Growing Up in Exile : An Ethnography of Somali Youth Raised in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

La violence chronique qui caractérise la Somalie depuis plus de deux décennies a forcé près de deux millions de personnes à fuir. Cette ethnographie étudie l’expérience de l’asile prolongé de jeunes Somaliens qui ont grandi au camp de Kakuma, au Kenya. Leur expérience est hors du commun, bien qu’un nombre croissant de réfugiés passent de longues années dans des camps pourtant conçus comme temporaires, en vertu de la durée des conflits et de la normalisation de pratiques de mise à l’écart de populations « indésirables ». Nous explorons la perception qu’ont ces jeunes de leur environnement et de quelle façon leur exil structure leur perception du passé et de leur pays d’origine, et de leur futur. Ce faisant, nous considérons à la fois les spécificités du contexte et l’environnement global, afin de comprendre comment l’expérience des gens est façonnée par (et façonne) les dynamiques sociales, politiques, économiques et historiques. Nous observons que le camp est, et demeure, un espace de confinement, indépendamment de sa durée d’existence ; bien que conçu comme un lieu de gestion rationnelle des populations, le camp devient un monde social où se développent de nouvelles pratiques ; les jeunes Somaliens font preuve d’agentivité et interprètent leur expérience de manière à rendre leur quotidien acceptable ; ces derniers expriment une frustration croissante lorsque leurs études sont terminées et qu’ils peinent à s’établir en tant qu’adultes, ce qui exacerbe leur désir de quitter le camp. En effet, même s’il existe depuis plus de 20 ans, le camp demeure un lieu de transition. L’expérience de jeunes Somaliens qui ont grandi dans un camp de réfugiés n’a pas été étudiée auparavant. Nous soutenons que cette expérience est caractérisée par des tensions entre contraintes et opportunités, mobilité et immobilité, isolation et connexion ou victimisation et affirmation du sujet – et des temporalités contradictoires. Cette étude souligne que des notions comme la convivialité ou la pluralité des appartenances développées dans la littérature sur la cohabitation interethnique dans les villes ou sur l’identité des migrants aident à appréhender le réalité du camp. Cette ethnographie montre également que, loin d’être des victimes passives, les réfugiés contribuent à trouver des solutions à leur exil.

Monte Carlo Study of the Growth of L12 ordered domains in fcc A3B binary alloys

A Monte Carlo study of the late time growth of L12-ordered domains in a fcc A3B binary alloy is presented. The energy of the alloy has been modeled by a nearest-neighbor interaction Ising Hamiltonian. The system exhibits a fourfold degenerated ground state and two kinds of interfaces separating ordered domains: flat and curved antiphase boundaries. Two different dynamics are used in the simulations: the standard atom-atom exchange mechanism and the more realistic vacancy-atom exchange mechanism. The results obtained by both methods are compared. In particular we study the time evolution of the excess energy, the structure factor and the mean distance between walls. In the case of atom-atom exchange mechanism anisotropic growth has been found: two characteristic lengths are needed in order to describe the evolution. Contrarily, with the vacancyatom exchange mechanism scaling with a single length holds. Results are contrasted with existing experiments in Cu3Au and theories for anisotropic growth.

Chaotic dynamics of electric-field domains in periodically driven superlattices

Self-sustained time-dependent current oscillations under dc voltage bias have been observed in recent experiments on n-doped semiconductor superlattices with sequential resonant tunneling. The current oscillations are caused by the motion and recycling of the domain wall separating low- and high-electric-field regions of the superlattice, as the analysis of a discrete drift model shows and experimental evidence supports. Numerical simulation shows that different nonlinear dynamical regimes of the domain wall appear when an external microwave signal is superimposed on the dc bias and its driving frequency and driving amplitude vary. On the frequency-amplitude parameter plane, there are regions of entrainment and quasiperiodicity forming Arnold tongues. Chaos is demonstrated to appear at the boundaries of the tongues and in the regions where they overlap. Coexistence of up to four electric-field domains randomly nucleated in space is detected under ac+dc driving.

