Turun kaupungin ruutukaava-alueen kartografinen kuvaaminen 1600-luvulta nykypäivään

Kaupunkikartoituksen historia alkaa Suomessa Olof Gangiuksen piirtämästä kaupunkikartasta vuodelta 1634. Tämä kartta on Suomen vanhin mittauksiin perustuva kaupunkikartta. Myöhemmin Turusta, Suomen vanhimmasta kaupungista, on julkaistu karttoja runsaasti, joista tässä työssä käsitellään kymmentä aikakaudelleen tyypillistä kuvausta vuodesta 1634 vuoteen 2011. Tutkimuksessa vertaillaan karttoja, joiden mittaustavassa tai valmistusajankohdassa on jokin tietty erikoisuutensa tai tunnusmerkkinsä. Kaikki tutkittavat historialliset kartat on oikaistu koordinaatistoon paikkatieto-ohjelmalla. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään miten koordinaatistoon oikaistut eri aikakausien kartat kuvaavat Turun ruutukaava-aluetta. Vertailussa keskitytään pääasiassa tiettyihin kohteisiin (tuomiokirkkoon, Turun linnaan, Vartiovuorenmäkeen ja Kauppatoriin), koska ne ovat löydettävissä suurimmassa osassa kartoista. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan tapahtuneita kaupunkikuvaamisessa tapahtuineita muutoksia vuosisatojen ajalta ja syitä niihin. Lisäksi pohditaan paikkatieto-ohjelmien hyötyjä ja haasteita historiallisiin karttoihin perustuvissa tutkimuksissa. Tutkimuksessa vertaillaan historiallisia kaupunkikarttoja retrospektiivisesti toisiinsa sekä lisäksi jokaista karttaa verrataan nykyiseen ruutukaavarakenteeseen.. Tutkimuksessa on myös selvitetty kaupunkikartoituksen historiaa laajasti. Tuloksissa esiin nousi Turun kaupungin muuttuminen maaseutumaisesta asutuskeskittymästä runsasväestöiseksi kaupungiksi. Kasvanut väestömäärä ja runsastunut rakennus- ja liikennekanta ovat muovanneet kaupunkirakennetta vahvasti ja nämä muutokset näkyvät kartoilla selkeästi. Teknologian sekä mittausvälineiden ja -tapojen kehittyminen ovat osaltaan muokanneet eri aikakauden karttoja. Tutkimuksessa selvisi karttojen mittaustulosten tarkkuuden suuri vaihtelevuus riippumatta kartan valmistusvuodesta. Aineiston vanhin kartta on virhekeskiarvoa vertaillen parempi mittaustarkkuudeltaan kuin aineiston nuorin oikaistu kartta. Tutkimustulosten perusteella Turun ruutukaava-alueella on suuri määrä kohteita, joiden kuvaaminen kartoilla on ollut tärkeää kartoitustoiminnan aloituksesta asti.

A kingdom near lost: English military recovery in Ireland, 1600-03

Ireland was rarely a peaceful realm for Elizabeth I, but Hugh O’Neill, Earl of Tyrone and his allies brought the edifice of English power in Ireland to the brink of collapse. The war in Ireland at the end of the sixteenth century devoured money, lives and reputations at a prodigious rate. However seven years of Irish success ended when in 1600 the Queen appointed Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy as Lord Deputy. Success replaced failure, but only after the new Lord Deputy transformed English strategy and rebuilt the army into an instrument fit for purpose.

Testosterone Therapy Differently Regulates The Anti- And Pro-inflammatory Cytokines In The Plasma And Prostate Of Rats Submitted To Chronic Ethanol Consumption (uchb).

Ethanol consumption damages the prostate, and testosterone is known by anti-inflammatory role. The cytokines were investigated in the plasma and ventral prostate of UChB rats submitted or not to testosterone therapy by ELISA and Western blot, respectively. Additionally, inflammatory foci and mast cells were identified in the ventral prostate slides stained by hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue, respectively. Inflammatory foci were found in the ethanol-treated animals and absent after testosterone therapy. Plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were not changed while TNFα and TFG-β1 were increased in the animals submitted testosterone therapy. Regarding to ventral prostate, IL-6 did not alter, while IL-10, TNFα, and TFG-β1 were increased after testosterone therapy. Ethanol increases NFR2 in addition to high number of intact and degranulated mast cell which were reduced after testosterone therapy. So, ethanol and testosterone differentially modulates the cytokines in the plasma and prostate.

Ghost Cells In Pilomatrixoma, Craniopharyngioma, And Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor: Histological, Immunohistochemical, And Ultrastructural Study.

