Is Everyone Rated Equal? An Examination of Factors Related to Sexual Risk in Ethnically Diverse Male Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended

As the juvenile justice system has evolved, there has been a need for clinicians to make judgments about risk posed by adolescents who have committed sexual offenses. There are inherent difficulties in attempting to assess risk for violence among adolescents due to the developmental changes taking place and the absence of well-validated instruments to guide risk prediction judgments. With minority groups increasing in numbers in the U.S., it is likely that professionals will encounter minority individuals when conducting risk assessments. Overall questions regarding race/ethnicity have been neglected and there are few if any published research that explores risk factors with minority juvenile sex offenders. The present study examined whether differences exist between Caucasian and racial/ethnic minority adolescent sexual offenders on four risk assessment measures (J-SORRAT-II, J-SOAP-II, SAVRY, and ERASOR). The sample of 207 male adolescent sexual offenders was drawn from treatment facilities in a Midwestern state. Overall results indicated that minority adolescent sex offenders had fewer risk factors endorsed than Caucasian youth across all risk assessment tools. Exploration of interactions between race and factors such as: family status, exposure to family violence, and family history of criminality upon the assessment tools risk ratings yielded non-significant findings. Limitations, suggestions for future directions, and clinical implications are discussed.

All the World's a Stage: Reaching English Language Learners through Drama

The use of drama with language instruction has long been considered a legitimate practice. A recent survey of the literature shows that English Language Learners (ELLs) may have even more to benefit from the use of drama in the classroom. Studies showed an increase in language and problem-solving ability, as well as student self-efficacy that was transferrable across activities. Following an analysis of the literature is a proposed curriculum based on the findings of the researchers cited. This unit is centered on dramatic activities that make use of all four language domains and includes the examination of plays in writing, on the stage, and as a playwright. In the end, students will be asked to combine all of their skills to put on a completely student-created production. An analysis of the factors surrounding the implementation of such a unit follows the unit itself.

Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae)

Buteonine hawks represent one of the most diverse groups in the Accipitridae, with 58 species distributed in a variety of habitats on almost all continents. Variations in migratory behavior, remarkable dispersal capability, and unusual diversity in Central and South America make buteonine hawks an excellent model for studies in avian evolution. To evaluate the history of their global radiation, we used an integrative approach that coupled estimation of the phylogeny using a large sequence database (based on 6411 bp of mitochondrial markers and one nuclear intron from 54 species), divergence time estimates, and ancestral state reconstructions. Our findings suggest that Neotropical buteonines resulted from a long evolutionary process that began in the Miocene and extended to the Pleistocene. Colonization of the Nearctic, and eventually the Old World, occurred from South America, promoted by the evolution of seasonal movements and development of land bridges. Migratory behavior evolved several times and may have contributed not only to colonization of the Holarctic, but also derivation of insular species. In the Neotropics, diversification of the buteonines included four disjunction events across the Andes. Adaptation of monophyletic taxa to wet environments occurred more than once, and some relationships indicate an evolutionary connection among mangroves, coastal and varzea environments. On the other hand, groups occupying the same biome, forest, or open vegetation habitats are not monophyletic. Refuges or sea-level changes or a combination of both was responsible for recent speciation in Amazonian taxa. In view of the lack of concordance between phylogeny and classification, we propose numerous taxonomic changes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diverse levels of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance generate heterogeneous neuronal behavior in a population of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal neurons

Leao RM, Li S, Doiron B, Tzounopoulos T. Diverse levels of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance generate heterogeneous neuronal behavior in a population of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 107: 3008-3019, 2012. First published February 29, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00660.2011.-Homeostatic mechanisms maintain homogeneous neuronal behavior among neurons that exhibit substantial variability in the expression levels of their ionic conductances. In contrast, the mechanisms, which generate heterogeneous neuronal behavior across a neuronal population, remain poorly understood. We addressed this problem in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, where principal neurons exist in two qualitatively distinct states: spontaneously active or not spontaneously active. Our studies reveal that distinct activity states are generated by the differential levels of a Ba2+-sensitive, inwardly rectifying potassium conductance (K-ir). Variability in K-ir maximal conductance causes variations in the resting membrane potential (RMP). Low K-ir conductance depolarizes RMP to voltages above the threshold for activating subthreshold-persistent sodium channels (Na-p). Once Na-p channels are activated, the RMP becomes unstable, and spontaneous firing is triggered. Our results provide a biophysical mechanism for generating neural heterogeneity, which may play a role in the encoding of sensory information.

