A 2-h diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms in the Asia-Pacific region (ASPECT): a prospective observational validation study

Background: Patients with chest pain contribute substantially to emergency department attendances, lengthy hospital stay, and inpatient admissions. A reliable, reproducible, and fast process to identify patients presenting with chest pain who have a low short-term risk of a major adverse cardiac event is needed to facilitate early discharge. We aimed to prospectively validate the safety of a predefined 2-h accelerated diagnostic protocol (ADP) to assess patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. Methods: This observational study was undertaken in 14 emergency departments in nine countries in the Asia-Pacific region, in patients aged 18 years and older with at least 5 min of chest pain. The ADP included use of a structured pre-test probability scoring method (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] score), electrocardiograph, and point-of-care biomarker panel of troponin, creatine kinase MB, and myoglobin. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events within 30 days after initial presentation (including initial hospital attendance). This trial is registered with the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12609000283279. Findings: 3582 consecutive patients were recruited and completed 30-day follow-up. 421 (11•8%) patients had a major adverse cardiac event. The ADP classified 352 (9•8%) patients as low risk and potentially suitable for early discharge. A major adverse cardiac event occurred in three (0•9%) of these patients, giving the ADP a sensitivity of 99•3% (95% CI 97•9–99•8), a negative predictive value of 99•1% (97•3–99•8), and a specificity of 11•0% (10•0–12•2). Interpretation: This novel ADP identifies patients at very low risk of a short-term major adverse cardiac event who might be suitable for early discharge. Such an approach could be used to decrease the overall observation periods and admissions for chest pain. The components needed for the implementation of this strategy are widely available. The ADP has the potential to affect health-service delivery worldwide.

Alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation : a systematic review

The traditional hospital-based model of cardiac rehabilitation faces substantial challenges, such as cost and accessibility. These challenges have led to the development of alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify and critique evidence for the effectiveness of these alternative models. A total of 22 databases were searched to identify quantitative studies or systematic reviews of quantitative studies regarding the effectiveness of alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation. Included studies were appraised using a Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool and the National Health and Medical Research Council's designations for Level of Evidence. The 83 included articles described interventions in the following broad categories of alternative models of care: multifactorial individualized telehealth, internet based, telehealth focused on exercise, telehealth focused on recovery, community- or home-based, and complementary therapies. Multifactorial individualized telehealth and community- or home-based cardiac rehabilitation are effective alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation, as they have produced similar reductions in cardiovascular disease risk factors compared with hospital-based programmes. While further research is required to address the paucity of data available regarding the effectiveness of alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation in rural, remote, and culturally and linguistically diverse populations, our review indicates there is no need to rely on hospital-based strategies alone to deliver effective cardiac rehabilitation. Local healthcare systems should strive to integrate alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation, such as brief telehealth interventions tailored to individual's risk factor profiles as well as community- or home-based programmes, in order to ensure there are choices available for patients that best fit their needs, risk factor profile, and preferences.

Towards a consistent definition of a significant delta troponin with z-scores: A way out of chaos?

Aims: We assessed the diagnostic performance of z-scores to define a significant delta cardiac troponin (cTn) in a cohort of patients with well-defined clinical outcomes. Methods: We calculated z-scores, which are dependent on the analytical precision and biological variation, to report changes in cTn. We compared the diagnostic performances of a relative delta (%Δ), actual delta (Δ), and z-scores in 762 emergency department patients with symptoms of suspected acute coronary syndrome. cTn was measured with sensitive cTnI (Beckman Coulter), highly sensitive cTnI (Abbott), and highly sensitive cTnT (Roche) assays. Results: Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the areas under the curve (AUC) of z-scores and Δ with both superior compared to %Δ for all three assays (p<0.001). The AUCs of z-scores measured with the Abbott hs-cTnI (0.955) and Roche hs-cTnT (0.922) assays were comparable to Beckman Coulter cTnI (0.933) (p=0.272 and 0.640, respectively). The individualized Δ cut-off values that were required to emulate a z-score of 1.96 were: Beckman Coulter cTnI 30 ng/l, Abbott hs-cTnI 20 ng/l, and Roche hs-cTnT 7 ng/l. Conclusions: z-scores allow the use of a single cut-off value at all cTn levels, for both cTnI and cTnT and for sensitive and highly sensitive assays, with comparable diagnostic performances. This strategy of reporting significant changes as z-scores may obviate the need for the empirical development of assay-specific cut-off rules to define significant troponin changes.

