Juvenile Delinquency Services Report, 2008

Delinquency services programs (also referred to as graduated sanctions) are available to youth across Iowa who have been adjudicated delinquent and/or placed into such programming by the Courts. Programming is provided through Juvenile Court Services across eight Judicial Districts

Juvenile Delinquency Services Report, 2008

Delinquency services programs (also referred to as graduated sanctions) are available to youth across Iowa who have been adjudicated delinquent and/or placed into such programming by the Courts. Programming is provided through Juvenile Court Services across eight Judicial Districts

Juvenile Delinquency Services Report, October 2009

Delinquency services programs (also referred to as graduated sanctions) are available to youth across Iowa who have been adjudicated delinquent and/or placed into such programming by the Courts. Programming is provided through Juvenile Court Services across eight Judicial Districts.

Droit d'auteur sur internet: le cadre juridique actuel est-il suffisant?

Selon un rapport du Conseil fédéral publié en novembre 2011, le droit d'auteur actuel serait adapté à l'ère numérique. Un examen critique de cette conclusion montre qu'il n'en est rien. En effet, le droit positif ne peut pas être mis en oeuvre, pour des raisons qui dépassent de loin la problématique de la protection des données ayant fait l'objet de l'arrêt Logistep. D'une part, il est difficile de prouver les atteintes au droit d'auteur sur internet. D'autre part, les sanctions civiles pécuniaires d'infractions au droit d'auteur sont peu adaptées lorsque des oeuvres sont mises en ligne à titre gratuit.

Exposure to superfluous information reduces cooperation and increases antisocial punishment in reputation-based interactions

Human cooperation is often based on reputation gained from previous interactions with third parties. Such reputation can be built on generous or punitive actions, and both, one's own reputation and the reputation of others have been shown to influence decision making in experimental games that control for confounding variables. Here we test how reputation-based cooperation and punishment react to disruption of the cognitive processing in different kinds of helping games with observers. Saying a few superfluous words before each interaction was used to possibly interfere with working memory. In a first set of experiments, where reputation could only be based on generosity, the disruption reduced the frequency of cooperation and lowered mean final payoffs. In a second set of experiments where reputation could only be based on punishment, the disruption increased the frequency of antisocial punishment (i.e. of punishing those who helped) and reduced the frequency of punishing defectors. Our findings suggest that working memory can easily be constraining in reputation-based interactions within experimental games, even if these games are based on a few simple rules with a visual display that provides all the information the subjects need to play the strategies predicted from current theory. Our findings also highlight a weakness of experimental games, namely that they can be very sensitive to environmental variation and that quantitative conclusions about antisocial punishment or other behavioral strategies can easily be misleading.

Governor's Youth Race and Detention Task Force; Full Force, May 2009

This report, the Full Report, is the culmination of the Task Force’s responsibilities as set out in Executive Order 5, dated October 30, 2007. The Executive Order specifies a number of goals and report requirements.There is a commonly held perception that the use of detention may serve as a deterrent to future delinquency. Data in this report reflect that approximately 40% of youth detained in 2006 were re-detained in 2006. Research conducted by national experts indicates that, particularly for low risk/low level offenders, that the use of detention is not neutral, and may increase the likelihood of recidivism. Comparable data for Iowa are not available (national data studied for this report provide level of risk, but risk level related to detention is not presently available for Iowa). The Task Force finds no evidence suggesting that recidivism levels (as related to detention risk) in Iowa should be different than found in other states. Data in this report also suggest that detention is one of the juvenile justice system’s more costly sanctions ($257 - $340 per day). Other sites and local jurisdictions have been able to redirect savings from the reduced use of juvenile detention to support less costly, community-based detention alternatives without compromising public safety.

State of Iowa Delinquency Services Report, FY2007

Delinquency services programming (also referred to as graduated sanctions) is available to youth across Iowa who have been adjudicated delinquent and/or placed into such programming by the Courts. Programming is provided through Juvenile Court Services across eight Judicial Districts.

