Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Modos projetuais de simulação: uso de ferramentas de simulação térmica no processo projetual de arquitetura

This thesis aims to describe and demonstrate the developed concept to facilitate the use of thermal simulation tools during the building design process. Despite the impact of architectural elements on the performance of buildings, some influential decisions are frequently based solely on qualitative information. Even though such design support is adequate for most decisions, the designer will eventually have doubts concerning the performance of some design decisions. These situations will require some kind of additional knowledge to be properly approached. The concept of designerly ways of simulating focuses on the formulation and solution of design dilemmas, which are doubts about the design that cannot be fully understood nor solved without using quantitative information. The concept intends to combine the power of analysis from computer simulation tools with the capacity of synthesis from architects. Three types of simulation tools are considered: solar analysis, thermal/energy simulation and CFD. Design dilemmas are formulated and framed according to the architect s reflection process about performance aspects. Throughout the thesis, the problem is investigated in three fields: professional, technical and theoretical fields. This approach on distinct parts of the problem aimed to i) characterize different professional categories with regards to their design practice and use of tools, ii) investigate preceding researchers on the use of simulation tools and iii) draw analogies between the proposed concept, and some concepts developed or described in previous works about design theory. The proposed concept was tested in eight design dilemmas extracted from three case studies in the Netherlands. The three investigated processes are houses designed by Dutch architectural firms. Relevant information and criteria from each case study were obtained through interviews and conversations with the involved architects. The practical application, despite its success in the research context, allowed the identification of some applicability limitations of the concept, concerning the architects need to have technical knowledge and the actual evolution stage of simulation tools

Interface em smartphone para supervisão de um sistema de controlo de uma instalação solar térmica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Elétrica e Eletrónica, Especialização em Sistemas de Energia e Controlo, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Estabilidade térmica dos compostos biologicamente ativos do colostro

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Comportamiento termomecánico de una funda para eje motriz durante el proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa directa

La industria automotriz requiere una alta calidad en la fabricación de sus productos, tales como las fundas para diferencial, por lo que es de suma importancia tener un control sobre el comportamiento mecánico de estos productos. Los procesos de unión en estado sólido, son conocidos como procesos de unión permanente, o procesos de soldadura. Estos procesos son utilizados debido a su diversa aplicación en distintos tipos de industrias así como también en la unión permanente de materiales ferrosos y no ferrosos. La razón esencial que impulsa esta investigación es el impacto que presentan ciertas anomalías mecánicas en piezas del giro automotriz, afectando no solo la producción de estas, sino también sus costos finales. Motivo por el que se buscó desarrollar una metodología que permitió el análisis numérico de las deformaciones y deflexiones presentes así como esfuerzos y cargas en el proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa que se encuentra en la línea 2 de la planta de SISAMEX, S.A. de C.V. En este estudio se logró desarrollar un modelo computacional para estudiar el conjunto de elementos durante el proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa directa. La geometria de la funda-husillo influyó considerablemente en el comportamiento mecanico durante el proceso de unión. De acuerdo a los resultados experimentales y el análisis numérico se observó que los desplzamientos mayores se generan durante la fase 2, siendo en la fase 3 mínimos o nulos. Se logró replicar con éxito el proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa mediante un análisis numérico 2D mediante un paquete comercial CAE, así mismo se realizó la simulación del proceso en condiciones ideales y modificadas mediante un análisis 3D y se validó a través de pruebas experimentales en planta.

Conductividad térmica en aleaciones de aluminio usadas en la manufactura de componentes de motores de combustión interna

Las aleaciones de aluminio son ampliamente utilizadas en la industria automotriz, principalmente en aplicación automotriz (cabezas y monoblocks), donde la extracción de calor es crítica para la eficiencia del motor. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una serie de pruebas realizadas para evaluar la conductividad térmica en aleaciones de aluminio, en un rango de temperaturas desde temperatura ambiente hasta 300°C mediante la variación de las condiciones de tratamiento térmico. Las aleaciones de aluminio analizadas en este estudio fueron: AlCu5Mg, AlSi7Mg, AlSi7MgCu0.5, AlSi8Cu3Mg y AlSi7Cu3Mg, se vaciaron en moldes de arena en forma de cuña con una templadera de hierro en la parte inferior para promover la solidificación direccional. Se evaluaron tres perfiles de solidificación caracterizados por el grado de refinación de su microestructura (20, 30 y 50 µm equivalente a una aleación tipo 319 AlSi7Cu3Mg) para simular diferentes zonas de los componentes automotrices. Muestras de cada aleación fueron sometidas a tratamiento térmico (solución, temple y envejecido artificial), como medio de temple se utilizó agua y aire. Las muestras de cada condición de tratamiento térmico y perfil de solidificación fueron sometidas a un envejecido posterior de 200 hr para simular las condiciones de temperatura a las cuales están expuestos los motores de combustión interna y fueron evaluadas cuatro temperaturas: 150°C, 200°C, 250°C y 300°C. Los resultados muestran que la conductividad térmica es incrementada en muestras con un espaciamiento dendrítico secundario fino y con un medio de temple en agua. 1 El post-envejecido, al cual se sometieron las muestras, fue la condición del tratamiento que incrementó en mayor medida el valor de conductividad térmica. El contenido de cobre en la aleación presenta un incremento en la conductividad térmica de la aleación, principalmente en temperaturas de post-envejecido que sobrepasan los 200°C.

Estudo da polimerização térmica de óleos e gorduras

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2011.

Síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita via decomposição térmica em meio não-aquoso

This work aims at obtaining nanoparticles of iron oxide, the magnetite one (Fe3O4), via synthesis by thermal decomposition through polyol. Thus, two routes were evaluated: a simple decomposition route assisted by reflux and a hydrothermal route both without synthetic air atmosphere using a synthesis temperature of 260ºC. In this work observed the influence of the observe of surfactants which are generally applied in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles decreasing cluster areas. Further, was observed pure magnetite phase without secondary phases generally found in the iron oxide synthesis, a better control of crystallite size, morphology, crystal structure and magnetic behavior. Finally, the introduction of hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface was analyzed besides its employment in the polymer production with OH radicals. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, DLS, VSM, TEM, TG and DSC analyses. The results for the magnetite obtainment with a particle size greater than 5 nm and smaller than 11 nm, well defined morphology and good magnetic properties with superparamagnetic behavior. The reflux synthesis was more efficient in the deposition of the hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Pirólise térmica e catalítica de resíduos de vácuo gerados no refino de petróleo

In this study, was used a very promising technique called of pyrolysis, which can be used for obtaining products with higher added value. From oils and residues, since the contribution of heavier oils and residues has intensified to the world refining industry, due to the growing demand for fuel, for example, liquid hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and diesel. The catalytic pyrolysis of vacuum residues was performed with the use of a mesoporous material belonging the M41S family, which was discovered in the early 90s by researchers Mobil Oil Corporation, allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameters between 2 and 10 nm and a high specific surface area, making it very promising for use as a catalyst in petroleum refining for catalytic cracking, and their mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more positive for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous material of the type Al-MCM41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) was synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from the silica gel, NaOH and distilled water added to the gel pseudobohemita synthesis. Driver was used as structural CTMABr. Removal of organic driver (CTMABr) was observed by TG / DTG and FTIR, but this material was characterized by XRD, which was observed the formation of the main peaks characteristic of mesoporous materials. The analysis of adsorption / desorption of nitrogen this material textural parameters were determined. The vacuum residues (VR's) that are products of the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower used in this study are different from oil fields (regions of Ceará and Rio de Janeiro). Previously characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, viscosity, density, SARA, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry, which was performed by thermal and catalytic degradation of vacuum residues. The effect of AlMCM-41 was satisfactory, since promoted a decrease in certain ranges of temperature required in the process of conversion of hydrocarbons, but also promoted a decrease in energy required in the process. Thus enabling lower costs related to energy expenditure from degradation during processing of the waste

Avaliação térmica dos resíduos da destilação atmosférica das blendas - biodiesel/diesel

The worldwide concern regarding the use of sustainable energy and preserving the environment are determining factors in the search for resources and alternative sources of energy and therefore fuel less aggressive nature. In response to these difficulties Biodiesel has emerged as a good solution because it is produced from renewable sources, produces burns cleaner and is easily reproducible. This work was synthesized with biodiesel oil, sunflower via homogeneous catalysis in the presence of KOH, with and without the use of BHT and subsequently added to the blends BX (a proportion of biodiesel X = 5, 10, 15 and 20 %). Atmospheric distillation of the analysis, performed in blends with and without BHT were collected residue generated by each sample and performed a study heat from the thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C*min-1, nitrogen atmosphere and heating to 600 °C. According to the specifications of Resolution N 7/2008 for biodiesel, it was found that the synthesized material was in accordance with the specifications. For blends showed that the samples are in accordance with the Resolution of ANP N 42/2009. From the TG / DTG curves of the samples of biodiesel, blends and waste can be seen that these show a single loss of thermal decomposition concerning constituents present in each sample. The blends without BHT with ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% biodiesel showed a lower amount of waste (1,07%; 1,09% e 1,10%) to mineral diesel (1,15%). Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of biodiesel with diesel mineral can improve some physico-chemical parameters, but also, depending on the added amount, decreasing the amount of waste generated. This fact is of great importance because the carbonaceous residue can cause problems in mechanical equipment and parts for vehicles, causing more frequent maintenance, and this is not desirable

Caracterização térmica de tubos de explorações petrolíferas em águas profundas

Este trabalho foi realizado devido aos novos desafios existentes na área petrolífera, pois tem-se verificado novas necessidades na transferência de calor em tubagens em águas profundas. Com estes novos cenários de produção em águas profundas, existe a preocupação de garantir o escoamento do produto evitando cenários de obstrução nas tubagens. Os principais problemas aquando da exploração petrolífera prendem-se com a ocorrência de parafinas nas paredes dos tubos bem como a formação de hidratos. É descrito neste trabalho as soluções existentes para a transferência do produto e comparação das mesmas. Numa segunda fase é realizado um modelo matemático para análise térmica das tubagens comparando os materiais isolantes propostos, afim de garantir a temperatura mínima do fluido circulante. De salientar que houve a preocupação de ter em conta uma paragem na exploração do petróleo, por motivos de manutenção por exemplo, e garantir dessa maneira a temperatura mínima do mesmo. Este trabalho propõe soluções de isolamento térmico e discute todos os desafios e problemas existentes.

Investigação experimental de permutadores de calor para aplicação em sistema de recuperação de energia térmica de veículos

Devido às normas ambientais atualmente em vigor que restringem a quantidade de gases poluentes emitidos para a atmosfera pelos automóveis, e também pela cada vez maior consciencialização para os problemas ambientais que o consumo de combustíveis fósseis acarreta, assim como devido ao cada vez mais elevado preço dos mesmos, os construtores automóveis têm como principal objectivo a redução do consumo do combustível e consequente diminuição de emissão de poluentes. Os sistemas de reaproveitamento da energia térmica desperdiçada nos motores de combustão interna (MCI), podem contribuir de forma significativa para o aumento da eficiência de conversão de energia em veículos equipados com MCI. O presente estudo é dedicado ao desenvolvimento de um sistema de recupereração desta energia desperdiçada, recorrendo ao ciclo de Rankine, com ênfase no desenvolvimento da montagem experimental, na avaliação do desempenho de diferentes geometrias de evaporador e no estudo das incertezas experimentais. Tendo em conta as várias restrições de projeto (compacidade, perda de carga e potência recuperada por unidade de volume) o presente trabalho permitiu identificar a geometria do evaporador mais adequada.

Modelação térmica e hidrodinâmica de condensadores para aplicação em sistema de recuperação de energia térmica de veículos automóveis

A recuperação da energia térmica do escape afigura-se como uma vertente com importância relevante para o aumento da eficiência energética dos motores de combustão interna, tendo benefícios em termos económicos e ambientais. O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo e dimensionamento do condensador a integrar num sistema de ciclo de Rankine, tendo-se optado pela seleção de um permutador de placas do tipo “chevron”. O permutador para efeitos de cálculo é dividido em três zonas distintas: i) pré-arrefecedor; ii) condensador e iii) sub-arrefecedor. O presente estudo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica alargada para o coeficiente de transferência de calor por convecção e perda de carga associada ao escoamento. Para cada zona do permutador são utilizados três fluidos de trabalho distintos: água, etanol e R245fa. Para o fluido refrigerante considerou-se água. Tendo em conta a revisão bibliográfica efetuada, foram implementados modelos para a perda de carga e para a transferência de calor no permutador, atendendo à seleção do fluido de trabalho e ao fluido refrigerante. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que a utilização do fluido de trabalho água, conduz a um condensador mais compacto. Por último é efetuada a otimização do sistema, mediante alteração da temperatura de funcionamento do permutador. Os resultados permitiram verificar a diminuição da temperatura de saída do fluido refrigerante possibilita: i) uma redução do volume do permutador; ii) uma diminuição da perda de carga associada.