The new Vancouver Chest Pain Rule using troponin as the only biomarker: An external validation study

Objectives To externally evaluate the accuracy of the new Vancouver Chest Pain Rule and to assess the diagnostic accuracy using either sensitive or highly sensitive troponin assays. Methods Prospectively collected data from 2 emergency departments (EDs) in Australia and New Zealand were analysed. Based on the new Vancouver Chest Pain Rule, low-risk patients were identified using electrocardiogram results, cardiac history, nitrate use, age, pain characteristics and troponin results at 2 hours after presentation. The primary outcome was 30-day diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including acute myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were calculated to assess the accuracy of the new Vancouver Chest Pain Rule using either sensitive or highly sensitive troponin assay results. Results Of the 1635 patients, 20.4% had an ACS diagnosis at 30 days. Using the highly sensitive troponin assay, 212 (13.0%) patients were eligible for early discharge with 3 patients (1.4%) diagnosed with ACS. Sensitivity was 99.1% (95% CI 97.4-99.7), specificity was 16.1 (95% CI 14.2-18.2), positive predictive values was 23.3 (95% CI 21.1-25.5) and negative predictive values was 98.6 (95% CI 95.9-99.5). The diagnostic accuracy of the rule was similar using the sensitive troponin assay. Conclusions The new Vancouver Chest Pain Rule should be used for the identification of low risk patients presenting to EDs with symptoms of possible ACS, and will reduce the proportion of patients requiring lengthy assessment; however we recommend further outpatient investigation for coronary artery disease in patients identified as low risk.

Use of observed within-person variation of cardiac troponin in emergency department patients for determination of biological variation and percentage and absolute reference change values

BACKGROUND Many patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) for assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have low cardiac troponin concentrations that change very little on repeat blood draw. It is unclear if a lack of change in cardiac troponin concentration can be used to identify acutely presenting patients at low risk of ACS. METHODS We used the hs-cTnI assay from Abbott Diagnostics, which can detect cTnI in the blood of nearly all people. We identified a population of ED patients being assessed for ACS with repeat cTnI measurement who ultimately were proven to have no acute cardiac disease at the time of presentation. We used data from the repeat sampling to calculate total within-person CV (CV(T)) and, knowing the assay analytical CV (CV(A)), we could calculate within-person biological variation (CV(i)), reference change values (RCVs), and absolute RCV delta cTnI concentrations. RESULTS We had data sets on 283 patients. Men and women had similar CV(i) values of approximately 14%, which was similar at all concentrations <40 ng/L. The biological variation was not dependent on the time interval between sample collections (t = 1.5-17 h). The absolute delta critical reference change value was similar no matter what the initial cTnI concentration was. More than 90% of subjects had a critical reference change value <5 ng/L, and 97% had values of <10 ng/L. CONCLUSIONS With this hs-cTnI assay, delta cTnI seems to be a useful tool for rapidly identifying ED patients at low risk for possible ACS.

