Sôbre a distribuição vertical dos criadouros de Anopheles do subgênero Kerteszia, no Sul do Brasil

Analisando dados sôbre a distribuição vertical das Bromeliáceas onde se criam Anopheles do subgênero Kerteszia, o autor obteve as seguintes conclusões: 1 - A influência da luminosidade, na distribuição das Bromeliáceas, e a umidade, com respeito áquelas que são criadouros de Kerteszia, se bem que conspícuas, não se apresentam da maneira esquemática como foram observadas em Trinidad F.I.O); 2 - As alturas preferenciais das três espécies de kerteszia variam de acôrdo com as condições de umidade reinantes na mata, porém, na maior parte da área de distribuição dêsses mosquitos, o A. bellator é uma espécies dos níveis mais elevados, o A. homunculus prefere as bromeliáceas mais baixas e o A. cruzii prolifera em qualquer nível, sendo, entretanto, mais encontradiço nas alturas preferenciais das duas outras espécies; 3 - Como foi mostrado, anteriormente por PITTENDRIGH (1950a) em Trinidad, a densidade de cada espécie está na dependência da amplitude da faixa de alturas que ela pode explorar e, portanto, do número de criadouros de que dispõe; assim, apesar da predominância quase total do A. cruzii, o A. bellator é abundante na orla litorânea, onde pode se criar até ao nível do solo, e o A. homunculus chega a ser a espécie mais numerosa em algumas várzeas da área de relêvo movimentado, onde os seus criadouros são encontrados até nos esgalhamentos das árvores; 4 - As distribuições de freqüência das Bromeliáceas em geral e daquelas que são criadouros de Kerteszia, apresentaram diferenças estatísticamente significativas; 5 - O fato do A. cruzii apresentar duas alturas preferenciais e o de sua distribuição vertical ser significativamente diferente daquela observada para as bromeliáceas das mesmas matas, sugere a hipótese de tratar-se de duas entidades biológicas difíceis de serem distinguidas pelos caracteres morfológicos, atualmente, utilizados na classificação dêsses mosquitos.

Sôbre a biomassa dos Anopheles do subgênero kerteszia, em seus criadouros

A biomassa média nos criadouros foi calculada com base na quase-constância das razões de crescimento das formas jovens dos insetos e no número médio de larvas de cada estádio. O exame do ciclo anual da biomassa média de cinco populações de Anopheles do subgênero Kerteszia confirmou a observação anterior de que êsses mosquitos, na natureza, têm desenvolvimento muito lento. Nesse estudo, também, ficou evidente que a densidade larvária, como é clàssicamente calculada, dividindo o total de larvas coletadas pelo número de criadouros positivos, é um índice impróprio para representar as potencialidades dos criadouros dêsses anofelinos. O número médio de larvas de 4º estádio, por criadouro positivo, revelou-se um índice muito melhor. A curva do seu ciclo anual é aproximadamente paralela à da biomassa e, por isso, o autor sugere que, em trabalhos posteriores, se conte apenas as formas jovens da última idade.

O comportamento dos Anofelinos do subgênero Kerteszia, no sul do Brasil e o efeito do inseticida DDT