Reference model for implementing an MRP system in a highly diverse component and seasonal lean production environment

Companies are currently choosing to integrate logics and systems to achieve better solutions. These combinations also include companies striving to join the logic of material requirement planning (MRP) system with the systems of lean production. The purpose of this article was to design an MRP as part of the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) in a company that produces agricultural implements, which has used the lean production system since 1998. This proposal is based on the innovation theory, theory networks, lean production systems, ERP systems and the hybrid production systems, which use both components and MRP systems, as concepts of lean production systems. The analytical approach of innovation networks enables verification of the links and relationships among the companies and departments of the same corporation. The analysis begins with the MRP implementation project carried out in a Brazilian metallurgical company and follows through the operationalisation of the MRP project, until its production stabilisation. The main point is that the MRP system should help the company's operations with regard to its effective agility to respond in time to demand fluctuations, facilitating the creation process and controlling the branch offices in other countries that use components produced in the matrix, hence ensuring more accurate estimates of stockpiles. Consequently, it presents the enterprise knowledge development organisational modelling methodology in order to represent further models (goals, actors and resources, business rules, business process and concepts) that should be included in this MRP implementation process for the new configuration of the production system.

Adattamento e acclimatazione a diverse temperature di lieviti psicrofili obbligati e facoltativi e di lieviti mesofili. Studio della produzione di acidi grassi polinsaturi omega-3 e omega-6 per via fermentativa.

Adaptation and acclimation to different temperatures of obligate psychrophilic, facultative psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts. Production of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by fermentative way. Obligate psychrophilic, facultative psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts were cultured in a carbon rich medium at different temperatures to investigate if growth parameters, lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition were adaptive and/or acclimatory responses. Acclimation of facultative psychrophiles and mesophiles to lower temperature negatively affected their specific growth rate. Obligate psychrophiles exhibited the highest biomass yield (YX/S), followed by facultative psychrophiles, then by mesophiles. The growth temperature did not influence the YX/S of facultative psychrophiles and mesophiles. Acclimation to lower temperature caused the increase in lipid yield (YL/X) in mesophilic yeasts, but did not affect YL/X in facultative psychrophiles. Similar YL/X were found in both facultative and obligated psychrophiles, suggesting that lipid accumulation is not a distinctive character of adaptation to permanently cold environments. The extent of unsaturation of fatty acids was one major adaptive feature of the yeasts which colonize permanently cold ecosystems. Remarkable amounts of α-linolenic acid were found in obligate psychrophiles at the expenses of linoleic acid, whereas it was generally scarce or absent in all the others strains. Increased unsaturation of fatty acids was also an acclimatory response of mesophiles and facultative psychrophiles to lower temperature. It’s well known that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) display a variety of beneficial effects on various organ systems and diseases, therefore a process for the microbial production of omega-3 PUFAs would be of great interest. This work sought also to investigate if one of the better psychrophilic yeast, Rhodotorula glacialis DBVPG 4785, stimulated by acclamatory responses, produced omega-3 PUFAs. In fact, the adaptation of psychrophilic yeasts to cold niches is related to the production of higher amounts of lipids and to increased unsaturation degree of fatty acids, presumably to maintain membrane fluidity and functionality at low temperatures. Bioreactor fermentations of Rhodotorula glacialis DBVPG 4785 were carried out at 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, and -3°C in a complex medium with high C:N ratio for 15 days. High biomass production was attained at all the temperatures with a similar biomass/glucose yield (YXS), between 0.40 and 0.45, but the specific growth rate of the strain decreased as the temperature diminished. The coefficients YL/X have been measured between a minimum of 0.50 to a maximum of 0.67, but it was not possible to show a clear effect of temperature. Similarly, the coefficient YL/S ranges from a minimum of 0.22 to a maximum of 0.28: again, it does not appear to be any significant changes due to temperature. Among omega-3 PUFAs, only α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) was found at temperatures below to 0°C, while, it’s remarkable, that the worthy arachidonic acid (C20:4,n-6), stearidonic acid (C20:4,n-3) C22:0 and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) were produced only at the late exponential phase and the stationary phase of batch fermentations at 0 and -3°C. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a beneficial omega-3 PUFA that is usually found in fatty fish and fish oils. The results herein reported improve the knowledge about the responses which enable psychrophilic yeasts to cope with cold and may support exploitation of these strains as a new resource for biotechnological applications.

Valutazione delle proprietà di diverse misure d'intensità dello scuotimento sismico

La progettazione sismica negli ultimi anni ha subito una forte trasformazione, infatti con l’introduzione delle nuove normative tecniche si è passati dallo svolgere una verifica delle capacità locali dei singoli elementi ad una progettazione con un approccio di tipo probabilistico, il quale richiede il soddisfacimento di una serie di stati limite ai quali viene attribuita una certa probabilità di superamento. La valutazione dell’affidabilità sismica di una struttura viene condotta di solito attraverso metodologie che prendono il nome di Probabilistic Seismic Design Analysis (PSDA) in accordo con la procedura del Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE). In questa procedura di tipo probabilistico risulta di notevole importanza la definizione della misura d’intensità sismica, la quale può essere utilizzata sia come predittore della risposta strutturale a fronte di un evento sismico, sia come parametro per definire la pericolosità di un sito. Queste misure d’intensità possono essere definite direttamente dalla registrazione dell’evento sismico, come ad esempio l’accelerazione di picco del terreno, oppure sulla base della risposta, sia lineare che non, della struttura soggetta a tale evento, ovvero quelle che vengono chiamate misure d’intensità spettrali. Come vedremo è preferibile l’utilizzo di misure d’intensità che soddisfino certe proprietà, in modo da far risultare più efficace possibile le risoluzione del problema con l’approccio probabilistico PBEE. Obbiettivo principale di questa dissertazione è quello di valutare alcune di queste proprietà per un gran numero di misure d’intensità sismiche a partire dai risultati di risposta strutturale ottenuti mediante analisi dinamiche non lineari nel tempo, condotte per diverse tipologie di strutture con differenti proprietà meccaniche.

L'atto confermativo nelle diverse tipologie procedimentali

La dottrina classica inquadra la problematica definitoria relativa all’atto confermativo nell’ambito dell’analisi ermeneutica dell’istituto della conferma nelle due specie ossia la conferma propria e la conferma impropria chiamata o atto confermativo. Si avverte in particolare che la nozione di atto confermativo sia stata elaborata al fine di impedire l’elusione dell’inoppugnabilità del provvedimento amministrativo: qualora, infatti, sia inutilmente spirato il termine impugnatorio se la parte volesse tentare di recuperarlo potrebbe proporre all’amministrazione una domanda di riesame al fine di ottenere un provvedimento di conferma da impugnare, quindi, nei termini. Se in tale caso l’amministrazione anziché pronunciarsi con autonoma decisione e valutazione sia pure di conferma si limiti a rispondere di aver già provveduto, tale atto dell’amministrazione si qualifica come una conferma impropria e come tale non è impugnabile in quanto non contiene alcun nuovo provvedimento. L’indagine degli orientamenti dottrinali suggerisce, inoltre, di verificare in concreto l’aspetto confermativo del provvedimento e degli atti aventi carattere confermativo; questa prospettiva chiaramente non può prescindere dall’inquadramento degli atti di conferma nell’ambito procedimenti di riesame. Approfonditi gli aspetti classificatori, si è proceduto all’indagine degli aspetti critici collegati alla natura dell’atto confermativo con particolare riferimento all’obbligo di provvedere alla luce del mutato rapporto tra privati e pubblica amministrazione confrontando orientamenti dottrinali e pronunce giurisprudenziali. Il percorso di ricerca si è poi soffermato sull’analisi degli orientamenti in materia di autotutela e di riesame in generale al fine di offrire il quadro interpretativo generale per poi approfondire gli orientamenti più recenti in tema di procedimento amministrativo alla luce delle ultime modifiche legislative. Tale quadro ha consentito di aprire l’ambito di riflessione sul concetto e sull’operatività degli atti conferma. Infine, sono stati considerati più approfonditamente alcuni procedimenti che potessero costituire un’applicazione concreta degli strumenti interpretativi suggeriti da dottrina e giurisprudenza. Si è fatto particolare riferimento, infatti, alle problematiche applicative del concetto di atto confermativo nelle ipotesi di ricorso amministrativo, silenzio e dichiarazione di inizio attività, oggi segnalazione certificata di inizio attività. Nel capitolo dedicato alle conclusioni si è cercato di evidenziare quanto gli approdi ermeneutici in tema di procedimento e provvedimento di secondo grado e di autotutela siano di imprescindibile riferimento per risolvere i nodi interpretativi nelle ipotesi di concreta applicazione del concetto di atto confermativo. Infine, si è avuto modo di seguire il percorso interpretativo che considera gli aspetti relativi alle decisioni amministrative che possano presentare carattere confermativo ed atti che provvedimenti non sono, ma che sono sempre espressione dell’attività discrezionale della pubblica amministrazione, nella loro rilevanza sotto il profilo procedurale e sostanziale.