The thermal effects on the methanol-to-olefins reaction: A modelling and experimental approach

With the projection of an increasing world population, hand-in-hand with a journey towards a bigger number of developed countries, further demand on basic chemical building blocks, as ethylene and propylene, has to be properly addressed in the next decades. The methanol-to-olefins (MTO) is an interesting reaction to produce those alkenes using coal, gas or alternative sources, like biomass, through syngas as a source for the production of methanol. This technology has been widely applied since 1985 and most of the processes are making use of zeolites as catalysts, particularly ZSM-5. Although its selectivity is not especially biased over light olefins, it resists to a quick deactivation by coke deposition, making it quite attractive when it comes to industrial environments; nevertheless, this is a highly exothermic reaction, which is hard to control and to anticipate problems, such as temperature runaways or hot-spots, inside the catalytic bed. The main focus of this project is to study those temperature effects, by addressing both experimental, where the catalytic performance and the temperature profiles are studied, and modelling fronts, which consists in a five step strategy to predict the weight fractions and activity. The mind-set of catalytic testing is present in all the developed assays. It was verified that the selectivity towards light olefins increases with temperature, although this also leads to a much faster catalyst deactivation. To oppose this effect, experiments were carried using a diluted bed, having been able to increase the catalyst lifetime between 32% and 47%. Additionally, experiments with three thermocouples placed inside the catalytic bed were performed, analysing the deactivation wave and the peaks of temperature throughout the bed. Regeneration was done between consecutive runs and it was concluded that this action can be a powerful means to increase the catalyst lifetime, maintaining a constant selectivity towards light olefins, by losing acid strength in a steam stabilised zeolitic structure. On the other hand, developments on the other approach lead to the construction of a raw basic model, able to predict weight fractions, that should be tuned to be a tool for deactivation and temperature profiles prediction.

Silica nanoparticles as dexamethasone delivery systems able to induce the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Bioactive glasses, especially silica-based materials, are reported to pres- ent osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, fundamental char- acteristics in bone regeneration [1,2]. Additionally, dexamethasone (Dex) is one of the bioactive agents able to induce the osteogenic differ- entiation of mesenchymal stem cells by increasing the alkaline phos- phatase activity, and the expression levels of Osteocalcin and Bone Sialoprotein [3]. Herein, we synthesised silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (that present inherent bioactivity and ability to act as a sustained drug delivery system), and coated their surface using poly-L-lysine (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (HA) using the layer-by-layer processing technique. Further on, we studied the influence of these new SiO2-polyelectrolyte coated nanoparticles as Dex sustained delivery systems. The SiO2 nanoparticles were loaded with Dex (SiO2-Dex) and coated with PLL and HA (SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA). Their Dex release profile was evaluated and a more sustained release was obtained with the SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA. All the particles were cultured with human bone marrow-derived mes- enchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) under osteogenic differentiation culture conditions. hBMSCs adhered, proliferated and differentiated towards the osteogenic lineage in the presence of SiO2 (DLS 174nm), SiO2-Dex (DLS 175nm) and SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA (DLS 679nm). The presence of these materials induced the overexpression of osteogenic transcripts, namely of Osteocalcin, Bone Sialoprotein and Runx2. Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy/Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis demon- strated that hBMSCs synthesised calcium phosphates when cultured with SiO2-Dex and SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA nanoparticles. These results indi- cate the potential use of these SiO2-polyelectrolytes coated nanoparti- cles as dexamethasone delivery systems capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.

Discrimination of bacteriophage infected cells using locked nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (LNA-FISH)

Bacteriophage-host interaction studies in biofilm structures are still challenging due to the technical limitations of traditional methods. The aim of this study was to provide a direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method based on locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes, which targets the phage replication phase, allowing the study of population dynamics during infection. Bacteriophages specific for two biofilm-forming bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter, were selected. Four LNA probes were designed and optimized for phage-specific detection and for bacterial counterstaining. To validate the method, LNA-FISH counts were compared with the traditional plaque forming unit (PFU) technique. To visualize the progression of phage infection within a biofilm, colony-biofilms were formed and infected with bacteriophages. A good correlation (r=0.707) was observed between LNA-FISH and PFU techniques. In biofilm structures, LNA-FISH provided a good discrimination of the infected cells and also allowed the assessment of the spatial distribution of infected and non-infected populations.

The role of marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea in bioenergy production

The development of products from marine bioresources is gaining importance in the biotechnology sector. The global market for Marine Biotechnology products and processes was, in 2010, estimated at 2.8 billion with a cumulative annual growth rate of 510% (Børresen et al., Marine biotechnology: a new vision and strategy for Europe. Marine Board Position Paper 15. Beernem: Marine Board-ESF, 2010). Marine Biotechnology has the potential to make significant contributions towards the sustainable supply of food and energy, the solution of climate change and environmental degradation issues, and the human health. Besides the creation of jobs and wealth, it will contribute to the development of a greener economy. Thus, huge expectations anticipate the global development of marine biotechnology. The marine environment represents more than 70% of the Earths surface and includes the largest ranges of temperature, light and pressure encountered by life. These diverse marine environments still remain largely unexplored, in comparison with terrestrial habitats. Notwithstanding, efforts are being done by the scientific community to widespread the knowledge on oceans microbial life. For example, the J. Craig Venter Institute, in collaboration with the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography have built a state-of-the-art computational resource along with software tools to catalogue and interpret microbial life in the worlds oceans. The potential application of the marine biotechnology in the bioenergy sector is wide and, certainly, will evolve far beyond the current interest in marine algae. This chapter revises the current knowledge on marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea with a role in bio-hydrogen production, syngas fermentation and bio-electrochemical processes, three examples of bioenergy production routes.

Impacte mediambiental dels pneumàtics fora d'ús

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és realitzar un recorregut pel cicle de vida del pneumàtic, des de la seva fabricació fins al final de la seva vida útil i conèixer a partir d’aquí, la problemàtica mediambiental que suposa un pneumàtic fora d’ús com a residu, a través de: l’anàlisi de les diferents vies de gestió existents; el seguiment del que comporta autoritzar-se com a gestor de residus; el disseny constructiu d’una planta de tractament de PFU, incloent l’avaluació econòmica de la posada en marxa de la planta i l’anàlisi d’impacte ambiental.

Modelo de un grupo de robots colaboradores cazadores

El nombre d'aplicacions dels microrobots en biomedicina creix a mesura que el seu desenvolupament avança. Entre elles hi ha les consistents a examinar cèl·lules amb microrobots cooperants. En aquest treball es presenta un prototip a escala d'aquest problema, convenientment simplificat: dos robots tracten d'agafar una pilota que representa la cèl·lula que s'examina. Com a resultat, s'ha obtingut un algorisme deliberatiu per a la resolució d'aquest problema amb robots homogenis.

The thermal stability of yellow fever vaccines

The assessment of yellow fever vaccine thermostability both in lyophilized form and after reconstitution were analyzed. Two commercial yellow fever vaccines were assayed for their thermal stability. Vaccines were exposed to test temperatures in the range of 8 (graus) C to 45 (graus) C. Residual infectivity was measured by a plaque assay using Vero cells. The titre values were used in an accelerated degradation test that follows the Arrhenius equation and the minimum immunizing dose was assumed to be 10 (ao cubo) particles forming unit (pfu)/dose. Some of the most relevant results include that (i) regular culture medium show the same degradation pattern of a reconstituted 17D-204 vaccine; (ii) reconstituted YF-17D-204 showed a predictable half life of more than six days if kept at 0 (graus) C; (iii) there are differences in thermostability between different products that are probably due to both presence of stabilizers in the preparation and the modernization in the vaccine production; (iv) it is important to establish a proper correlation between the mouse infectivity test and the plaque assay since the last appears to be more simple, economical, and practical for small laboratories to assess the potency of the vaccine, and (v) the accelerated degradation test appears to be the best procedure to quantify the thermostability of biological products.

La Identificación de la superdotación : un estudio empírico

Quan ens preguntem sobre la superdotació, o més concretament, sobre un nen superdotat, ens ve al cap aquell nen repel·lent que moltes vegades hem pogut tenir a la classe, un nen setciències, amb ulleres, aïllat, amb un llibre sota el braç i al que tots el coneixen com el “pilota del professor”. Això, és un estereotip, i com a tal, és erroni. És per això i per altres raons, pel que hem decidit realitzar aquest projecte ja que, el que volem és conèixer més sobre la superdotació i tot el que l’envolta.

Failure to demonstrate experimental vertical transmission of the epidemic strain of Chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus from La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Aedes albopictus was responsible for transmission in the first outbreak of chikungunya (CHIK) on La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean, in 2005-2006. The magnitude of the outbreak on this island, which had been free of arboviral diseases for over 30 years, as well as the efficiency of Ae. albopictus as the main vector, raises questions about the maintenance of the CHIK virus (CHIKV) through vertical transmission mechanisms. Few specimens collected from the field as larvae were found to be infected. In this study, Ae. albopictus originating from La Réunion were orally infected with a blood-meal containing 10(8) pfu/mL of the CHIKV epidemic strain (CHIKV 06.21). Eggs from the first and second gonotrophic cycles were collected and raised to the adult stage. The infectious status of the progeny was checked (i) by immunofluorescence on head squashes of individual mosquitoes to detect the presence of viral particles or (ii) by quantitative RT-PCR on mosquito pools to detect viral RNA. We analysed a total of 1,675 specimens from the first gonotrophic cycle and 1,709 from the second gonotrophic cycle without detecting any viral particles or viral RNA. These laboratory results are compared to field records.