Artificial boundary conditions for the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations in domains that are layer-like at infinity

Artificial boundary conditions are presented to approximate solutions to Stokes- and Navier-Stokes problems in domains that are layer-like at infinity. Based on results about existence and asymptotics of the solutions v^infinity, p^infinity to the problems in the unbounded domain Omega the error v^infinity - v^R, p^infinity - p^R is estimated in H^1(Omega_R) and L^2(Omega_R), respectively. Here v^R, p^R are the approximating solutions on the truncated domain Omega_R, the parameter R controls the exhausting of Omega. The artificial boundary conditions involve the Steklov-Poincare operator on a circle together with its inverse and thus turn out to be a combination of local and nonlocal boundary operators. Depending on the asymptotic decay of the data of the problems, in the linear case the error vanishes of order O(R^{-N}), where N can be arbitrarily large.

Church-Rosser groups and growing context-sensitive groups

A finitely generated group is called a Church-Rosser group (growing context-sensitive group) if it admits a finitely generated presentation for which the word problem is a Church-Rosser (growing context-sensitive) language. Although the Church-Rosser languages are incomparable to the context-free languages under set inclusion, they strictly contain the class of deterministic context-free languages. As each context-free group language is actually deterministic context-free, it follows that all context-free groups are Church-Rosser groups. As the free abelian group of rank 2 is a non-context-free Church-Rosser group, this inclusion is proper. On the other hand, we show that there are co-context-free groups that are not growing context-sensitive. Also some closure and non-closure properties are established for the classes of Church-Rosser and growing context-sensitive groups. More generally, we also establish some new characterizations and closure properties for the classes of Church-Rosser and growing context-sensitive languages.

Ontology merging with formal concept analysis

Ontologies have been established for knowledge sharing and are widely used as a means for conceptually structuring domains of interest. With the growing usage of ontologies, the problem of overlapping knowledge in a common domain becomes critical. In this short paper, we address two methods for merging ontologies based on Formal Concept Analysis: FCA-Merge and ONTEX. --- FCA-Merge is a method for merging ontologies following a bottom-up approach which offers a structural description of the merging process. The method is guided by application-specific instances of the given source ontologies. We apply techniques from natural language processing and formal concept analysis to derive a lattice of concepts as a structural result of FCA-Merge. The generated result is then explored and transformed into the merged ontology with human interaction. --- ONTEX is a method for systematically structuring the top-down level of ontologies. It is based on an interactive, top-down- knowledge acquisition process, which assures that the knowledge engineer considers all possible cases while avoiding redundant acquisition. The method is suited especially for creating/merging the top part(s) of the ontologies, where high accuracy is required, and for supporting the merging of two (or more) ontologies on that level.

Cassava root peel as a replacement for maize in diets for growing pigs: effects on energy and nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate cassava root peel (CRP) as diet component for fattening pigs. In the first experiment, ten male pigs were used to investigate the nutrient digestibility and the nutritive value of CRP as replacement for maize in the diet at 0 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 % and 60 %, while supplementing free amino acids (fAA). During two experimental periods, faeces were quantitatively collected and analysed for chemical composition. In the second experiment, 40 pigs received the same diets as in Experiment 1, and daily feed intake and weekly weight changes were recorded. Four pigs per diet were slaughtered at 70 kg body weight to evaluate carcass traits. Digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and gross energy were depressed (p<0.05) at 60 % CRP; digestible energy content (MJ kg^(−1) DM) was 15.4 at 0 % CRP and 12.7 at 60 % CRP. In the second experiment, CRP inclusion had only a small impact on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05) as well as on the length of the small intestine and the Longissimus dorsi muscle area. The missing correlation of daily weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio up to a CRP inclusion of 40 % indicates that negative effects of CRP on pig growth can be avoided by respecting upper feeding limits. Hence, a combined use of CRP and fAA can reduce feeding costs for small-scale pig farmers in countries where this crop-by product is available in large amounts.

Growing through Connections – A Multi-Case Study of Two Alternative Food Networks in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

In a context of urgent global socio-ecological challenges, the aim of this paper has been to explore the potential of localised and socially connected food systems. More specifically, through a multi-case study of two alternative food networks in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, their contribution to a sustainable food paradigm has been explored. An important synergy within the networks is how good food is equated with peasant produce, but issues regarding quantity, delivery arrangement, power relations and inclusiveness constitute potential conflicts. Although challenged by unfavourable trends on national and EU levels, the networks are becoming more embedded horizontally, through an intrinsic focus on community in one case and through quality food stimulating good relations in the other case. The networks contribute to a sustainable food paradigm by promoting agroecology, by reclaiming socio-cultural factors of food provisioning and by being part of a (re)-peasantisation process. Exploring how these kinds of initiatives can emerge, be sustained and be developed is of relevance, especially considering their potential for improving the prospects of environmentally sustainable and socially just futures in Romania and beyond.