A 2-hour diagnostic protocol for possible cardiac chest pain in the emergency department: A randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE Patients with chest pain represent a high health care burden, but it may be possible to identify a patient group with a low short-term risk of adverse cardiac events who are suitable for early discharge. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of a rapid diagnostic pathway with a standard-care diagnostic pathway for the assessment of patients with possible cardiac chest pain in a usual clinical practice setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A single-center, randomized parallel-group trial with blinded outcome assessments was conducted in an academic general and tertiary hospital. Participants included adults with acute chest pain consistent with acute coronary syndrome for whom the attending physician planned further observation and troponin testing. Patient recruitment occurred from October 11, 2010, to July 4, 2012, with a 30-day follow-up. INTERVENTIONS An experimental pathway using an accelerated diagnostic protocol (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction score, 0; electrocardiography; and 0- and 2-hour troponin tests) or a standard-care pathway (troponin test on arrival at hospital, prolonged observation, and a second troponin test 6-12 hours after onset of pain) serving as the control. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Discharge from the hospital within 6 hours without a major adverse cardiac event occurring within 30 days. RESULTS Fifty-two of 270 patients in the experimental group were successfully discharged within 6 hours compared with 30 of 272 patients in the control group (19.3% vs 11.0%; odds ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.18-3.13; P = .008). It required 20 hours to discharge the same proportion of patients from the control group as achieved in the experimental group within 6 hours. In the experimental group, 35 additional patients (12.9%) were classified as low risk but admitted to an inpatient ward for cardiac investigation. None of the 35 patients received a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome after inpatient evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using the accelerated diagnostic protocol in the experimental pathway almost doubled the proportion of patients with chest pain discharged early. Clinicians could discharge approximately 1 of 5 patients with chest pain to outpatient follow-up monitoring in less than 6 hours. This diagnostic strategy could be easily replicated in other centers because no extra resources are required.

Análise estratificada da atenção à saúde na prevenção secundária da doença coronariana

Trata-se de estudo transversal sem modelo de intervenção, que tem como objeto a atenção à saúde na prevenção secundária da doença coronariana a pacientes com ou sem tratamento ambulatorial especializado. O objetivo primário foi: Avaliar se há diferença na atenção à saúde entre pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronariana em sua forma aguda ou crônica com ou sem acompanhamento ambulatorial especializado. Os objetivos secundários foram: a) apresentar o perfil de cada grupo de pacientes a partir de dados sócio-demográficos e econômicos; b) descrever as característica clínicas dos pacientes e identificar a que fatores de risco cada grupo de pacientes está exposto; c) descrever a regularidade na utilização de medicamentos e como se dá o acesso à mesma; d) identificar o tipo e principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelo paciente para seguir o tratamento. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado formulário desenvolvido e previamente testado para atender os objetivos propostos para o estudo, além de informações coletadas diretamente do prontuário do paciente. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três unidades públicas de saúde localizadas no município do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra selecionada foi composta por 112 pacientes divididos igualmente entre os dois grupos existentes na pesquisa. Os dados foram transcritos para planilha do programa Statistic Package for the Social Science e análise realizada através dos testes estatísticos de diferença entre proporção, odds-ratio e qui-quadrado. Quanto ao perfil sócio-demográfico e econômico verificou-se diferença estatística significativa quanto ao grau de instrução entre os grupos I e II, com predomínio de pacientes de nível fundamental incompleto para o grupo I e médio completo no grupo II (p=0,0434), foi também verificada diferença significativa entre os grupos relacionada ao rendimento mensal, embora o maior percentual encontrado em ambos os grupos tenha sido observado na faixa de dois salários mínimos, uma vez que o grupo II apresentou maior concentração de renda entre a faixa de dois a três salários mínimos (p=0,0044). Ao que se refere aos fatores de risco para doença coronariana, observou-se diferença estatística entre os grupos para a variável tabagismo (p= 0,0001) e sedentarismo (p=0,0025). Verificou-se para pacientes do grupo I valor estatístico significativo quanto a regularidade em utilizar medicamentos (p=0,0010). Concluiu-se, portanto, que o acompanhamento de pacientes pós-síndrome coronariana aguda em ambulatório especializado de coronariopatias apresentou benefícios significativos quando comparado ao grupo de pacientes não cobertos por este tipo de assistência. Verificou-se ainda que o enfermeiro poderá contribuir e atuar amplamente para a prevenção secundária da doença coronariana, enquanto membro da equipe multidisciplinar.

