LA NUEVA DIMENSION TERRITORIAL DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN: EL RIESGO DE LOS CORREDORES COMERCIALES Y LOGISTICOS

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IDENTIDAD Y ECOLOGIA: ELEMENTOS PARA UNA PROPUESTA DE ANÁLISIS

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Diagnóstico Plan Regulador Cantonal de Corredores: Tomo I

Este documento presenta datos, información y análisis propios de un diagnóstico que se elabora para diseñar un plan regulador cantonal de Corredores, Costa Rica. También presenta los retos inmediatos y estratégicos que enfrentan los pobladores de la isla individual y colectivamente. Incluye múltiples partes: un diagnóstico biofísico que incluye mapas de uso del suelo. Una evaluación de los recursos biológicos, amenazas naturales, la orografía y topografía, la geología, capacidad de uso del suelo y sus potencialidades y vulnerabilidades. También incluye un diagnóstico socio-económico (población, vivienda, empleo, actividad productiva y transporte) e historia de la ocupación del cantón.

Diagnostico-Plan Regulador Cantonal de Corredores: Tomo 2

Este documento presenta datos, información y análisis propios de un diagnóstico que se elabora para diseñar un plan regulador cantonal de Corredores, Costa Rica. También presenta los retos inmediatos y estratégicos que enfrentan los pobladores de la isla individual y colectivamente. Incluye múltiples partes: un diagnóstico biofísico que incluye mapas de uso del suelo. Una evaluación de los recursos biológicos, amenazas naturales, la orografía y topografía, la geología, capacidad de uso del suelo y sus potencialidades y vulnerabilidades. También incluye un diagnóstico socio-económico (población, vivienda, empleo, actividad productiva y transporte) e historia de la ocupación del cantón.

Diagnóstico Plan Regulador Cantonal de Corredores: Tomo 3

Este documento presenta datos, información y análisis propios de un diagnóstico que se elabora para diseñar un plan regulador cantonal de Corredores, Costa Rica. También presenta los retos inmediatos y estratégicos que enfrentan los pobladores de la isla individual y colectivamente. Incluye múltiples partes: un diagnóstico biofísico que incluye mapas de uso del suelo. Una evaluación de los recursos biológicos, amenazas naturales, la orografía y topografía, la geología, capacidad de uso del suelo y sus potencialidades y vulnerabilidades. También incluye un diagnóstico socio-económico (población, vivienda, empleo, actividad productiva y transporte) e historia de la ocupación del cantón.

ECONOMIA Y ECOLOGIA: PERSPECTIVAS PARA EL FUTURO

Aunque economía y ecología son dos palabras o dos ciencias que tienen la misma raíz y que por tanto deberían estar próximas, la realidad es bien distinta. Al menos en este final de siglo, y desde hace doscientos cincuenta años, la economía y la ecología se han separado de forma radical. Antiguamente, antes de que la economía apareciese como ciencia, la economía y la ecología sí estaban unidas. En fin, hasta hace doscientos cincuenta años los procesos de producción eran procesos que estaban asentados necesariamente en la base física, en la naturaleza y es a partir del surgimiento del sistema capitalista y su desarrollo que comienza esa separación. Lo que sí es cierto es que desde la década de los setentas o quizás antes, estamos asistiendo a un proceso en el que cada vez más, y desde distintas disciplinas y desde distintas óptimas se está llamando la atención sobre la gravedad de los problemas ecológicos. Sobre la gravedad de los efectos que el sistema económico está teniendo sobre el entorno natural y como consecuencia de ello, están surgiendo nuevas formas de entender la relación entre la economía y la ecología, entre los procesos de producción y consumo y la base natural de la cual extraemos de forma directa o de forma muy mediada todo lo que nos permite producir, consumir, lo que nos permite sobrevivir finalmente.Esta época en que vivimos estamos en un proceso ya no solo personal, sino colectivo y global, por tanto en un proceso de ruptura y continuidad. Estamos encontrando límites impuestos por el propio sistema y límites impuestos por la naturaleza y estamos tratando de buscar nuevas formas que nos permitan continuar nuestra evolución como especie, que no la podemos entender en ningún caso de forma separada a la base física, a la base natural en la que estamos inmersos.