An Immersed Interface Method for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations in Irregular Domains

We present an immersed interface method for the incompressible Navier Stokes equations capable of handling rigid immersed boundaries. The immersed boundary is represented by a set of Lagrangian control points. In order to guarantee that the no-slip condition on the boundary is satisfied, singular forces are applied on the fluid at the immersed boundary. The forces are related to the jumps in pressure and the jumps in the derivatives of both pressure and velocity, and are interpolated using cubic splines. The strength of singular forces is determined by solving a small system of equations at each time step. The Navier-Stokes equations are discretized on a staggered Cartesian grid by a second order accurate projection method for pressure and velocity.

A concurrent region growing algorithm guided by circumscribed contours

Image segmentation of natural scenes constitutes a major problem in machine vision. This paper presents a new proposal for the image segmentation problem which has been based on the integration of edge and region information. This approach begins by detecting the main contours of the scene which are later used to guide a concurrent set of growing processes. A previous analysis of the seed pixels permits adjustment of the homogeneity criterion to the region's characteristics during the growing process. Since the high variability of regions representing outdoor scenes makes the classical homogeneity criteria useless, a new homogeneity criterion based on clustering analysis and convex hull construction is proposed. Experimental results have proven the reliability of the proposed approach

A new approach to segmentation based on fusing circumscribed contours, region growing and clustering

One of the major problems in machine vision is the segmentation of images of natural scenes. This paper presents a new proposal for the image segmentation problem which has been based on the integration of edge and region information. The main contours of the scene are detected and used to guide the posterior region growing process. The algorithm places a number of seeds at both sides of a contour allowing stating a set of concurrent growing processes. A previous analysis of the seeds permits to adjust the homogeneity criterion to the regions's characteristics. A new homogeneity criterion based on clustering analysis and convex hull construction is proposed

Can Earth support our growing population?

Para conocer las causas y consecuencias de la explosión demográfica. Invita a los lectores a pensar y expresarse de manera independiente. Incluye actividades que fomentan el pensamiento crítico y creativo para evaluar diferentes perspectivas sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con la población y la distribución de recursos. Para animar al debate se ofrece estudios de casos, relatos, informes, discusiones.

101 more life skills games for children : learning, growing, getting along (ages 9 to 15).

Recurso para todo lo que se refiere a grupos de niños, ya sea en la escuela, en la guardería, o simplemente la hora de organizar una reunión de juego no estructurado. Los juegos son una manera ideal para ayudar a los niños a desarrollar habilidades sociales y emocionales. Cada juego tiene claramente especificados los objetivos, sugerencias de variaciones, y un conjunto de preguntas que ayudan al grupo a reflexionar sobre las cuestiones abordadas en el juego. Los juegos cuentan con la improvisación, la pantomima, juegos de rol, de relajación, de competencia y de cooperación. También hay de movimiento, de lenguaje y juegos de adivinanzas, juegos de corro que ayudan a niños de 9 a 15 años a entender los problemas y necesidades que surgen en la interacción diaria con otros niños.

101 life skills games for children : learning, growing, getting along (ages 6 to 12).

Recurso para todo lo que se refiere a grupos de niños, ya sea en la escuela, en la guardería, o simplemente la hora de organizar una reunión de juego no estructurado. Los juegos son una manera ideal para ayudar a los niños a desarrollar habilidades sociales y emocionales. Cada juego tiene claramente especificados los objetivos, sugerencias de variaciones, y un conjunto de preguntas que ayudan al grupo a reflexionar sobre las cuestiones abordadas en el juego. Los juegos cuentan con la improvisación, la pantomima, juegos de rol, de relajación, de competencia y de cooperación. También hay de movimiento, de lenguaje y juegos de adivinanzas, juegos de corro que ayudan a niños de 6 a 12 años a entender los problemas y necesidades que surgen en la interacción diaria con otros niños.