Étude rétrospective évaluant le VEGF comme biomarqueur d’athérosclérose mesurée par coronarographie quantitative et ultrason intra-vasculaire

Introduction : Puisque le VEGF promeut l’inflammation et la néovascularisation des plaques athérosclérotiques, il pourrait contribuer à l’athérogénèse. Cependant, les données cliniques tentant de lier le VEGF à la maladie cardiaque athérosclérotique (MCAS) sont controversées. Nous avons investigué l’association entre les niveaux de VEGF et la sévérité de la MCAS. Méthode : Nous avons effectué une étude rétrospective transversale : 56 patients présentant une MCAS stable et 112 patients avec un syndrome coronarien aigue (SCA) ont été étudiés. Nous avons investigué la relation entre la charge athérosclérotique et les niveaux sériques de VEGF en utilisant la coronarographie par analyse quantitative (QCA) et avons évalué la morphologie des plaques athérosclérotiques en utilisant l’imagerie intravasculaire ultrasonore (IVUS). Résultats : Les niveaux de VEGF étaient plus bas chez les patients avec SCA que chez ceux avec MCAS stable. On observe une corrélation positive entre les niveaux de VEGF et le fardeau de la MCAS stable mesurée par le QCA Cumulative Coronary Stenosis Score - CCSS (Pearson r= 0,423 et p = 0,001). En analyse multivariée, les niveaux sériques de VEGF demeuraient prédicteurs du CCSS (p=0,003) des patients avec une MCAS stable. Nous avons observé une corrélation positive entre les niveaux de VEGF et le volume de plaque (Spearman r = 0.381, p = 0.035) ainsi que le pourcentage de volume d’athérome (Spearman r = 0.466, p = 0.008) mesurés par IVUS. Conclusions : Notre étude suggère un usage potentiel des niveaux sérique de VEGF comme biomarqueur de MCAS.

Efectos cardiovasculares del hipotiroidismo clínico y subclínico en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo

La disfunción tiroidea tiene un impacto ya demostrado en el sistema cardiovascular. No se ha establecido si existe alguna asociación entre el hipotiroidismo y la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares como falla cardiaca, angina postinfarto, arritmias y muerte, en el contexto de un síndrome coronario agudo. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la disfunción tiroidea (hipotiroidismo clínico y subclínico) y la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares (falla cardiaca, arritmias, angina postinfarto y muerte) en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidado Coronario de la Fundación Cardioinfantil (UCC – FCI). Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de cohorte, donde se evaluó la cohorte expuesta (129 pacientes) y no expuesta (258 pacientes) que ingresaron a la UCC de la FCI, con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo (Angina inestable, IAM SEST o IAM CEST) entre el periodo de enero de 2009 y marzo de 2010. Se evaluaron las asociaciones mediante el riesgo relativo e intervalo de confianza y la prueba de chi cuadrado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística incondicional. Resultados: Se estudiaron en total 387 pacientes, 258 eutiroideos y 129 pacientes con disfunción tiroidea (hipotiroismo clínico e hipotiroidismo subclínico). La distribución según el sexo en la cohorte de expuestos y no expuestos fue de 67% vs 66.3% y de mujeres 31% vs 33.7%. El desenlace más frecuente en el grupo de pacientes expuestos fue falla cardiaca (13%). Se evidenció que los pacientes con hipotiroidismo clínico o subclínico tienen el doble de riesgo de presentar falla cardiaca (RR=2.2 IC 95%:1.1-4.3) y 3 veces más riesgo de presentar fibrilación auricular (RR=4 IC 95%:1.22–13.0). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los demás desenlaces. El análisis multivariado mostró que el hipotiroidismo es un factor de riesgo suficiente para producir falla cardiaca y fibrilación auricular. Conclusiones: El hipotiroidismo clínico y subclínico aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar falla cardiaca y fibrilación auricular en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo.