Informações sobre o comportamento dos Kerteszia obtidas nos Estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina, foram comparadas entre si e com dados relativos a outros anofelinos neotrópicos e etiópicos. Das conclusões obtidas destacam-se: 1. Em seguida ao pôr do sol os Kerteszia tornam-se mais ativos nas copas das árvores da mata a ao anoitecer, quando começam a se inverter as diferenças microclimáticas existentes entre a floresta e ao ar livre, passam a predominar nas áreas abertas; 2. nas localidades não dedetizadas não existe grande diferença entre a proporção dos Kerteszia que se alimenta dentro das casas e a que tem sido observada para o A. gambiae, na África. Entretanto, memso antes do aparecimento do DDT, os Kerteszia não eram mosquitos endófilos. Para os anofelinos ditos zoófilos, como o A. strodei, a relação entre o número de mosquitos capturados simultaneamente no peridomicílio e dentro de casa, é pelo menos duas vezes mais elevada; 3. Alguns dados sobre a ação impedidora ('deterrency") do DDT, para os kerteszia, mostram que ela é elevadíssima, outros são da mesma ordem de grandeza dos observados para o A. gambiae. Foi verificado que os Kerteszia evitam entrar mesmo em casas com muito pouco inseticida; 4. Apenas uma pequena proporção dos Kerteszia, que se alimenta dentro das casas, pousa nas paredes; a maioria voa diretamente para as pessoas e depois para fora. O tempo de permanência nas superfícies dedetizadas é o mesmo que tem sido observado para outros anofelinos, geralmente inferior a 10 minutos; 5. Ao contrário da maioria dos transmissores de malária a atividade dos Kerteszia, fora da mata, concentra-se nas primeiras horas da noite, quando há maior probabilidade de existir pessoas fora de casa; 6. o estudo do contato homem-mosquito ("man-bitting rate") mostrou que, mesmo nas casas não dedetizadas, esse contato é quase sempre maior fora dos domicilios. Nas localidades dedetizadas a componente externa, desse contato, pode ser até 10 vezes mais elevada. O que, logicamente, resulta do horário de atividade; 7. Os trabalhos de profilaxia do antigo Serviços Nacional de Malária já haviam mostrado que, mesmo com distribuição de medicamentos, essa diminuição dos contatos homem-mosquito dentro das casas e a ação tóxica do inseticida, são suficientes para impedir a transmissão da malária. Fato que, juntamente com os dados das capturas extradomiciliares, sugere a realização de pesquisas visando encontrar medidas capazes de diminuir a densidade dos kerteszia nas áreas freqüentadas pela população humana.

Transferência do Hepatozoon tupinambis, parasita do lagarto Tupinambis teguixin, para a serpente cascavel (Crotalus durissus terrificus), por intermédio do mosquito Culex fatigans

Os autores obtiveram a transferência do Hepatozoon tupinambis (Laveran e Salibeni, 1909) parasita do lagarto Teiidae, Tupinambis teguixin, L., para a serpente cascavel, Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laur.), alimentando-a com mosquitos experimentalmente infectados. o parasita mantém os seus caracteres morfológicos no animal receptor, nos limites do tempo observado (cerca de 100 dias). O ofídio receptor apresentou cistos esquizogônicos do fígado.

Factors influencing the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Aedes fluviatilis

Aedes fluviatilis is susceptible to infection by Plasmodium gallinaceum and is a convenient insect host for the malaria parasite in countries where Aedees aegypti cannot be maintained in laboratories. In South America, for instance, the rearing of A. aegypti the main vector of urban yellow fever, is not advaisable because of the potential health hazard it represents. Our results of the comparative studies carried out between the sporogonic cycle produced with two lines of P. gallinaceum parasites into A. fuviatilis were as follows. As proved for A. aegypti, mosquito infection rates were variable when A. fluviatilis blood-fed on chicks infected with and old syringe-passaged strain of P. gallinaceum. Oocysts developed in 41% of those mosquitos and the mean peak of oocyst production was 56 per stomach. Salivary gland infections developed in about 6% of the mosquitos. The course of sporogony was unrelated to the size of the inoculum administered to chicks or to the route by which the birds were infected. The development of infected salivary glands was unrelated to oocyst production. Sporogony of P. gallinaceum was more uniform when mosquitos blood-fed on chicks infected with a sporozoite-passaged strain. Oocysts developed in about 50% of those mosquitoes and the mean peak of oocyst production was 138 per stomach, with some individuals having as many as 600-800 oocysts. Infected salivary glands developed in a mean of 27% of the mosquitos but, in some batches, was a high as 50%. Patterns of salivary gland parasitism were similar to those of oocyst production. The course of sporogony of P. gallinaceum in A. fluviatilis is analized in relation to degree of parasitemia and gametocytemia in the vertebrate host.