The evolution of anti-social rewarding and its countermeasures in public goods games.

Cooperation in joint enterprises can easily break down when self-interests are in conflict with collective benefits, causing a tragedy of the commons. In such social dilemmas, the possibility for contributors to invest in a common pool-rewards fund, which will be shared exclusively among contributors, can be powerful for averting the tragedy, as long as the second-order dilemma (i.e. withdrawing contribution to reward funds) can be overcome (e.g. with second-order sanctions). However, the present paper reveals the vulnerability of such pool-rewarding mechanisms to the presence of reward funds raised by defectors and shared among them (i.e. anti-social rewarding), as it causes a cooperation breakdown, even when second-order sanctions are possible. I demonstrate that escaping this social trap requires the additional condition that coalitions of defectors fare poorly compared with pro-socials, with either (i) better rewarding abilities for the latter or (ii) reward funds that are contingent upon the public good produced beforehand, allowing groups of contributors to invest more in reward funds than groups of defectors. These results suggest that the establishment of cooperation through a collective positive incentive mechanism is highly vulnerable to anti-social rewarding and requires additional countermeasures to act in combination with second-order sanctions.

An horizon scan of biogeography

The opportunity to reflect broadly on the accomplishments, prospects, and reach of a field may present itself relatively infrequently. Each biennial meeting of the International Biogeography Society showcases ideas solicited and developed largely during the preceding year, by individuals or teams from across the breadth of the discipline. Here, we highlight challenges, developments, and opportunities in biogeography that were summarized at or emerge from that biennial synthesis. We note the realized and potential impact of rapid data accumulation in several fields, a Renaissance for inter-disciplinary research, the importance of recognizing the evolution-ecology continuum across spatial and temporal scales and at different taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional levels, and re-exploration of classical assumptions and hypotheses using new tools. However, advances are taxonomically and geographically biased, key theoretical frameworks await development of tools for handling, or strategies for simplifying, the biological complexity seen in empirical systems. Current threats to biodiversity require unprecedented integration of knowledge and development of predictive capacity which may enable biogeography to unite its descriptive and hypothetico-deductive arms and establish a greater role within and outside academia

Is the ATIC terminology oriented to nursing phenomena?

The main goal of this observational and descriptive study is to evaluate whether the diagnosis axis of a nursing interface terminology meets the content validity criterion of being nursing-phenomena oriented. Nursing diagnosis concepts were analyzed in terms of presence in the nursing literature, type of articles published and areas of disciplinary interest. The search strategy was conducted in three databases with limits in relation to period and languages. The final analysis included 287 nursing diagnosis concepts. The results showed that most of the concepts were identified in the scientific literature, with a homogeneous distribution of types of designs. Most of these concepts (87.7%) were studied from two or more areas of disciplinary interest. Validity studies on disciplinary controlled vocabularies may contribute to demonstrate the nursing influence on patients" outcomes.

Analyse de contrefaçons de médicaments et renseignement forensique

La contrefaçon de médicaments est un phénomène qui s'est amplifié ces dernières années et touche désormais toutes les régions du monde. Les réseaux de production et de distribution impliqués constituent de véritables industries. Malgré les répercussions dramatiques au niveau sanitaire et économique, les sanctions légales sont souvent inappropriées, non appliquées ou inapplicables. Les méthodes traditionnelles d'investigation, souffrant d'une absence de stratégie et de démarche structurée, sont partiellement désarmées face à ce problème. En tant que principales cibles économiques, les entreprises pharmaceutiques ont développé des mesures de protection de leurs produits ainsi que des méthodes analytiques pour différencier les contrefaçons des médicaments authentiques. Davantage d'informations peuvent néanmoins être révélées pour le renseignement à partir des données analytiques. Les saisies de contrefaçon représentent en effet les seules traces tangibles, les seuls témoins du problème. Dans cette optique le profilage des saisies, qui constitue le coeur de ce travail, est le meilleur moyen de détecter les productions organisées et industrialisées de cette forme de criminalité. L'étude porte sur plusieurs saisies d'un type de gélules Roche régulièrement visé par les contrefacteurs. Des éléments pertinents des gélules et de l'emballage contrefaits, intégrés à une banque de données organisée, ont permis de révéler de pertinentes informations. De nombreux liens, à l'origine inconnus, ont en effet pu être dévoilés et observés entre les saisies à différents niveaux de la production, soutenant l'hypothèse d'un réseau principal de contrefacteurs dominant le marché, alors même que le nombre de saisies à disposition était limité. L'interprétation des liens grâce aux informations circonstancielles a permis de fournir des indications sur la fabrication et la distribution des contrefaçons provenant de ce réseau. Cette approche, généralisable à d'autres types de médicament, est un témoignage du fort potentiel que possède le renseignement provenant des données analytiques pour la compréhension du crime organisé.

La Suisse et l'Afrique du Sud, 1945-1990 : commerce, finance et achats d'or durant l'apartheid

Ce travail se concentre sur le rôle des échanges commerciaux, des mouvements de capitaux et du négoce de l'or dans les relations entre la Suisse et l'Afrique du Sud de 1945 à 1990, sans faire l'impasse sur les dimensions politiques et sociales et sur le contexte international, dont l'influence sur les liens économiques bilatéraux est significative. Ce constat est d'autant plus pertinent en ce qui concerne les rapports avec un Etat engagé dans une politique basée sur la discrimination et l'oppression raciales, politique qui sera l'objet, dès la fin des années 1940 de critiques reposant sur les droits de l'homme et l'anticolonialisme. D'abord cantonnées au sein de l'Assemblée générale de l'ONU, ces attaques contre la politique de l'apartheid seront relayées, dès le début des années 1960, par des associations antiracistes dans le monde entier, et évolueront, tardivement, vers une politique étatique de sanctions économiques internationales, prises à grande échelle dès le milieu des années 1980. Dans ce contexte, il apparaît que les facteurs principalement d'ordre économique mais également fondés sur une proximité idéologique ayant conduit à l'établissement, dès la fin des années 1940, d'un «climat de confiance »réciproque entre les milieux industriels et bancaires helvétiques et l'establishment blanc sud-africain, aient été suffisamment solides pour perdurer jusqu'à la fin de l'apartheid. De plus, le développement des liens d'affaires entre les deux pays a été favorisé par la politique du gouvernement helvétique vis-à-vis du régime de Pretoria. En effet, si la Suisse officielle «condamne moralement» l'apartheid, elle se montrera inflexible dans son refus d'appliquer des mesures économiques contraignantes. Ce travail vise en premier lieu à améliorer la compréhension du rôle des grandes banques suisses dans la commercialisation de l'or sud-africain et, plus largement, dans l'évolution du marché international du métal jaune. L'intérêt scientifique de creuser ce domaine peut être résumé en trois points. Premièrement, ce champ a été peu approfondi dans l'historiographie sur les rapports économiques entre la Suisse et l'Afrique du Sud, bien que le négoce de l'or représente un élément crucial dans le renforcement des liens d'affaires entre les deux pays et qu'il ait été grandement facilité par la politique des autorités helvétiques en matière d'or. De plus, la volonté des grandes banques suisses d'obtenir un arrangement privilégié pour la commercialisation de l'or sud-africain constitue également un élément explicatif de l'intérêt accru de la place financière helvétique à investir en Afrique du Sud dès la fin du Second Conflit mondial. En fait, exportations de capitaux et négoce de l'or sont intrinsèquement liés. Si la place financière helvétique s'est profilée dès la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale comme un centre de premier ordre, il semble - et cela constitue le deuxième intérêt d'approfondir la thématique du négoce de l'or - que les établissements bancaires suisses estimaient que leur compétitivité en tant que place financière internationale serait consolidée grâce au contrôle de la commercialisation du métal jaune du premier producteur mondial. Et, selon l'hypothèse développée dans ce travail, le commerce de l'or a effectivement joué un rôle significatif dans le développement spectaculaire de la place financière suisse durant les soixante dernières années. Troisièmement, la bataille qui se joue autour du contrôle du commerce de l'or sud-africain dès les années 1950 donne un éclairage original à l'analyse historique de la rivalité entre les places financières londonienne et suisse, un aspect encore largement inexploré dans les relations économiques entre la Grande-Bretagne et la Suisse.

Addressing non-communicable diseases in the Seychelles: towards a comprehensive plan of action.

This article reviews the different steps taken during the past 20 years for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Seychelles. National surveys revealed high levels of several cardiovascular risk factors and prompted an organized response, starting with the creation of an NCD unit in the Ministry of Health. Information campaigns and nationwide activities raised awareness and rallied increasingly broad and high-level support. Significant policy was developed including comprehensive tobacco legislation and a School Nutrition Policy that bans soft drinks in schools. NCD guidelines were developed and specialized 'NCD nurses' were trained to complement doctors in district health centers. Decreasing smoking prevalence is evidence of success, but the raising so-called diabesity epidemic calls for an integrated multi-sector policy to mould an environment conducive to healthy behaviors. Essential components of these efforts include: effective surveillance mechanisms supplemented by focused research; generating broad interest and consensus; mobilizing leadership and commitment at all levels; involving local and international expertise; building on existing efforts; and seeking integrated, multi-disciplinary and multi-sector approaches.

Unnatural Mothers, Mothering Unnaturally: Technologies of Reproduction and the Politics of Maternity in Hiromi Goto's "Hopeful Monsters"

Through scientific discourse and reproductive technologies, the reproductive body and the maternal body continue to be constructed as ‘natural’. At the same time,these technologies have begun to blur the boundaries between what is consideredan acceptable reproductive body, and consequently an acceptable maternal body,and an unnatural or a socially undesireable one. As science purports to offerwomen greater control over how and when they choose to procreate, through methods which range between delaying or eliminating the possibility of contraception to those which extend the possibility of conception to postmenopausal or infertile women, these same procedures raise questions about thenature and ‘naturalness’ of reproduction. Added to these concerns are thesuitablility of the reproductive body as a maternal body. Consequently, and moreand more frequently, bodies which defy ideals about maternity and motherhoodemerge, and questions about what it means to mother are raised. Bodies whichcontest the construction of motherhood as natural are frequently represented asmonstrous or freakish, and the debate between science and nature is heightened.Hiromi Goto’s short story ‘Hopeful Monsters’ resists the construction of the‘natural’ maternal body by highlighting the way in which women’s bodies areshaped by scientific discourse. In turn, images of ‘monstrous’ mothers emerge andare challenged, suggesting the need to reimagine what it means to mother and whatit means to be a mother. Through reading a selection of the stories this paper willinterrogate possible alternatives to constructions of the ‘natural’ maternal body and motherhood, suggesting that the Goto’s ‘monsters’ are perhaps only monstrous as a result of scientific discourse which constructs them as such.

Determinantes del progreso en los estudios de doctorado. Diferencias entre disciplinas científico-tecnológicas versus ciencias sociales y humanidades

En numerosos países, incluido España, existen problemas en relación con las tasas de éxito en los estudios de doctorado. El trabajo que aquí se presenta fue diseñado con el fin de identificar los factores asociados con el progreso durante el tercer ciclo y la elaboración de las tesis doctorales en dos grupos disciplinares: científico-tecnológico versus humanidades y ciencias sociales. El artículo presenta la información obtenida a partir de un cuestionario aplicado a 81 estudiantes de doctorado de la Universidad de Girona, en relación con tres áreas de interés: variables económicas, personales y académicas que condicionan el éxito en el tercer ciclo. Los resultados muestran diferencias substanciales entre disciplinas. Los factores responsables de estas diferencias son, principalmente: la vinculación profesional a la universidad, la planificación del proyecto de investigación y los objetivos personales.