Improved endothelial function with simvastatin but unchanged insulin sensitivity with simvastatin or ezetimibe

In addition to their expected effects on lipid profile, lipid-lowering agents may reduce cardiovascular events because of effects on nonclassic risk factors such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Ezetimibe specifically blocks the absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol as well as plant sterols. Although it is known that an additional reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels can be induced by the combination of ezetimibe with statins, it is not known if this can enhance some pleiotropic effects, which may be useful in slowing the atherosclerotic process. This study assessed the effects of simvastatin and ezetimibe, in monotherapy or in combination, on markers of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity. Fifty prediabetic subjects with normo- or mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly allocated to 2 groups receiving either ezetimibe (10 mg/d) or simvastatin (20 mg/d) for 12 weeks, after which the drugs were combined for both groups for an additional 12-week period. Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and the area under the curve of insulin were calculated. As expected, both groups receiving drugs in isolation significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride levels; and additional reductions were found after the combination period (P <.05). After 12 weeks of monotherapy, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and urinary albumin excretion were lower in the simvastatin than in the ezetimibe group. No change in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, area under the curve of insulin, and adiponectin levels was observed tiller either the monotherapies or the combined therapy. However, simvastatin combined with ezetimibe provoked significant reductions in E-selectin and intravascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels that were independent of LDL-C changes. Our findings support claims that simvastatin may be beneficial in preserving endothelial function in prediabetic subjects with normo- or mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia. Alternatively, a deleterious effect of ezetimibe on the endothelial function is suggested, considering the increase in intravascular cellular adhesion molecule I and E-selectin levels. Simvastatin and ezetimibe, in isolation or in combination, do not interfere with insulin sensitivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Impacto clínico e econômico da redefinição dos critérios diagnósticos de infarto do miocárdio

Introdução: Estudos sobre implicações clínicas da nova definição de infarto do miocárdio (IAM), incorporando novos marcadores de lesão miocárdica, são escassos na literatura. A prevalência de IAM e das suas complicações são diretamente dependentes do critério diagnóstico utilizado. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto diagnóstico, prognóstico e econômico da nova definição de IAM proposta pela AHA/ ESC usando troponina T (TnT) como marcador de lesão cardíaca. Métodos: Um total de 740 pacientes com dor torácica admitidos na Emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no período de julho/ 1999 a janeiro/ 2002 foram incluídos no estudo. Creatina quinase total (CK), CK-MB atividade e TnT foram dosados em uma amostra de 363 pacientes, representativa de toda a coorte. Para redefinição de IAM foram utilizados como ponto de corte valores pico de TnT > 0,2 mg/dl. Os desfechos avaliados foram classificados como eventos cardíacos maiores (angina recorrente, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, choque cardiogênico e óbito) e como procedimentos de revascularização. Também foram avaliados o manejo prescrito, os custos e o faturamento hospitalar. Resultados: Nos 363 pacientes com marcadores dosados, foram diagnosticados 59 casos de IAM (16%) pelos critérios clássicos; enquanto 40 pacientes (11%) tiveram o diagnóstico de IAM pelo critério redefinido, o que corresponde a um incremento de 71% na incidência. Pacientes com IAM redefinido eram significativamente mais idosos e do sexo masculino, apresentaram mais dor atípica e diabetes mellitus. Na análise multivariada, pacientes com infarto redefinido tiveram um risco 5,1 [IC 95% 1,0-28] vezes maior para óbito hospitalar e 3,4 [IC 95% 1,1-10] vezes maior para eventos combinados em relação aqueles sem IAM. O manejo dos casos de IAM redefinido foi semelhante ao manejo daqueles com IAM tradicional, exceto pelos procedimentos de revascularização que foram menos freqüentes (25% vs. 51%, P < 0,001). O grupo com IAM redefinido permaneceu mais tempo internado e foi submetido a procedimentos mais tardiamente. Do ponto de vista institucional, o uso dos novos critérios para IAM poderia resultar em um aumento de 9% (mais R$ 2.756,00 por grupo de 100 pacientes avaliados) no faturamento baseado em diagnóstico segundo a tabela do SUS. Conclusões: O novo diagnóstico de IAM acrescenta um número expressivo de indivíduos com infarto aos serviços de emergência. A incorporação deste critério é importante na medida que estes pacientes têm um prognóstico semelhante aos demais casos tradicionalmente diagnosticados. Como a identificação destes casos poderia resultar em um manejo mais qualificado e eficiente destes pacientes, esforços deveriam ser adotados para reforçar a adoção da redefinição de IAM.

Análise comparativa de exposição do operador à radiação entre as técnicas radial, femoral e radial com dispositivo protetor em procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista

Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB