politics on political trust is not solely confined to the associational members themselves, but rather indicate that the structure of the local civic culture fosters political trust among members and non-members at the same time. However, the internal democratic processes of associations have no effect on individuals’ trust in local political institutions.

Modelo de gestión por proyectos para el desarrollo local (MGPDL) en el marco de la nueva gestión pública. Aplicación a los distritos y barrios de la ciudad de Madrid

Esta investigación presenta un modelo de gestión para el ámbito público local enmarcado en la Nueva Gestión Pública que aboga por una gestión más eficaz, eficiente y transparente, y que pone el acento en la consideración del administrado como cliente y en las capacidades gerenciales y de liderazgo de los directivos públicos por encima de la función burocrática clásica. Asumiendo el concepto de comunidad política, en el que los ciudadanos y los gobernantes son corresponsables de la concertación política y social, y se pone en valor el conocimiento de la sociedad civil para la toma de decisiones, este modelo se expresa a través de un plan de acción para el desarrollo local que incorpora la estrategia empresarial “gestión por proyectos”, entendidos éstos como todos los proyectos que recogen las necesidades e ideas de los afectados, y que de alguna manera contribuyen al cambio o ayudan a transformar la realidad para la mejora de la calidad de vida. La realidad objeto de estudio que inspira este modelo es el primer plan de inversiones llevado a cabo en los distritos madrileños de Villaverde y Usera. Las características propias de este plan fueron la voluntad y la habilidad de los poderes públicos para transformar una movilización social reivindicativa en un proceso de planificación como aprendizaje social, integrando a los ciudadanos en un innovador sistema de gestión de responsabilidad compartida. El resultado fue considerado un éxito, ya que se cumplió el objetivo de reequilibrio social y económico de ambos distritos con el conjunto de la ciudad de Madrid, gracias a las infraestructuras y equipamientos construidos, y a los programas sociales implementados. De hecho, al concluir el plan, los problemas que originaron la movilización social apenas tenían relevancia: droga (5%), falta de equipamientos (3%) y baja calidad de vida (5%). A raíz del aprendizaje de esta experiencia desarrollada durante el período 1998‐ 2003, se construyó una metodología de actuación que se ha materializado en los actuales Planes especiales de actuación en distritos y Planes de Barrio de la ciudad de Madrid. Las evaluaciones realizadas hasta ahora determinan que se está logrando una homogeneización territorial en la oferta municipal de bienes, servicios y equipamientos públicos, lo que contribuye a una mayor equidad económica y social, en definitiva, a una mejor calidad de vida. ABSTRACT This research presents a management model for the public sector local framed in the New Public Management that advocates a public management more effective, efficient and transparent, and that puts the accent on the consideration of the citizen as client and in managerial and leadership skills of public managers over the classic bureaucratic function. Embracing the concept of political community, in which citizens and governments are jointly responsible for the political and social dialogue, and highlights the knowledge of the civil society to the decision‐making, this model is expressed through an action plan for local development that incorporates the business strategy "management by projects', understood these as all the projects that reflected the needs and ideas of those affected, and that in some way contribute to the change or help to transform the reality for the improvement of the quality of life. The reality which is subject of study and inspires this model is the first investment plan carried out in the districts of Madrid Villaverde and Usera. The characteristics of this plan were the will and the ability of the public authorities to transform a social mobilization in a planning process as social learning, integrating to citizens in an innovative system of management of shared responsibility. The result was considered a success, since the target was met for social and economic balance of the two districts with the whole of the city of Madrid, thanks to the built infrastructure and equipment, and the social programs implemented. In fact, at the end of the plan, the problems that led to the social mobilization had little relevance: drugs (5 %), lack of equipment (3 %) and low quality of life (5 %). As a result of learning from this experience developed during the period 1998‐ 2003, was built a methodology of performance which has been materialized in the current plans for special action in districts and plans of neighborhood of the city of Madrid. The evaluations conducted until now determine that the plans are achieving a territorial homogenization in the municipal supply of goods, services and public facilities, which contributes to a better economic and social equity, ultimately, to a better quality of life.

Transport interchange and local urban environment integration

Among the different interchange design aspects, integrated land use and infrastructure planning is maybe one of the most problematic fields in practice, given that a joint transport and urban planning spills over the regular scope of action of interchange developers, whereas it involves the cooperation and agreement of various authorities. Not only this, but the very issue of land use-transport integration seems to be a long-standing mantra in planning and transport research, lacking scientific evidence. This paper is an output of an ongoing European research project called ?NODES - New tOols for Design and OpEration of Urban Transport InterchangeS?. Its aim is to start re-focusing the academic-scientific evidence on the question and to foresee a specific and practical framework to approach the problem. The underlying hypothesis is that the interchange could be a catalyst of life and security in the city.

Novas tendências, o big data: deteção de fraudes e transações no comércio local: SAF-T com tecnologia big data

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Desenvolvimento de Software e Sistemas Interactivos, realizada sob a orientação científica da categoria profissional do orientador Doutor Eurico Ribeiro Lopes, do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco.

No change in the Russian Caucasus. The Winter Olympics amid a local war. OSW Study 47/2014

The North Caucasus has been the most unstable region of the Russian Federation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Considering the scale of violence, the conflict in the region should be regarded as a local civil war between the Salafi Islamic armed underground and the secular authorities of the North Caucasus republics, supported by the security services. The Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov, who has made himself de facto independent from Moscow, holds a particularly strong position in the region and his ambition is to gain control of the neighbouring territories. The Russian leadership, which sees the security of the Winter Olympics in Sochi as its top priority, is facing a strategic choice between trying to integrate the North Caucasus with the rest of the federation, or isolating the region and accepting the existence of an informal "internal abroad” within Russia. The cultural processes taking place in the region, including Islamisation, de-modernisation and de-Russification, have been driving the North Caucasus ever further away from the rest of Russia, strengthening a mutual sense of foreignness.