Estudo comparativo da ecologia alimentar de Pagrus pagrus L. (1758), Lithognatus mormyrus L. (1758) e Ciplodus sargus L. (1758) (Pisces, Sparidae) da costa algarvia

Dissertação de mest. em Estudos Marinhos e costeiros, Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias dos Recursos Aquáticos, Univ. do Algarve, 1998

Ecologia da polinização da aroeira-do-sertão.

Morfologia e biologia floral; visistantes florais; frutos.

Metodología para el diagnóstico y la ordenación de los corredores de crecimiento de ciudades intermedias ecuatorianas: Cuenca como caso de estudio

Latinoamérica ha experimentado drásticos procesos de urbanización en la segunda mitad del siglo XX (Ávila, 2009; Velázquez, 2007; Gilbert, 1997), transformando de manera acelerada los territorios cercanos a sus ciudades. Desde la academia han surgido múltiples reflexiones en este sentido y se han acuñado nuevos conceptos para referirse a estas nuevas territorialidades, como es el caso del término borde urbano-rural. Considerando a éste como una categoría territorial, los corredores de crecimiento –objeto de estudio de esta investigación- aparecen como una de sus subcategorías. Bajo estas reflexiones, se plantea una propuesta metodológica para el diagnóstico y la ordenación de los corredores de crecimiento de las ciudades intermedias ecuatorianas. Sin embargo, esta propuesta no pretende ser conclusiva ni definitiva y constituyen un marco en elaboración, perfectible y que busca ser coherente con el espacio ambivalente en estudio. En conclusión, se intenta contribuir al debate teórico sobre la planificación de estos territorios en el país. Esta investigación se aborda en seis capítulos: los tres primeros de carácter más descriptivo explican el partido teórico-metodológico, la problemática y el estudio de casos. En los tres capítulos siguientes se exponen la propuesta, su aplicación y una reflexión final que deja abierto el debate sobre el papel de los corredores de crecimiento en las distintas formas de ocupación y transformación de los territorios.

Ecologia da ictiofauna de um córrego de cabeceira da bacia do alto rio Paraná, Brasil

Ecological studies were conducted in the ichthyofauna of Cedro, a small headwater stream located in a degraded area of State of São Paulo, Brazil, situated in the upper Paraná River basin. These are the results of two non-consecutive years observations and collections in two biotopes of that stream: a pool and a rapid. The ecological characteristics studied change in space and time. The present richness of species is high (21 species), nine of which are constant, six accessory and six accidental. The diversity is low (0.69 to 2.38), and the numeric predominance, from one to three species, occurred in both biotopes. The most frequent species are Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859) (28.1%), Corydoras cf. aeneus (Gill, 1858) (20.3%) and Hypostomus cf. ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (19.8%). The density ranges from 0.7 to 19.8 specimens/m³. The similarity index indicates high similarity between the ichthyofauna (45.0% to 95.0%) inside the same or contiguous biotopes. The evenness (0.46 to 1.0) is comparable to those found in similar studies carried out in other streams.

Ecologia alimentar e reprodutiva da piaba-do-rabo-amarelo, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) na Lagoa do Piató, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The feeding habits and biological aspects of the reproductive cycle of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) were investigated. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis, using gillnets of 4 cm mesh size, from the Piató Lake, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. Physico-chemical parameters, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of the lake were registered. The monthly values of rainfall also were obtained. The 360 individuals captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, and stomach weight and the stage of gonadal maturity were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion with limnological parameters and rainfall. The food items identified were separated into distinct groups according to their origin. Sex ratio and Gonadosomatic Relation of females were verified to determine the spawning period and fecundity. The physico-chemical parameters presented the following annual mean values: temperature = 28.8ºC, electrical conductivity = 992.5 µS.cm-1; dissolved oxygen = 4.9 mg.L-1 during the study period. The annual mean of the rainfall was 63.5 mm. The results indicate that this species present an omnivorous feeding habit with a tendency towards insectivory, with an increase in feeding activity during the dry season. The aquatic oxygen to interfere very importance in the feeding activity than the others factors physico-chemicals of water and rainfall. There was a predominance of females, with a sex proportion of 1M:7F. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries and testicles revealed four stages of gonadal development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. A temporal variation was observed for the gonadal development of males and females. There was reproductive activity through out the year, with peaks in the months of February, April and June to correspond with the rain of precipitation of the region. The mean fecundity was 7.681 mature oocytes, varying from 4.476 to 12.036, with mean of 7.681. There was positive relation between fecundity and body mass. Condition Factor is not an efficient indicator of the reproductive period of this species. The species A. cf. lacustris is an opportunist and is well adapted to the conditions of the semi-arid Caatinga Biome

Diversidade Ictiofaunística e Ecologia reprodutiva de uma espécie nativa de peixe da Bacia Piranhas-Assu, RN

The Caatinga biome is rich in endemic fish species fauna. The present study the results of fish faunal surveys conducted in the hydrographic basin of Piranhas-Assu of the Brazilian Caatinga biome. The fish samples collected were distributed in four orders (Characiformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes and Synbranchiformes), 11 families (Characidae, Curimatidae, Auchenipteridae, Anostomidae, Prochilodontidae, Erythrinidae, Cichlidae, Sciaenidae, Heptapteridae, Loricariidae, Synbranchidae) and 22 species, of which 17 are endemic and five have been introduced from other basins. The order Characiformes was the most representative in number of species (46,35% ) followed by Perciformes (35,38%), Siluriformes (17,44%) and Synbranchiformes (0,5%). The Nile tilapia, Oreochomis niloticus, the only exotic species, was most expressive in number of individuals (24.92%) followed by the native species piau preto, Leporinus piau (18,77 %). Considering the relative frequency of occurrence of the 22 species, 13 were constant, five were accessory and four were occasional. This study investigated the reproductive ecology of an endemic fish black piau, Leporinus piau from the Marechal Dutra reservoir, Acari, Rio Grande do Norte. Samplings were done on a monthly basis from January to December 2009, and a total of 211 specimens were captured. The environmental parameters such as rainfall, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of water were recorded. The sampled population showed a slight predominance of males (55%), however females were larger and heavier. Both sexes of L. piau showed positive allometric growth, indicating a higher increase of weight than length. The first sexual maturation of males occurred at smaller size, with 16.5 cm in total length than females (20.5 cm). During the reproductive period, the condition factor and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. piau were negatively correlated. This species has large oocytes with a high mean fecundity of 54.966 with synchronous oocyte development and total spawning

Ecologia reprodutiva do peixe-donzela, Stegastes fuscus cuvier, 1830 (osteichthyes: pomacentridae) em arrecifes rochosos da praia de Búzios, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The reproductive ecology of fish plays a key role both for rational exploitation methods and for protective measures of natural stocks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reproductive aspects of the damsel-fish, Stegastes fuscus, during October 2004 to September 2005, in the coastal rocky reefs of Búzios Beach, Nísia Floresta, RN. Fish were captured using hooks and hand nets, during low tide. Reproduction was determined using sexual ratio, mean length of first maturation (L50), absolute fecundity and macroscopic characteristics of gonads. The following parameters were related to gonadosomatic index (GSI): condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), rain fall and temperature. In relation to sex distribution, it was observed that 78% were females and 22% were males. The L50 was 6.2 cm for females and 7.0 for males. Average fecundity was 6832 oocytes. Results showed that S. fuscus had better body condition in the months prior to spawning, particularly during initial and intermediate stages of maturation. Five stages of gonadal maturation were identified through macroscopic analysis: immature, in maturation, mature, spent and resting. The HSI was inversely related to the GSI. This was possibly due to the reproductive cycle of this species which was associated to the dry period of this region. During this period, low rain fall and high temperatures provide an propitious reproductive condition for the study species

