Keeping Hertfordshire green: the implementation of strategic environmental policy 1983-1993

This paper evaluates the implementation of environmental policy in the County of Hertfordshire during the 1980's and early 1990's. It emphasises that the recent growth of interest in environmental policy and sustainable planning initiatives should not cause researchers and practitioners to ignore the long history and experience of environmental policy implementation in local government. By looking at the experience of strategic environmental policy in Hertfordshire, the paper identifies the successes and failures of a range of implementation tools utilised by the County and district planning authorities to progress policies concerned with the conservation and improvement of urban and rural environments. It concludes that the planning authorities of Hertfordshire have stabilised the deterioration in the County's environment and have established some programmes which provide good examples of coordinated action in environmental policy implementation. These types of mechanism will need to be built upon in the new policy epoch where environmental sustainability and capacity planning take centre stage.

Analysis of the regional pattern of sea level change due to ocean dynamics and density changes for 1993-2099 in observations and CMIP5 AOGCMs

Predictions of twenty-first century sea level change show strong regional variation. Regional sea level change observed by satellite altimetry since 1993 is also not spatially homogenous. By comparison with historical and pre-industrial control simulations using the atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the CMIP5 project, we conclude that the observed pattern is generally dominated by unforced (internal generated) variability, although some regions, especially in the Southern Ocean, may already show an externally forced response. Simulated unforced variability cannot explain the observed trends in the tropical Pacific, but we suggest that this is due to inadequate simulation of variability by CMIP5 AOGCMs, rather than evidence of anthropogenic change. We apply the method of pattern scaling to projections of sea level change and show that it gives accurate estimates of future local sea level change in response to anthropogenic forcing as simulated by the AOGCMs under RCP scenarios, implying that the pattern will remain stable in future decades. We note, however, that use of a single integration to evaluate the performance of the pattern-scaling method tends to exaggerate its accuracy. We find that ocean volume mean temperature is generally a better predictor than global mean surface temperature of the magnitude of sea level change, and that the pattern is very similar under the different RCPs for a given model. We determine that the forced signal will be detectable above the noise of unforced internal variability within the next decade globally and may already be detectable in the tropical Atlantic.

Steric sea level variability (1993-2010) in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses and objective analyses

Quantifying the effect of the seawater density changes on sea level variability is of crucial importance for climate change studies, as the sea level cumulative rise can be regarded as both an important climate change indicator and a possible danger for human activities in coastal areas. In this work, as part of the Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison Project, the global and regional steric sea level changes are estimated and compared from an ensemble of 16 ocean reanalyses and 4 objective analyses. These estimates are initially compared with a satellite-derived (altimetry minus gravimetry) dataset for a short period (2003–2010). The ensemble mean exhibits a significant high correlation at both global and regional scale, and the ensemble of ocean reanalyses outperforms that of objective analyses, in particular in the Southern Ocean. The reanalysis ensemble mean thus represents a valuable tool for further analyses, although large uncertainties remain for the inter-annual trends. Within the extended intercomparison period that spans the altimetry era (1993–2010), we find that the ensemble of reanalyses and objective analyses are in good agreement, and both detect a trend of the global steric sea level of 1.0 and 1.1 ± 0.05 mm/year, respectively. However, the spread among the products of the halosteric component trend exceeds the mean trend itself, questioning the reliability of its estimate. This is related to the scarcity of salinity observations before the Argo era. Furthermore, the impact of deep ocean layers is non-negligible on the steric sea level variability (22 and 12 % for the layers below 700 and 1500 m of depth, respectively), although the small deep ocean trends are not significant with respect to the products spread.

Characterization of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia from long-term AERONET monitoring (1993-1995 and 1999-2006)

We present a new climatology of atmospheric aerosols (primarily pyrogenic and biogenic) for the Brazilian tropics on the basis of a high-quality data set of spectral aerosol optical depth and directional sky radiance measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Cimel Sun-sky radiometers at more than 15 sites distributed across the Amazon basin and adjacent Cerrado region. This network is the only long-term project (with a record including observations from more than 11 years at some locations) ever to have provided ground-based remotely-sensed column aerosol properties for this critical region. Distinctive features of the Amazonian area aerosol are presented by partitioning the region into three aerosol regimes: southern Amazonian forest, Cerrado, and northern Amazonian forest. The monitoring sites generally include measurements from the interval 1999-2006, but some sites have measurement records that date back to the initial days of the AERONET program in 1993. Seasonal time series of aerosol optical depth (AOD), angstrom ngstrom exponent, and columnar-averaged microphysical properties of the aerosol derived from sky radiance inversion techniques (single-scattering albedo, volume size distribution, fine mode fraction of AOD, etc.) are described and contrasted for the defined regions. During the wet season, occurrences of mineral dust penetrating deep into the interior were observed.

Report on IEA Task-14 activities on solar collector systems conference in Rome, 25-29 Jan. 1993

The memebers of IEA (International Energy Agency) Task 14 (Advaced Active Solar Systems) met in Rome during January 1993. The latest developments in several countries were presented and discussed during this meeting. This report describes briefly the recent work carried out on small scale systems in the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) working group of Task 14, as reported by the representatives from Canada, Denmark, Germany, Holland and Switzerland. Klaus Lorenz, SERC, attended the meeting as observer and presented our work on small-tube heat exchangers. Several participants expressed their interest. A summary of his presentation is included in this report.

Armas do desenho : analise da minha producao de 1992 e 1993

Essa dissertação analisa a minha produção em desenho de 1992 e 1993, intitulada Armas do Desenho, partindo do estudo comparativo com minha produção anterior de 1988 e 1989, procurando, através disso, delinear a idéia de desenho presente nesses dois períodos e relacionar as influências, em meus desenhos, do trabalho de Jasper Johns e René Magritte. Além de uma breve revisão da importância do desenho como meio técnico na elaboração de imagens,essa dissertação relaciona, no tocante à produção das minhas imagens, os conceitos peirceanos de signo(principalmente ícone e índice), procurando, através disso, caracterizar o desenho como representação e como ação, respectivamente. São identificadas e estudadas, também, na série Armas do Desenho, estratégias de associação de imagens tais como paródia e alegoria. Para a análise das características estruturais de composição dos meus desenhos, foi adotado e adaptado o modelo de abordagem proposto por Clive Ashwin, que possibilitou a definição e o uso de uma nomenclatura o mais objetiva possível, auxiliando na leitura das estratégias de construção das minhas imagens. A análise da série Armas do Desenho procurou caracterizar o desenho como prática significante que, como tal, necessita de uma inter-relação constante entre a formação de conceitos e a atividade prática(o agir).

A espetacularização da política no "Cidade Viva" : uma análise da propaganda de TV da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (1993-2003)

A propaganda política, enquanto modo dos agentes sociais colocarem-se na esfera de visibilidade pública, procura desenvolver práticas discursivas capazes de persuadir a audiência desde os parâmetros espetaculares da lógica midiática. Ao mesmo tempo, os governos devem prestar contas à sociedade que os elegeu. Nesta perspectiva, esta dissertação analisa o programa de televisão “Cidade Viva” da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (RS), sob a administração da Frente Popular. Com uma metodologia relacionada aos estudos de discurso, são investigados os recursos publicitários e jornalísticos que transformam o “Cidade Viva” num programa com estratégias híbridas de comunicação. Tais estratégias levam em conta um contexto simbólico onde o campo da mídia parece exercer, cada vez mais, papel central.

A agenda da transformação: a grande imprensa e a hegemonia neoliberal no Brasil (o governo Itamar Franco - 1993-1994 - e o refluxo da agenda)

Esta pesquisa analisa a consolidação da hegemonia ultraliberal no Brasil, num período particularmente crítico: o impeachment de Collor e a efetivação de Itamar Franco na presidência entre 1993 e 1994, através da grande imprensa nacional, isto é, os periódicos Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo, Jornal do Brasil e O Globo, e a revista Veja. Por tratar-se de veículo ideológico, a imprensa possui papel-chave no que tange tanto à formulação quanto à transmissão de uma dada agenda com vistas a obter a hegemonia, no caso ultraliberal. Tais órgãos lutaram decididamente para evitar que houvesse um refluxo na agenda iniciada por Collor tendo em vista as posições desenvolvimentistas do novo presidente. Concretamente, temas como, dentre outros, privatização e abertura/ internacionalização da economia nacional constituíram a nova agenda, em substituição ao modelo intervencionista (desenvolvimentista) vigente entre os anos 30 e os anos 80. Aos que se opuseram a este receituário, seja quanto à forma seja quanto ao conteúdo, foram desqualificados e estigmatizados, demonstrando o papel ideológico e não democrático dos órgãos em foco.