Adult abundance, biting behavior and parity of Anopheles aquasalis, Curry 1932 in two malarious areas of Sucre State, Venezuela

The principal vector of malaria in eastern Venezuela, Anopheles aquasalis, is exophagic and exophilic. Control using indoor insecticide house sprays has failed to lower the number of malaria cases. Therefore, studies were initiated in two villages of the eastern coastal state of Sucre to better understand this vector's biology and develop a more integrated control program. An. aquasalis was found to have a crepuscular biting behavior with a major peak at dusk and a minor peak at dawn. Mosquitos were collected more outdoors than indoors. Forty-seven percent of the biting took place before people went to bed (22:30 hr) and 69% of the mosquitos biting during this time period bite outdoors. Outdoor biting could be the reason why indoor spraying alone did not lower malaria cases. Seasonal abundance was greater in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Seasonal parous rates were high (78.3%-100%) and similar indoors and outdoors and between dry and wet season in Santa F e. In Guayana, the seasonal parity was lower (34.6%-42.2%) than Santa F e with indoor parity slightly higher than outdoors. Malaria cases were higher in Santa F e, but adult mosquito density was much lower than in Guayana. This difference could have been due to higher parity in Santa F e compared to Guayana. The greater distance to the nearest breeding site and presence of alternative hosts in Guayana can not be discounted as factors which contributed to the difference in malaria transmission between locations. We concluded that knowledge on seasonal occurrence, biting activity, resting behavior and breeding site location can be used to design a new control strategy for this vector.

Development of a cyanobacterial biolarvicide

Results of studies on a larvicidal cyanobacterium that expresses a Bti cryIVD gene fusion are reported. Genetically altered Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 is shown to be toxic to larvae of three major genera of disease-bearing mosquitos. Factors affecting expression of Bti genes in cyanobacteria are discussed.

The Academic Work and Careers in Europe : Trends, Challenges, Perspectives

This book explores the perceptions of academic staff and representatives of institutional leadership about the changes in academic careers and academic work experienced in recent years. It emphasizes standardization and differentiation of academic career paths, impact of new forms of quality management on academic work, changes in recruitment, employment and working conditions, and academics' perceptions of their professional contexts. The book demonstrates a growing diversity within the academic profession and new professional roles inhabiting a space which is neither located in the core business of teaching and research nor at the top level management and leadership. The new higher education professionals tend to be important change agents within the higher education institutions not only fulfilling service and bridging functions but also streamlining academic work to make a contribution to the reputation and competitiveness of the institutions as a whole. Based on interviews with academic staff, this book explores the situation in eight European countries: Austria, Croatia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Romania, and Switzerland.

Traduir la Terra Mitjana: la traducció de referents culturals i jocs de paraules en "El Senyor dels anells"

RESUM: En aquest treball de recerca s’han analitzat els referents culturals i els jocs de paraules que apareixen en l’obra El senyor dels anells. Com a reflexió inicial em baso en la hipòtesi que la caracterització de hòbbits, ents i homes, tres races que apareixen en la Terra Mitjana, el món secundari creat per Tolkien, es nodreix, a banda d’altres elements, de jocs de paraules i referents culturals britànics. És fonamental que aquesta afirmació sigui tinguda en compte en l’acte de traducció per respectar la intenció de J. R. R. Tolkien, que en aquesta obra buscava també la creació d’una mitologia britànica versemblant, com si de veritat la Terra Mitjana hagués constituït el passat real del nostre planeta amb els avantpassats britànics com a protagonistes. La composició d’aquest estudi es divideix en: (1) característiques de la literatura fantàstica; (2) aspectes relacionats amb l’autor des de dues vessants: l’una com a acadèmic i l’altra com a escriptor i creador; (3) teoria de la traducció de referents culturals i de jocs de paraules; i (4) corpus de 144 termes extrets del text de sortida analitzats i traduïts a partir de fitxes de traducció. Puc concloure que s’ha demostrat la hipòtesi que em plantejava: els referents culturals i els jocs de paraules són recursos actius en El senyor dels anells i una bona anàlisi d’aquests camps és pertinent per comprendre la magnitud de l’imaginari de J. R. R. Tolkien i realitzar una traducció respectuosa amb la intencionalitat de l’autor. El senyor dels anells és una fairy-story, una obra de fantasia, una fugida de la realitat consensuada (Tolkien no s’amaga d’aquesta fugida i la veu positiva) en què els elements propis del món primari (la cultura britànica i comunitats antigues com l’anglosaxona, la celta o l’escandinava) i del món secundari (els personatges que habiten la Terra Mitjana en el marc temporal de la Tercera Edat) funcionen d’acord amb els principis dels dos móns. Considero que el procés seguit tant en la metodologia, com en l’elaboració dels continguts, com en la traducció dels termes analitzats a través de les fitxes és positiu i útil. Aquesta sistematització del procés i el resultat final poden ser rellevants per a la comunitat traductora, tant per al futur traductor com per al professional.