Pilomatrixoma, craniopharyngioma, and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor are the main entities presenting ghost cells as an important histological feature, in spite their quite different clinical presentation; it seems that they share a common pathway in the formation of these cells. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the characteristics of ghost and other cells that form these lesions. Forty-three cases including 21 pilomatrixomas, 14 craniopharyngiomas, and eight calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins, CD138, β-catenin, D2-40, Glut-1, FAS, CD10 and also by scanning electron microscopy. The CKs, CD138, β-catenin, Glut-1, FAS, and CD10 were more often expressed by transitional cells of craniopharyngioma and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, compared with pilomatrixoma. Basaloid cells of pilomatrixoma showed strong positivity for CD138 and CD10. Differences on expression pattern were identified in transitional and basal cells, as ghost cells were negative for most antibodies used, except by low expression for cytokeratins. By scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of ghost cells were similar in their fibrillar cytoplasm, but their pattern varied from sheets in pilomatrixoma to small clusters in craniopharyngioma and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor. Mechanisms involved in formation of ghost cells are unknown, but probably they follow different pathways as protein expression in the basal/transitional cells was not uniform in the three tumors studied.

Ten-eleven-translocation 2 (tet2) Is Downregulated In Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

TET2, a member of the ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family genes that modify DNA by converting 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), is located in chromosome 4q24 and is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies. The impact of TET2 mutation on survival outcomes is still controversial; however, functional studies have proved that it is a loss-of-function mutation that impairs myeloid cell differentiation and contributes to the phenotype of myeloid neoplasia. We, herein, aimed to investigate TET2 expression in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A significantly decreased TET2 expression was observed in bone marrow cells from AML (n = 53) and patients with MDS (n = 64), compared to normal donors (n = 22). In MDS, TET2 expression was significantly reduced in RAEB-1/RAEB-2 compared to other WHO 2008 classifications, and a lower TET2 expression was observed at the time of MDS disease progression in four of five patients. In multivariate analysis, low TET2 expression (P = 0.03), male gender (P = 0.02), and WHO 2008 classification (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of poorer overall survival. These results suggest that defective TET2 expression plays a role in the MDS pathophysiology and predicts survival outcomes in this disease.

Crystal Structure Of (3e)-3-[(4-nitro-phen-oxy)-meth-yl]-4-phenyl-but-3-en-2-one.

In the title compound, C17H15NO4, the conformation about the C=C double bond [1.348 (2) Å] is E with the ketone group almost co-planar [C-C-C-C torsion angle = 7.2 (2)°] but the phenyl group twisted away [C-C-C-C = 160.93 (17)°]. The terminal aromatic rings are almost perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 81.61 (9)°] giving the mol-ecule an overall U-shape. The crystal packing feature benzene-C-H⋯O(ketone) contacts that lead to supra-molecular helical chains along the b axis. These are connected by π-π inter-actions between benzene and phenyl rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.6648 (14) Å], resulting in the formation of a supra-molecular layer in the bc plane.

Crystal Structure Of (3e)-3-(2,4-di-nitro-phen-oxy-meth-yl)-4-phenyl-but-3-en-2-one.

In the title compound, C17H14N2O6, the conformation about the C=C double bond [1.345 (2) Å] is E, with the ketone moiety almost coplanar [C-C-C-C torsion angle = 9.5 (2)°] along with the phenyl ring [C-C-C-C = 5.9 (2)°]. The aromatic rings are almost perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 86.66 (7)°]. The 4-nitro moiety is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring to which it is attached [O-N-C-C = 4.2 (2)°], whereas the one in the ortho position is twisted [O-N-C-C = 138.28 (13)°]. The mol-ecules associate via C-H⋯O inter-actions, involving both O atoms from the 2-nitro group, to form a helical supra-molecular chain along [010]. Nitro-nitro N⋯O inter-actions [2.8461 (19) Å] connect the chains into layers that stack along [001].

Contribution Of Antepartum And Intrapartum Hemorrhage To The Burden Of Maternal Near Miss And Death In A National Surveillance Study.

To evaluate the occurrence of severe obstetric complications associated with antepartum and intrapartum hemorrhage among women from the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity. Multicenter cross-sectional study. Twenty-seven obstetric referral units in Brazil between July 2009 and June 2010. A total of 9555 women categorized as having obstetric complications. The occurrence of potentially life-threatening conditions, maternal near miss and maternal deaths associated with antepartum and intrapartum hemorrhage was evaluated. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and the use of criteria for management of severe bleeding were also assessed in these women. The prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals adjusted for the cluster effect of the design, and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors independently associated with the occurrence of severe maternal outcome. Antepartum and intrapartum hemorrhage occurred in only 8% (767) of women experiencing any type of obstetric complication. However, it was responsible for 18.2% (140) of maternal near miss and 10% (14) of maternal death cases. On multivariate analysis, maternal age and previous cesarean section were shown to be independently associated with an increased risk of severe maternal outcome (near miss or death). Severe maternal outcome due to antepartum and intrapartum hemorrhage was highly prevalent among Brazilian women. Certain risk factors, maternal age and previous cesarean delivery in particular, were associated with the occurrence of bleeding.

P16(ink) (4a) Expression As A Potential Marker Of Low-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Progression.

To evaluate p16(INK) (4a) immunoexpression in CIN1 lesions looking for differences between cases that progress to CIN2/3 maintain CIN1 diagnosis, or spontaneously regress. Seventy-four CIN1 biopsies were studied. In the follow-up, a second biopsy was performed and 28.7% showed no lesion (regression), 37.9% maintained CIN1, and 33.4% progressed to CIN2/3. Immunostaining for p16(INK) (4a) was performed in the first biopsy and it was considered positive when there was strong and diffuse staining of the basal and parabasal layers. Pearson's chi-square was used to compare the groups (p ≤ 0.05). The age of the patients was similar. There was no significant difference in p16(INK) (4a) immunoexpression in the groups, however, statistical analyses showed a significant association when only the progression and regression groups were compared (p = 0.042). Considering p16(INK) (4a) positivity and the progression to CIN2/3, the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values in our cohort were 45%, 75%, 47%, and 94%, respectively. We emphasize that CIN1 with p16(INK) (4a) staining was associated with lesion progression, but the sensitivity was not high. However, the negative predictive value was more reliable (94%) and p16(INK) (4a) may represent a useful biomarker that can identify CIN1 lesions that need particular attention, complementing morphology.

Própolis do sudeste e nordeste do Brasil: influência da sazonalidade na atividade antibacteriana e composição fenólica

The composition and biological activities of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the seasonal effect on the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis (EEP) type 6 and type 12, collected during 6 months in terms of antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by MIC and MBC on S. mutans Ingbritt 1600 and the profile of chemical composition by UV-visible spectrophotometry, HPLC-RF and GC-MS. The results demonstrated that the season in which propolis is collected influences its chemical composition, resulting in modifications in its antibacterial activity.

The use of a graphite-silicone rubber composite electrode in the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical formulation

The possibility of using a graphite silicone-rubber composite electrode (GSR) in a differential pulse voltammetric(DPV) procedure for rutin (vitamin P) determination is described. Cyclic voltammograms of rutin presented a reversible pair of oxidation/reduction peaks respectively at 0.411 and 0.390 V (vs. SCE) at the GSR surface in Britton-Robinson(B-R) buffer solution pH 4.0. In DPV after optimization of conditions, an oxidation peak at 0.370 V (vs. SCE) was used to quantitative determination of rutin in B-R buffer solution pH 4.0. In this case a linear dynamic range of 5.0×10-8 to 50.0×10-8 mol L-1 was observed with a detection limit of 1.8×10-8 mol L-1 for the analyte. Recoveries from 94 to 113% were observed. The electrode surface was renewed by polishing after each determination, with a repeatability of 1.09 ± 0.06 µA (n = 10) peak current. Rutin was determined in a pharmaceutical formulation using the proposed electrode and the results agreed with those from an official method within 95% confidence level.

Bioassay guided purification of the antimicrobial fraction of a Brazilian propolis from Bahia state

Background: Brazilian propolis type 6 (Atlantic forest, Bahia) is distinct from the other types of propolis especially due to absence of flavonoids and presence of other non-polar, long chain compounds, but presenting good in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Several authors have suggested that fatty acids found in this propolis might be responsible for its antimicrobial activity; however, so far no evidence concerning this finding has been reported in the literature. The goals of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the main pure fatty acids in the ethanolic extract and fractions and elucidate the chemical nature of the bioactive compounds isolated from Brazilian propolis type 6. Methods: Brazilian propolis type 6 ethanolic extract (EEP), hexane fraction (H-Fr), major fatty acids, and isolated sub-fractions were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HRGC-FID), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three sub-fractions of H-Fr were obtained through preparative HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of EEP, H-Fr, sub-fractions, and fatty acids were tested against Staphyloccus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt 1600 using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: EEP and H-Fr inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested; nevertheless, no antimicrobial activity was found for the major fatty acids. The three sub-fractions (1, 2, and 3) were isolated from H-Fr by preparative HPLC and only sub-fraction 1 showed antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: a) The major fatty acids tested were not responsible for the antimicrobial activity of propolis type 6; b) Sub-fraction 1, belonging to the benzophenone class, was responsible for the antimicrobial activity observed in the present study. The identification of the bioactive compound will improve the development of more efficient uses of this natural product.

Potassium trifluoro[(Z)-3-methoxyprop-1-enyl]borate

In the title salt, K(+)center dot C(4)H(7)BF(3)O(-), the K atom is surrounded by six anions making close contacts through seven F [K center dot center dot center dot F = 2.779 (1)-3.048 (1) angstrom] and two O [K center dot center dot center dot O = 2.953 (2) and 3.127 (2) angstrom] atoms in a trivacant fac-vIC-9 icosahedral coordination geometry.

1-[(Z)-1-Bromo-2-(butyldichloro-lambda(4)tellanyl)ethenyl]cyclohex-1-ene

The Te(IV) atom in the title compound, [Te(C(4)H(9))(C(8)H(10)Br)Cl(2)] or C(12)H(19)BrCl(2)Te, is in a distorted psi-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, with the lone pair of electrons projected to occupy a position in the equatorial plane, and with the Cl atoms being mutually trans [172.48 (4)degrees]. Close intramolecular [Te center dot center dot center dot Br = 3.3444 (18) angstrom] and intermolecular [Te center dot center dot center dot Cl = 3.675 (3) angstrom] interactions are observed. The latter lead to centrosymmetric dimers which assemble into layers in the bc plane. The primary connections between layers are of the type C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl.