Instrumentos de políticas ambientais, casos de aplicação e seus impactos

O estudo realiza uma discussão teórica sobre os instrumentos tradicionais de política ambiental, como as regulações e os incentivos econômicos. Depois, ele relata os novos avanços para tratar a complexidade das mais urgentes pressões sobre o meio ambiente: o uso apropriado de pacotes de políticas e os acordos negociados. O trabalho analisa alguns casos de aplicação dos instrumentos de políticas ambientais, levando em consideração seus impactos.

Negociação e implementação de acordos de poluição transfronteiriça: o caso Brasil-Uruguai em relação à Termelétrica de Candiota (RS)

Os processos de negociação sobre poluição transfronteiriça na América Latina têm sido pouco analisados. Esta tese examina o caso das negociações, os acordos assinados entre Brasil e Uruguai pelo risco de contaminação transfronteiriça produzida pela Usina Termelétrica Presidente Médici (UTPM) e a implementação dos acordos. O processo é analisado desde o seu início em 1988, estendendo-se até 2002. Em primeiro lugar, a tese explica porque o processo de negociação tornou-se possível. A explicação está baseada em três fatores: a existência de uma relação de confiança mútua e de cooperação desenvolvida através do tempo entre ambos Estados; o interesse dos órgãos brasileiros de controle ambiental em melhorar os controles sobre a UTPM; e a falta de alternativas melhores para as partes. Fatores de contexto – como o processo de integração regional, através do Mercosul, e a mudança na política ambiental brasileira – também contribuíram para que o país se interessasse em resolver o problema. O resultado foi positivo para ambas as partes, que decidiram assinar um acordo para a implementação de um monitoramento conjunto. Este monitoramento não comprovou a existência de chuva ácida no Uruguai. Em segundo lugar, a tese revela que a “fraqueza” institucional dos acordos não foi impedimento para que fossem implementados. Ao contrário, permitiu que as autoridades brasileiras cooperassem com Uruguai na realização de um monitoramento sobre a região. Em terceiro lugar, é mostrado que o processo de implementação dos acordos (1991-2002) favoreceu o aumento da capacidade institucional do órgão de controle ambiental do Uruguai e da FEPAM (Brasil), aperfeiçoou o sistema de controle do comportamento ambiental da empresa, e forçou a UTPM a tomar medidas de melhorias ambientais. Por último, a tese deixa claro que o processo de implementação não foi concluído porque o interesse político pelo tema diminuiu em ambos os países, vindo a se tornar um debate meramente técnico

Mudanças climáticas: um caminho para a avaliação da política pública brasileira para o setor

Diante da relevância da questão das mudanças climáticas para o mundo, esta dissertação tem por objetivo a avaliação da atual política pública brasileira para o tema. Partindo da análise da atual política ambiental brasileira, examina os programas e ações do país voltados para as mudanças climáticas, pesquisa o desenvolvimento dos projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo no Brasil, e avalia a sua atual política pública de mudanças climáticas. Essa avaliação, embora a complexidade do tema, utiliza metodologia caracterizada ao mesmo tempo por sua riqueza e simplicidade, qual seja, a metodologia de avaliação de políticas públicas desenvolvida por Oliveira e Martins (2003). Construída com base nas três principais dimensões a serem consideradas quando da avaliação de políticas públicas: dimensões social, econômica e política, a metodologia de Oliveira e Martins (2003) nesta pesquisa é adaptada para receber, em cada dimensão, atributos (variáveis), e seus respectivos indicadores, relacionados com a questão das mudanças climáticas no Brasil. Selecionados os atributos são inseridos ponderadores com base em pesquisa de campo, em que os entrevistados têm a liberdade de expor as suas preferências. Extendendo-se até o nível de avaliação intermediário da metodologia de avaliação de Oliveira e Martins (2003), esta pesquisa revela como é possível avaliar a política pública brasileira de mudanças climáticas, e quiçá servirá de motivação ao contínuo desenvolvimento do modelo aqui proposto, a fim de servir como mais um instrumento de participação direta da sociedade na definição do rumo que o Brasil deve seguir nas questões climáticas, e que inclusive outras regiões do mundo poderão vir a adotar, dada a flexibilidade de contextualização da referida metodologia de avaliação.

Conselhos gestores em unidades de conservação: caracterização da efetividade na perspectiva dos stakeholders

A participação de atores sociais na governabilidade e na aplicabilidade de políticas públicas no Brasil é tema recorrente em debates da gestão pública (SANTANA, 2011; TENÓRIO, 2002; NASCIMENTO, 1967), e tem sido defendida por organismos de defesa da sustentabilidade e da preservação ambiental como elemento imprescindível para a gestão de territórios naturais (VAN DE KERKHOF, 2006; UICN, 2011; HOCKINGS ET AL, 2006; BRASIL, 2013; ERVIN, 2003a; BRASIL, 2002; 2014). Para a política ambiental em vigência no Brasil, os conselhos gestores de políticas públicas, tradicionais espaços de consulta e controle social das políticas públicas, encontram-se legalmente institucionalizados como fóruns para garantir a participação de atores sociais na gestão das chamadas unidades de conservação, as UCs (BRASIL, 2000; 2002). Entretanto, o respaldo institucional não se traduz por si só em participação social na gestão destes territórios e o cenário é o de um grau reduzido de conselhos gestores em atividade. O presente trabalho assumiu o desafio de identificar os aspectos que caracterizam a efetividade dos conselhos gestores em sua atuação, sob a perspectiva dos atores que integram estes espaços. Para tanto, foi aplicada uma metodologia de caráter exploratório, adotando-se métodos de análise qualitativa a partir da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade. Com o apoio de especialistas em gestão socioambiental, identificou-se conselhos gestores apontados como referências por sua efetividade. E, a partir da perspectiva de especialistas e dos atores que integram tais conselhos gestores em atividade (stakeholders), foi possível compreender variáveis determinantes e fatores como instrumentos e dinâmicas que contribuem para uma atuação efetiva. Concluiu-se que o arcabouço legal e institucional que respalda a existência dos conselhos em unidades de conservação é significativo ao favorecer o envolvimento da sociedade civil, organizações sem fins lucrativos e poder público na gestão de áreas naturais, mas não se traduz por si só em conselhos gestores autônomos e em atividade como fóruns de consulta ou deliberação de questões de interesse para a gestão. Sob a ótica dos stakeholders, a efetividade engloba tanto as ações que geram resultados para a preservação e para o manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais quanto a própria capacidade de existir como um fórum legítimo de debates e de participação social local.

Comunidades tradicionais em áreas protegidas: convergências e lacunas da Política Urbana e Ambiental na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estadual Ponta do Tubarão/RN

This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units

Política ambiental e desenvolvimento urbano na serra do periperi em Vitória da conquista - BA

This present dissertation has as its aim of study an analysis of the environmental policy and the urban development at the Periperi Hill. Such analysis arose due to concerns related to the disordered occupation in that Hill and also due to the environmental problems caused by this occupation. By opening roads and developing areas for housing and mineral extraction activities, man has altered considerably the landscape natural balance in that hill and caused among other difficulties, grave environmental problems, such as the erosin at the hill coast, deforestation, obstruction and pollution of the Verruga River. Therefore, in 1998 it was decreed by the Municipal Public Power that Periperi Hill became an Environmental Preservation Area with a Unit of Conservation known as Periperi Hill Municipal Park, an environmental policy implemented at the Hill that aims to hinder this occupation and to protect areas that are of great environmental importance to the city. It looking at what is now exposed and aiming to consider the Periperi Hill s environmental policy and the relationship of the occupation process, that this present work has the objective of understanding how the expansion of the city s urban network in Vitória da Conquista BA and the mineral activities cause an influence in the process of environmental degradation at the Periperi Hill

Licenciamento ambiental em postos de revenda de combustíveis à luz dos princípios constitucionais de defesas do meio ambiente: o caso do município de Natal/RN

This study approaches the question of the administrative procedure of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, taking as basis a study case of the reality of the City of Natal/RN (Brazil). For in such a way, it was done a retrospect on the evolution of the system of road transport in Brazil, having started to briefly analyze the urbanization process that if after accented in the capitals of the Brazilian States the decade of 1950, relating these subjects with the growth of the sector of fuel resale. After that, it was transferred boarding of the defense of the national environment to the light of ambient principles constitutional. In the sequence, a boarding on the ambient guardianship in the Federal Constitution of 1988 was made, treating basically specifies and on the national urban politics and the national politics of the environment, with its instruments. In the sequence, it was transferred the analysis of the abilities and attributions of the National Advice of the Environment (CONAMA) and its Resolutions, for then only enter in the most important part of this work: an analysis of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, in the reality of the City of Natal/RN. Before this specific boarding, it was proceeded specifically a survey and communication from the applicable norms to such establishments (Resolutions of the CONAMA and norms of the ABNT), for after that carrying through an geo-ambient characterization of the City of Natal/RN. Finally, a reflection was made on the possibility of magnifying of the state activity, in terms of guarantees for the responsible members for the environmental policy and of administrative efficiency, through the idea of the ambient regulation. For the accomplishment of this study, it was proceeded research in diverse sources such as books, magazines, sites of the Internet, periodicals, thesis and dissertations, among others material, beyond visits the agencies that direct or indirectly act with the ambient defense and as fuel resale, such as Secretariat of Environment and Urbanism of the City of Natal (SEMURB), Institute of Economic Development and Environment of RN (IDEMA), Brazilian Institute of the Environment and the Natural resources You renewed, Executive Management of RN (IBAMA/RN), Public prosecutor's office of the Environment of Natal (Public prosecution service of the RN), National Agency of Oil (ANP) and Union of the Retailing of Derivatives of Oil of the RN, among others. To the end, satiated regulation is observed that although on the substance of the ambient licensing in ranks of fuel resale, also with federal, state and municipal norms, the municipal Public Power is very far from the fulfilment of its institutional functions, in the question environmental policy of these establishments, a time that few are the permitted ranks of resale in the city of Natal/RN

What Role Should Government Regulation Play in Ecological Restoration? Ongoing Debate in São Paulo State, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A sustainable alternative for cooling the machining processes using a refrigerant fluid in recirculation inside the toolholder

This article presents a cooling system for cutting tool in turning based in a toolholder with cooling fluid flowing inside its body being that this fluid must necessarily be able to phase change due to heat generated from machining processes. In this way, the fluid evaporates just under the cutting tool allowing a heat transfer more efficient than if were used a fluid without phase change once the latent heat of evaporation is beneficial for removal heat. Following, the cooling fluid evaporated passes through a condenser located out of the toolholder where it is condensated and returns to the toolholder again and a new cycle is started. In this study, the R-123, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) fluid, was selected for the turning of a Cr-Ni-Nb-Mn-N austenitic steel of hard machinability. The machining tests were carried out under three different machining conditions: dry machining, external cutting fluid (conventional method), and with the toolholder proposed. As result, the developed system allows a surface roughness up to 10% better than dry machining and a tool life close to the conventional method, but 32% superior to dry machining; moreover, there are environmental and economics advantages once the cooling fluid is maintained in a loop circuit.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of modified silica in the removal and preconcentration of lead ions from natural river water

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Atores sociais e política ambiental urbana do Município de Mossoró/RN pelo prisma das cartografias sociais analíticas

It starts with the understanding that the relationship between society / nature is largely problematic in a context of socio-environmental crisis. In this context, we use the principle of hope to plan and work out new ways of understanding social reality, the relationship between science and alternative knowledge. The research is to investigate how the actors influence the social construction of urban environmental policy of the city of Mossoró / RN with reference to the processes of implementing the Master Plan and Agenda 21 of the municipality. The hypothesis of this research is that the Environmental Policy in Mossley has a normative character that is expressed primarily in the creation of an institutional political framework to manage environmental issues involving so incidental and or functional society participation mossoroense. Thus questioned who are the actors that build environmental policy Mossoró / RN. The specific objectives of this research are: Identify the environmental dimension of the Master Plan Agenda 21 articulated Mossoró / RN mapping information from the managers, engineers and members of the Municipal Environment and Municipal Council of Cities on the operation of urban environmental policy mossoroense and how it is performed by the Manager of Environmental Management in conjunction with the Department of Environment and Territorial Development (SEDETMA) and Executive Management of Urban Development. As a methodology, we used the method of the sociology of absences and emergencies in conjunction with the ecology of knowledge and productivity. It is a qualitative research and documentary, which was used as the Master Plan documents Mossoró / RN, minutes of meetings of boards and complementarity were carried out 12 semi-structured interviews with managers and directors of the Urban Environmental Policy of the Municipality of Mossoró / RN. They used also the social analytical or thematic maps for the translation of the dialogue among social partners, managers and directors who make the Environmental Policy Council. We conclude that these dialogues and experiences point to the construction of an environmental policy more participatory and effective, committed to individual and collective transformation of society mossoroense

ENERGY GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING MODEL CONSIDERING EMISSIONS CONSTRAINTS

The generation expansion planning (GEP) problem consists in determining the type of technology, size, location and time at which new generation units must be integrated to the system, over a given planning horizon, to satisfy the forecasted energy demand. Over the past few years, due to an increasing awareness of environmental issues, different approaches to solve the GEP problem have included some sort of environmental policy, typically based on emission constraints. This paper presents a linear model in a dynamic version to solve the GEP problem. The main difference between the proposed model and most of the works presented in the specialized literature is the way the environmental policy is envisaged. Such policy includes: i) the taxation of CO(2) emissions, ii) an annual Emissions Reduction Rate (ERR) in the overall system, and iii) the gradual retirement of old inefficient generation plants. The proposed model is applied in an 11-region to design the most cost-effective and sustainable 10-technology US energy portfolio for the next 20 years.

Sustainable development: changing production patterns, social equity and the environment

Includes bibliography

Ecoeficiencia y desarrollo de infraestructura urbana sostenible en Asia y América Latina: Residuos y reducción de gases de efecto invernadero: el caso de Chile

Incluye bibliografía

Science and technology for sustainable development: a Latin American perspective

This publication, compiled by Gilberto C. Gallopín, Regional Adviser in Environmental Policy for Latin America and the Caribbean, contains the results of the deliberations of the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development. The purpose of the Workshop was to discuss the practical, theoretical and organizational challenges that the quest for sustainable development poses to science and technology (S&T). The increase in complexity and connectivity characteristic of our times results in that the components of the problems are now much less separable than before, and emphasizes the need to approach the problems of development and the environment not only as complex issues in themselves, but also as inseparable and mutually determined. This represents an exceptional challenge to science and technology, particularly to the analytical approaches compartmentalized into disciplines, which represents the bulk of activities and priorities of current S&T systems in both north and south. The Workshop attempted to articulate a Latin American and Caribbean vision towards the search of more effective ways of generating and applying Science and Technology to the problems and opportunities of the region.