Lymphatic Filariasis in Brazilian Urban Area (Maceió, Alagoas)

A cross-sectional survey conducted among evening students was used to determine the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Maceió, capital of the State of Alagoas, northeast Brazil. A single thick-blood smear was used, being collected between 10 p.m. and 12 a.m. From a total of 29,551 students enrolled at evening elementary schools in the 33 city sectors, 16,569 (56.4%) were random selected for inclusion in the study. From those, 10,857 (65.5%) were interviewed and examined and 73 (0.7%) were found to have microfilaraemia. Autochthonous W. bancrofti carriers live in 10 of the 33 city sectors, suggesting a focal distribution. Moreover, 84% of infections were diagnosed among 29% of all students examined, inhabiting three contiguous sectors at the city central area, presenting infection rates up to 5.3%. Students living in city sectors with prevalence of microfilariae carriers greater than 1% were found to have a higher risk for infection when compared to students from the rest of the town [Relative Odds (RO) 12.8, 95% CI 6.7 - 25.1]. Eleven positive individuals from non endemic areas were living in Maceió for more than 10 years; time of residence in the area was a major risk factor for infection among students not born in the region (p<0.01). Regarding sex, male students presented a higher proportion of positive (RO 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 - 2.9).

Genomics of the divergence continuum in an African plant biodiversity hotspot, I: drivers of population divergence in Restio capensis (Restionaceae).

Understanding the drivers of population divergence, speciation and species persistence is of great interest to molecular ecology, especially for species-rich radiations inhabiting the world's biodiversity hotspots. The toolbox of population genomics holds great promise for addressing these key issues, especially if genomic data are analysed within a spatially and ecologically explicit context. We have studied the earliest stages of the divergence continuum in the Restionaceae, a species-rich and ecologically important plant family of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa, using the widespread CFR endemic Restio capensis (L.) H.P. Linder & C.R. Hardy as an example. We studied diverging populations of this morphotaxon for plastid DNA sequences and >14 400 nuclear DNA polymorphisms from Restriction site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and analysed the results jointly with spatial, climatic and phytogeographic data, using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) approach. The results indicate that population divergence across the extreme environmental mosaic of the CFR is mostly driven by isolation by environment (IBE) rather than isolation by distance (IBD) for both neutral and non-neutral markers, consistent with genome hitchhiking or coupling effects during early stages of divergence. Mixed modelling of plastid DNA and single divergent outlier loci from a Bayesian genome scan confirmed the predominant role of climate and pointed to additional drivers of divergence, such as drift and ecological agents of selection captured by phytogeographic zones. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of population genomics for disentangling the effects of IBD and IBE along the divergence continuum often found in species radiations across heterogeneous ecological landscapes.

Chagas disease and human migration

Human Chagas disease is a purely accidental occurrence. As humans came into contact with the natural foci of infection might then have become infected as a single addition to the already extensive host range of Trypanosoma cruzi that includes other primates. Thus began a process of adaptation and domiciliation to human habitations through which the vectors had direct access to abundant food as well as protection from climatic changes and predators. Our work deals with the extraction and specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA obtained from mummified human tissues and the positive diagnosis of Chagas disease in a series of 4,000-year-old Pre-Hispanic human mummies from the northern coast of Chile. The area has been inhabited at least for 7,000 years, first by hunters, fishers and gatherers, and then gradually by more permanent settlements. The studied specimens belonged to the Chinchorro culture, a people inhabiting the area now occupied by the modern city of Arica. These were essentially fishers with a complex religious ideology, which accounts for the preservation of their dead in the way of mummified bodies, further enhanced by the extremely dry conditions of the desert. Chinchorro mummies are, perhaps, the oldest preserved bodies known to date.

Canvis ambientals i relacions tròfiques en rius mediterranis

Els rius i rieres mediterranis són ecosistemes que es caracteritzen per fortes oscil•lacions de cabal i temperatura al llarg de l’any. Aquestes oscil•lacions provoquen canvis ambientals en l'hàbitat i en els recursos que afecten directament o indirecta la biota que habita aquests ecosistemes, la qual, per tant, ha de presentar adaptacions a aquestes oscil•lacions ambientals. L'escenari actual de canvi climàtic preveu una intensificació dels fenòmens de sequera i augment de temperatura. Entendre com la biota dels rius respon a aquestes fluctuacions és de gran importància per poder anticipar les respostes d'aquests sistemes als imminents canvis ambientals així com per gestionar adequadament els recursos hídrics en un futur. Els objectius principals d'aquesta tesi eren: caracteritzar estructural i funcionalment dues rieres intermitents mediterrànies al llarg dels diferents períodes característics del cicle anual i veure els efectes d'un augment de la sequera; veure com aquests efectes podien afectar l'ecosistema ripari circumdant i establir com diferències en la qualitat de la matèria orgànica derivades del canvi climàtic pot afectar el fitness i desenvolupament dels invertebrats. Aquests objectius s'han pogut complir només parcialment, ja que adversitats climàtiques van impedir finalitzar amb èxit la manipulació del cabal al camp i la resolució d'algunes dades no ha estat prou bona com per aplicar els models corresponents. Aquests contratemps s'han solucionat amb la incorporació de dos nous experiments (un encara s'ha de realitzar), fet que ha fet enlentir la finalització de la tesi.

Prevalence of Clostridium spp. and Clostridium difficile in children with acute diarrhea in São Paulo city, Brazil

Species of Clostridium are widely distributed in the environment, inhabiting both human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. Clostridium difficile is an important pathogen associated with outbreaks of pseudomembranous colitis and other intestinal disorders, such as diarrhea. In this study, the prevalence of Clostridium spp. and C. difficile, from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea, was examined. These children were admitted to 3 different hospitals for over 12 months. Eighteen (20%) and 19 (21%) stool specimens from children with (90) and without (91) diarrhea respectively, were positive to clostridia. Only 10 C. difficile strains were detected in 5.5% of the stool samples of children with diarrhea. None healthy children (without diarrhea) harbored C. difficile. From these 10 C. difficile, 9 were considered as toxigenic and genotyped as tcdA+/tcdB+ or tcdA-/tcdB+, and 1 strain as nontoxigenic (tcdA-/tdcB-). They were detected by the citotoxicity on VERO cells and by the multiplex-polymerase chain reaction. Thirty clinical fecal extracts produced minor alterations on VERO cells. The presence of C. difficile as a probable agent of acute diarrhea is suggested in several countries, but in this study, the presence of these organisms was not significant. More studies will be necessary to evaluate the role of clostridia or C. difficile in diarrhoeal processes in children.

Ecological components and evolution of selfing in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula.

The reproductive assurance hypothesis emphasizes that self-fertilization should evolve in species with reduced dispersal capability, low population size or experiencing recurrent bottlenecks. Our work investigates the ecological components of the habitats colonized by the snail, Galba truncatula, that may influence the evolution of selfing. Galba truncatula is a preferential selfer inhabiting freshwater habitats, which vary with respect to the degree of permanence. We considered with a population genetic approach the spatial and the temporal degree of isolation of populations of G. truncatula. We showed that patches at distances of only a few meters are highly structured. The effective population sizes appear quite low, in the order of 10 individuals or less. This study indicates that individuals of the species G. truncatula are likely to be alone in a site and have a low probability of finding a partner from a nearby site to reproduce. These results emphasize the advantage of selfing in this species.