Solució mental i solució motriu en la iniciació als esports col·lectius en l'Educació Primària

The adjustment of the teaching learning contents in Physical Education, requires of a rigorous analysis that permits to adjust them to the maximum with the educational needs of the student body. It has been approached an investigation study in the one which have intervened pupils, boys and girls, of two different populations, Girona and Madrid in order to prove and analyse the motor and mental components of the student body in the real situation of the game. The hypothesis that we have treated are:if it exists differences between the boys and girls of the educational levels studied in the motor and mental solution in the sports initiation, additionally, the differences that they can exist between the courses and what distance is verified between the study ages to approach a physical activity that implies an initial step to the hour of teaching the collective sports in the classes of Physical education. They have been employed three measure instruments: the first permits to analyse the mental solution without need of practice employing situation photographs of the real game with those which the pupils must choose to who to happen; the second is a pass test that permits to prove the technical dominance to use in a collective sport and the third is a real game situation that permits to put in manifesto the relationship between the mental behaviour and the motor of the pupil. This real game situation is ‘the game of ten pass’ (Blázquez,1986; Torres,1993). The results demonstrate that it do not exist differences between the two sexes in the study ages. In the case of the technical execution level, there is a considerable increase with the age and it is slightly greater in the kids that in the girls. In the case of the real game, we find ourselves with a great variability in the results and we cannot conclude that there are relative differences to the sex in none of the three courses. Respect at participation level during the game is confirmed that the pupils that more participate are not the pupils than more balls lose, what permits to guarantee the idea of the fact that it is convenient to use the real game practice as direct learning element. Finally, there is no a high correlation between the execution level measured in the test of technical execution and the decision execution during the game

Impacte de l'ascens del Nàstic a primera divisió

Sovint restem amb certa incredulitat davant les noticies relacionades amb el món del futbol. Qui no s’ha preguntat mai com és que es mouen unes quantitats tan enormes de diners en aquest món quan “només” es tracta d’un esport o que un ascens d’un club mobilitzi tanta gent i es celebri com una de les fites històriques de la ciutat a la que pertany, i que el descens de categoria sigui considerat per aquesta com un gran fracàs. Realment és un joc on competeixen onze contra onze darrera una pilota?Preguntes com aquestes i el fet que fa pocs mesos un club com l’Espanyol estigués en zona de descens i els directius i economistes d’aquest es posessin les mans al cap, i la proximitat d’un equip català, com és el Nàstic, que fa relativament poc va militar per la màxima competició, ens va portar a analitzar quins canvis suposa pujar o baixar de categoria, per un club i la ciutat a la qual representa.En aquest treball hem intentat resoldre totes aquestes preguntes i totes les relacionades amb l’economia interna d’aquests clubs, la importància econòmica i social de la categoria on es troben i la repercussió global que té aquesta, ja a nivell de la gent, mitjans de comunicació i de ciutat i que sovint nosaltres no podem apreciar i que desconeixem.

[Recueil].

Capitulare ecclesiasticum (1-7v). - Capitula legibus addenda (7v-14v). - Capitula per se scibenda (14v-16v). - Capitulare missorum (16v-20). "Domine Deus omnipotens propitius est omni peccatori..." [Ajout du Xe s.] (20v). - Collectio capitularium Ansegisi (21-40v). - Lex salica (41-83v). Les cahiers des ff. 1-20 et 41-83 faisaient partie du même ms. Ils ont été copiés durant le second quart ou vers le milieu du IXe s., et sont signés de QI à QVI, tandis que les ff. 21-40v ont été copiés plus tardivement, durant la seconde moitié du IXe s. ou la première moitié du Xe s. Les ff. 44-45 ont été rajoutés pour compléter une lacune du texte, mentionnée au f. 43v par une main du XIVe s.: "hic deficiunt II° folia". La portion manquante du texte a été recopiée par deux mains différentes, du XVIIe s. Les mss. lat. 18237 et 18238 ont été consultés par Etienne Baluze (1630-1718), bibliothécaire de Colbert et canoniste, pour son édition des Capitularia regum francorum."

Français 916

Contient : 1° « Les Lamentacions monseigneur sainct BERNARD » ; 2° « Le Livre des Meditacions monseigneur saint BERnard » ; 3° « Les Contemplacions monseigneur saint AUGUSTIN » ; 4° « Une belle Oroison de saint AUGUSTIN » (fol. 55) : ; 5° « Les Meditacions saint AUGUSTIN pensant à Dieu » ; 6° « Ung Traitié comment on doit Dieu amer de tout son cueir » ; 7° « L'Ordonnance du char Heliez le prophete » (fol. 67) : ; 8° « Un Preschement de Nostre Seigneur Jhesu Crist » (fol. 69), parabole de la semence ; 9° « Ce sont les sept choses que cuer en qui Dieu habite doit avoir » (fol. 71) : ; 10° « Comment.IIII. pechiés mortelz sont signifiés par.IIII. bestes sauvaiges » (fol. 72) : ; 11° « De la Demande que fist la mere de saint Jehan et de saint Jaques à Nostre Seigneur Jhesu Crist » ; 12° « Le Livre de la misere de l'omme », par « LOTHIER » ; 13° « Le Livre des biens que tribulacion fait à l'ame » ; 14° « Aucuns bons Enseignements pour eschiver les pechies de luxure, d'avarice et d'accide » ; 15° « De l'Aage Adam, et comment il envoya Seth son filz en paradis terrestre » (fol. 130) : ; 16° « La Devise de la messe » (fol. 132) : ; 17° « L'Ordonnance comment on se doit confesser » (fol. 135) : ; 18° « Les Enseignements que le bon roy saint Loys fist et escript de sa main, et les envoya de Cartaige où il estoit au roy Phelippes son filz » ; 19° « Les Enseignements que... saint Loys... envoya... à la royne de Navarre sa fille » (fol. 140) : ; 20° « La Fin que le bon roy saint Loys ot à sa mort, que l'evesque de Thunes envoya à Thibaut, roy de Navarre » (fol. 141) : ; 21° « Le Livre maistre HUGUES DE SAINT VICTOR » ; 22° « Les Proverbes de SENEQUE, en prose » ; 23° « Les Dictz et Proverbes des Saiges », cinquantecinq quatrains ; 24° « Le Dit des philosophes du grant roy Alixandre, quant il fut mort », en seize vers (fol. 172) ; 25° « Ung beau Dictié c'on appelle : Je vois mourir », quarante-cinq sixains ; 26° « Le Pater noster en françois » ; 27° « La Meditacion de la mort »

Desenvolupament d'un joc per torns parametritzable amb possibilitat multijugador i I.A.

Els jocs són una de les indústries de software més gran del món de la informàtica. Des dels primers jocs en blanc i negre que simulaven raquetes i una pilota, fins avui en dia, en que el desenvolupament d’un joc porta darrere un equip de professionals tant o més gran que el major dels projectes informàtics del món de les indústries, els jocs han evolucionat més que la majoria de programes. La possibilitat d’elaborar un joc és, a part d’una proposta temptadora (ja que difereix enormement de qualsevol pràctica feta durant la carrera), un repte de caire personal per algú que sempre ha estat en contacte amb videojocs i que, després d’adquirir una sèrie de coneixements indispensables, s’ha proposat d’intentar desenvolupar-ne un des de l’arrel. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és doncs això, aprendre com neix un joc partint de res, i veure totes les complicacions que sorgeixen a l’hora de desenvolupar-lo. Els resultats delt projecte mostren generosament el gran nombre de problemes que sorgeixen en un procés com aquest, però com a conclusions importants cal destacar la satisfacció envers els resultats obtinguts, així com els coneixements que s’han guanyat mitjançant el desenvolupament del programa.

[Illustrations de La tragique expédition de Lapérouse et Langle] / [Non identifié] ; Vicomte Paul Fleuriot de Langle, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Couverture : le char de Neptune. Bateaux de Lapérouse et de Langle. Carte des terres de Polynésie et d'Australie.] [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [Carte double avant la p.10 de l'Avant-propos :] Voyages de Lapérouse 1785-1788 (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.80 :] J.F. Galaup de Lapérouse (...). P.A. Fleuriot de Langle (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.81 :] Manoir de Rosvilio, près Callac (Côtes-du-Nord) demeure du Chevalier de Langle (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.96 :] Louis XVI donne ses instructions aux chefs de l'expédition (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.97 :] Insulaires et cyclopes de l'île de Paques (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.160 :] Mouillage des frégates françaises devant l'île de Mowee (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.161 :] Costume des habitants de la baie de Langle, manche de Tartarie (.. .). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.192 :] Massacre de MM. De Langle, de Lamanon et de dix autres membres des deux équipages, à Tutuila, Océanie (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.193 :] Mémorial élevé à Tutuila, en 1887, par les soisn de la Marine française, en souvenir du 11 décembre 1787 (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008]