Ecologia parasitária de isópodos e biologia reprodutiva em tibiro, Oligoplites spp (Osteichthyes: carangidae) das águas costeiras de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) and Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) are coastal pelagic fish species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism by isopods and the reproductive biology of the leather jack, Oligoplites spp. A total of 113 individuals of Oligoplites spp (35 of O. saurus and 78 of O. palometa) were captured during the period between January, 2005 and July, 2007 from the coastal waters of Natal, RN. The morphometric and meristic characters were registered; macroscopic analyses were done to collect the isopod parasites and the gonads were observed to verify the reproductive aspects. The crustacean isopod parasite, Cymothoa spinipalpa (Isopoda: Cymothidae) was encountered on the tongue in the oral cavity in both fish hosts. The parasitic indices of C. spinipalpa showed high values of prevalance of 51,4% for O. saurus and 64,1% for O. palometa. The host presented significant correlations between body mass and body length of O. palometa and the number of parasites. Body lengths of female C. spinipalpa were small due to the limited space available in the oral cavity of the host. There was a significant difference in the sex ratio of O. palometa, males outnumbered the females. The isopod parasites showed specificity to the oral cavity of hosts. Macroscopic analyses of gonads showed four stages of gonadal development for both sex of O. palometa: immature, maturing, mature and spent

Ecologia do fitoplâncton em áreas de cultivo de Tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, em tanques-rede no açude Ministro João Alves, Parelhas, Rio Grande do Norte

The dams are limnic ecosystems of great importance for its multiple uses, among them, water supply for the public and to culture of artisanal fish are most relevant. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and the phytoplankton community in two chosen sites (Point 1 littoral zone of point source; Point 2 pelagic zone of non-point source) of the Minister João Alves dam, which is also known as Boqueirão de Parelhas/RN. This represents the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton species in order to understand any possible alterations of the water quality and the phytoplankton composition in relation to the water quality originating from the impact of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, culture. The study period also encompasses temporal variations exhibited in two seasons of an annual cycle, one during the dry season (Oct, Nov and Dec of 2008 and Jan of 2009), and the other rainy season (Mar, Apr, May and June of 2008) to extend the observation. The physicalchemical parameters, such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, concentration of dissolved oxygen were measured in situ and the values of the inorganic nutrients (nitrate, ammonium and orto-phosfato) and chlorophyll in the laboratory. The quali-quantitative analyses of the phytoplankton had been carried through sedimentation technique and the enumeration of the random of 400 cells, colonies and filaments counted using Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber. The results of pH varied widely from the acidic to alkaline range with the minimum of 5.8 (± 0.8) and the maximum of 9.2 (± 0.7-0.8), at point 1 and 2. The dissolved oxygen content was higher in the rainy period than that in the dry period. The maximum electrical conductivity was of 1409 μScm-1 in point 1 and 431 minim of μScm-1, in point 2. There was a considerable alteration in the levels of inorganic nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and orthophosphate during the two cycles of study period. Phytoplankton assemblages presented a picture of alternate dominance among species Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The trophic state index diagnosed to the category of mesotrophic, which is based on the values of chlorophyll, total phosphorus and Secchi-disc measurements. The wind driven turbulence of the water column and the fresh inflow of water (flushing and dilution) during rainy season acted as constraint and did-not allow an exaggerated growth of the species of cyanobacteria. On the basis of the present we conclude that the culture of tilapias in cage-culture fails to produce pollution load that could compromise the quality of the water of the dam, probably be due to small dimension of the culture in relation to the size, volume of the water and the reservoir capacity support its own environment