SMEs Attitudes to “Information Assurance” and Consequences for the Digital Single Market

It is now generally accepted that cyber crime represents a big threat to organisations, and that they need to take appropriate action to protect their valuable information assets. However, current research shows that, although small businesses understand that they are potentially vulnerable, many are still not taking sufficient action to counteract the threat. Last year, the authors sought, through a more generalised but categorised attitudinal study, to explore the reasons why smaller SMEs in particular were reluctant to engage with accepted principles for protecting their data. The results showed that SMEs understood many of the issues. They were prepared to spend more but were particularly suspicious about spending on information assurance. The authors’ current research again focuses on SME attitudes but this time the survey asks only questions directly relating to information assurance and the standards available, in an attempt to try to understand exactly what is causing them to shy away from getting the badge or certificate that would demonstrate to customers and business partners that they take cyber security seriously. As with last year’s study, the results and analysis provide useful pointers towards the broader business environment changes that might cause SMEs to be more interested in working towards an appropriate cyber security standard.

Effects of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Nigerian listed entities: the case of oil and gas companies

On 28 July 2010, the Nigerian Federal Executive Council approved January 1, 2012 as the effective date for the convergence of Nigerian Statement of Accounting Standards (SAS) or Nigerian GAAP (NG-GAAP) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By this pronouncement, all publicly listed companies and significant public interest entities in Nigeria were statutorily required to issue IFRS based financial statements for the year ended December, 2012. This study investigates the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the financial statements of Nigerian listed Oil and Gas entities using six years of data which covers three years before and three years after IFRS adoption in Nigeria and other African countries. First, the study evaluates the impact of IFRS adoption on the Exploration and Evaluation (E&E) expenditures of listed Oil and Gas companies. Second, it examines the impact of IFRS adoption on the provision for decommissioning of Oil and Gas installations and environmental rehabilitation expenditures. Third, the study analyses the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the average daily Crude Oil production cost per Barrel. Fourth, it examines the extent to which the adoption and implementation of IFRS affects the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study further explores the impact of IFRS adoption on the contractual relationships between Nigerian Government and Oil and Gas companies in terms of Joint Ventures (JVs) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) as it relates to taxes, royalties, bonuses and Profit Oil Split. A Paired Samples t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Index of Conservatism analyses were conducted simultaneously where the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures of GAAP and IFRS were computed and analysed and the significance of the differences of the mean, median and Conservatism Index values were compared before and after IFRS adoption. Questionnaires were then administered to the key stakeholders in the adoption and implementation of IFRS and the responses collated and analysed. The results of the analyses reveal that most of the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures examined changed significantly as a result of the transition from GAAP to IFRS. The E&E expenditures and the mean cost of Crude Oil production per barrel of Oil and Gas companies increased significantly. The GAAP values of inventories, GPM, ROA, Equity and TA were also significantly different from the IFRS values. However, the differences in the provision for decommissioning expenditures were not statistically significant. Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Conservatism Index shows that Oil and Gas companies were more conservative under GAAP when compared to the IFRS regime. The Questionnaire analyses reveal that IFRS based financial statements are of higher quality, easier to prepare and present to management and easier to compare among competitors across the Oil and Gas sector but slightly more difficult to audit compared to GAAP based financial statements. To my knowledge, this is the first empirical research to investigate the impact of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study will therefore make an enormous contribution to academic literature and body of knowledge and void the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact and implications of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Oil and Gas companies.

A potencialidade do PROEJA: histórias dos estudantes evadidos do IFRS Câmpus Rio Grande

A presente investigação situa-se na área da integração da Educação Profissional com Educação Básica na Modalidade de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA) e busca a compreensão das vivências dos estudantes do curso no Câmpus Rio Grande que integra o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS-RG). Faz parte também dos objetivos identificar as contribuições do curso para a socialização desses estudantes e os significados atribuídos ao curso. Em função da elevada taxa de evasão, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com estudantes que não concluíram o curso. A hermenêutica filosófica constitui-se na epistemologia que ancora teoricamente a abordagem metodológica. A Análise Textual Discursiva foi a metodologia qualitativa adotada para a análise do material empírico constituído centralmente pelas histórias contadas pelos estudantes. Eles contam sua passagem pelo PROEJA, desde o ingresso até a sua evasão. Foram produzidos dados quantitativos além de levantamentos para conhecer o contexto da trajetória escolar dos estudantes. Esses elementos subsidiaram a análise qualitativa das informações. Como resultados foram encontradas: uma taxa de evasão geral da ordem de 57%. Nos dois primeiros módulos ocorreu 87 % de toda a evasão do curso. Em todo o período de oferecimento do curso, ou seja sete anos, apenas três estudantes concluíram o mesmo. Pela análise qualitativa, emergiram cinco categorias que tratam: a) do ingresso no PROEJA e dos desencontros nesse processo; b) do estudante com suas peculiaridades, dificuldades e significados; c) do ser professor no PROEJA; d) do curso pelo viés da formação integrada; e) dos componentes constituintes da evasão. Como conclusões a pesquisa aponta para a inadequação do curso em seus diversos aspectos. Reforça que a construção curricular adaptada de um curso existente foi um equívoco. A formação dos professores e gestores promoveu a proposta de um curso repleto de contradições. Mesmo com todos os distanciamentos, o curso promoveu um ensino de qualidade na formação humana e por isso os estudantes desenvolveram sentimentos positivos quanto ao curso. Promoveu os estudantes a novas oportunidades na sua vida social, inclusive com ingresso na universidade. A tese geral aponta para a potencialidade do PROEJA do Câmpus Rio Grande, na transformação da realidade do sujeito, apesar do alto índice de evasão e da inadequação do curso.

A network approach to overcoming barriers to market engagement for SMEs in energy efficiency initiatives such as the Green Deal

The Green Deal (GD) was launched in 2013 by the UK Government as a market-led scheme to encourage uptake of energy efficiency measures in the UK and create green sector jobs. The scheme closed in July 2015 after 30 months due to government concerns over low uptake and industry standards but additional factors potentially contributed to its failure such as poor scheme design and lack of understanding of the customer and supply chain journey. We explore the role of key delivery agents of GD services, specifically SMEs, and we use the LoCal-Net project as a case study to examine the use of networks to identify and reduce barriers to SME market engagement. We find that SMEs experienced multiple barriers to interaction with the GD such as lack of access to information, training, and confusion over delivery of the scheme but benefited from interaction with the network to access information, improve understanding of the scheme, increasing networking opportunities and forming new business models and partnerships to reduce risk. The importance of SMEs as delivery agents and their role in the design of market-led schemes such as the GD are discussed with recommendations for improving SME engagement in green sector initiatives.

IFRS 9 ‘Financial instruments’: Anticipated effects of the standard change at Kesko Group

IFRS 9 Financial instruments presents the classification and measurement, the impairment and the hedge accounting requirements for accounting of financial instruments. The standard was set by the International Accounting Standards Board to replace IAS 39 Financial instruments: Recognition and Measurement on 1 January 2018. Hence, the long-criticized and complexly experienced requirements for accounting of financial instruments will undergo the most significant reform. This thesis addresses anticipated effects of IFRS 9, focusing on the challenges the new classification and measurement requirements bring forth in the case organization Kesko. This thesis was conducted as an action research, in which, a case study method was applied. The thesis was conducted with a twofold manner, which involved general analysis of IFRS 9 and further covered distinct ambitions related to the case organization. For the general part, empirical data was gathered by interviewing two IFRS experts from KPMG and PwC, while the interviews within the case organization constituted for the case study. Further, the literature on the IFRS 9 was such scant that the theoretical examination was merged with the IFRS experts’ quotations that also strived to contribute to the overall objective of reinforcing the body of research related to the subject. This thesis indicates that IFRS 9 will most fundamentally reform the impairment and the hedge accounting requirements of financial instruments. Regard to impairment, the changes are anticipated to increase the amount of loan-loss provisions, whereas the relaxed hedge accounting requirements are expected to encourage more companies to commence the application of hedge accounting. The thesis provides empirical support on that the term business model for managing financial assets, introduced in IFRS 9, is ably hard to comprehend and remains ambiguous. It goes on to argue that the most prominent issue in defining the business model for managing financial assets is the limits set in IFRS 9 for selling financial assets. In consideration of Kesko, this thesis finds that the key effects of IFRS 9 are anticipated to be the reshaping of the organization’s treasury policy and further examination of the possibility to apply hedge accounting for foreign exchange derivatives. What is more, the thesis presumes that complying the requirements of IFRS 9 Kesko will apply the hold to collect and sell model for managing financial assets in future.

Johdon harkinnanvaraisuus tuloksenjärjestelyn mahdollistajana IFRS-kontekstissa – Tilintarkastajan näkökulma

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan johdon harkinnanvaraisuutta tuloksenjärjestelyn mahdollistajana IFRS-kontekstissa tilintarkastajan näkökulmasta. Tuloksenjärjestely ilmenee silloin, kun johto käyttää harkinnanvaraisuutta taloudellisessa raportoinnissa ja muuttaa raportointia sellaiseksi, joka ei vastaa yrityksen sen hetkistä taloudellista suoriutumista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on saada selville, miten harkinnanvaraisuuden oikeellisuudesta voidaan varmentua IFRS-raportointia noudattavissa, suomalaisissa yhtiöissä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarjota uutta tietoa IFRS:n sisältämästä harkinnanvaraisuudesta nojautumalla tilintarkastajan näkökulmaan. Tämän tavoitteena on lisätä informaatiota puutteellisesta näkökulmasta, millä avataan myös aikaisempien tutkimustuloksien ristiriitaa liittyen tuloksenjärjestelyn harjoittamisen mahdollisuuksiin IFRS-kontekstissa. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on saada selville, miten johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuutta voidaan kyseenalaistaa. Tuloksenjärjestelyä käsittävä tutkimus on lähes poikkeuksetta kvantitatiivista keskittyen tilinpäätöksistä johdettuihin, yleistettäviin tilastollisiin analyyseihin. Tuloksenjärjestelyn on kuitenkin todettu olevan aiempaa tiedettyä monimuotoisempi ilmiö, joka edellyttää kvantitatiivisten menetelmien sijaan kvalitatiivista lähestymistapaa. Tämä tutkielma keskittyykin tutkimaan tuloksenjärjestelyä laadullisin menetelmin käyttämällä toiminta-analyyttista tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto muodostuu puolestaan neljästä puolistrukturoidusta yksilöhaastattelusta. Kaikki haastateltavat työskentelevät KHT-tilintarkastajina yhdessä Suomen suurimmassa tilintarkastusorganisaatiossa. Tämä tutkimus vahvistaa aikaisempia tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan IFRS-standardit edellyttävät runsaasti johdon harkintaa. Lisäksi tässä tutkielmassa todetaan, että arvionvaraisten erien tarkastamiseen on useita eri tapoja. Mikään näistä ei kuitenkaan tarjoa tilintarkastajille absoluuttista vastausta siitä, onko harkintaa käytetty asianmukaisella tavalla. Tämän vuoksi tilintarkastajat joutuvatkin usein tasapainottelemaan johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuuden suhteen. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaitaan, että tilintarkastajien kynnys lähteä kyseenalaistamaan johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuutta on korkea. Ensimmäiseksi tämä tutkimus lisää ymmärrystä tilintarkastajien merkityksestä harkinnanvaraisten erien tarkastamisessa. Tutkielman mukaan harkinnanvaraiset erät eivät nimittäin ole aiemman tietämyksen tapaan pelkästään alttiita johdon subjektiivisille näkemyksille, vaan niiden tarkastaminen edellyttää myös tilintarkastajilta subjektiivista tulkintaa. Toiseksi tämä tutkimus tuo uutuusarvoa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin nostamalla esiin tilintarkastajien kokeman riskin asiakasmenetyksistä osana harkinnanvaraisten erien tarkastamista ja kyseenalaistamista.

IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteet Venäjällä

Talouden globalisaation seurauksena yhä useammat yritykset hakevat kansainvälistä rahoitusta toiminnalleen, mistä johtuen kasvava joukko rahoittajia sijoittaa kotimaansa ulkopuolella toimiviin yrityksiin. Tällaisten sijoittajien on kyettävä luotettavasti vertailemaan eri maissa toimivia yrityksiä ja niiden taloudellista informaatiota keskenään. IFRS-standardien tarkoituksena on synnyttää kansainvälisesti vertailukelpoisia tilinpäätöksiä yrityksen kotimaasta riippumatta. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on esitetty, että IFRS-standardeihin siirtymisen jälkeenkin yrityksen kotimaan taloudellisen raportoinnin kulttuuri ja käytännöt näkyvät kyseisen yrityksen IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä, mikä johtaa tilinpäätösten vertailukelpoisuuden heikentymiseen. Tutkimuksissa on tunnistettu erilaisia tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat kansallisten erityispiirteiden säilymiseen eri maiden IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteitä sekä laatia teoreettinen viitekehys venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisesta. Tässä tutkielmassa käytetään käsiteanalyyttista tutkimusotetta. Tarkoituksena on aikaisemman tutkimuksen pohjalta laatia IFRS-raportoinnin kansallisten erityispiirteiden muodostumisen yleinen viitekehys, jonka avulla tarkastellaan venäläistä IFRS-raportointia ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tarkastelun pohjalta laaditaan hypoteeseja, joita käytetään avauksena asiantuntijahaastattelussa. Tarkastelun ja tehdyn asiantuntijahaastattelun pohjalta esitetään lopullinen jalostunut viitekehys venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisesta. Tutkielman tuloksena esitetyssä viitekehyksessä tunnistetaan kahden tasoisia tekijöitä venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisessa: motiiveja ja mahdollisuuksia. Erityispiirteiden muodostumiseen liittyviä motiiveja löytyy esimerkiksi Venäjän talousjärjestelmästä ja verotusjärjestelmästä. Tunnistettuja motiiveja ovat valtiojohtoinen markkinatalous, laillisen toimintaympäristön epävarmuus, verotuksen ja kirjanpidon yhteys sekä konservatismi ja salailu kirjanpidon arvoina. Venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteitä mahdollistavia tekijöitä ovat väärinymmärrykset standardien tulkinnoissa, eri versioiden käyttäminen IFRS-standardeista sekä IFRS-standardien mahdollistama raportoijan oman harkinnan käyttö. Viimeisenä mainittu tekijä tunnistettiin erityisen merkittävänä erityispiirteiden muodostumisessa. Sen kautta venäläisen taloudellisen raportoinnin kulttuuriin liittyvät tekijät kuten verotuksen vaikutus kirjanpitoon voi näkyä myös yritysten lopullisissa IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä.

Marketing in SMEs: the sales process of SMEs on the food and drink industry.

There would appear to be varied approaches to the sales process practiced by SMEs in how they go about locating target customers, interfacing with prospects and new customers, presenting the benefits and features of their products and services, closing sales deals and building relationships, and an understanding of what the buyers needs are in the seller-buyer process. Recent research has revealed that while entrepreneurs and small business owners rely upon networking as an important source of sales, they lack marketing competencies, including personal selling skills and knowledge of what is involved in the sales process to close sales deals and build relationships. Small companies and start-ups with innovative products and services often find it difficult to persuade potential buyers of the merits of their offerings because, while the products and services may be excellent, they have not sufficiently well-developed selling skills necessary to persuade their target customers.

Conceptual guidelines for the international expansion of SMEs from Curaçao

Internationalization and moving to new markets can create many opportunities for small businesses across the globe, but also presents a number of new challenges they will face, which may influence their competitive advantage in the global market -- Present paper aims to provide an internationalization guide for SMEs from Curaçao -- Also the determinants that can impact internationalization will be discussed -- In this paper, three widely researched internationalization models form the basis of the theoretical perspectives of this paper; the traditional Uppsala model, the Network model and the Linkage, Leverage and Learning model

Worldwide convergence of IFRS: Evidence from the global automotive industry

Worldwide convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), ongoing since 2002, is a requirement if international comparability between publicly listed companies is to be ensured. Convergence is examined from the point of view of regulators, accountants, and users of financial information. For this purpose, data on 534 companies from the global automotive industry is used. This paper concludes that worldwide convergence is mostly being effective. Its triumph, however, varies depending on the set of accounting standards being compared to IFRS. Options within IFRS, national tax regulation, cultural differences, different company strategies and country resistance are found to hinder convergence.

Impactos da adoção do padrão contábil IFRS no Brasil : houve redução na percepção do risco de seleção adversa pelos credores não bancários das empresas de capital aberto brasileiras?

Dissertação (mestrado)—UnB/UFPB/UFRN, Programa MultiInstitucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2016.

The contribution of the entrepreneurial orientation to SMEs profitability: a contingent analysis that considers the environment role

This paper aims first to show the effect of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on SMEs financial performance, and second, to propose a contingency model which explores the moderating effects of environmental hostility of the relationship EO –financial performance -- To examine the research hypotheses, a sample of 121 manufacturing SMEs located in Catalonia, Spain has been used -- The results confirm a positive EO-financial performance relation, and suggest that a more positive relation exists when there is an adjustment between the EO and the environment -- Finally, the academic and entrepreneurial implications related to the EO and the SMEs environment are presented and discussed