CDCA3 regulates the cell cycle and modulates cisplatin sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer

Cisplatin-based regimens are currently the most effective chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cisplatin forms DNA crosslinks to stall DNA replication and induce apoptosis. However, intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance is a major therapeutic problem. We have identified ‘cell division cycle associated protein 3’ (CDCA3) as a novel protein that may prove useful in delaying or preventing cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. CDCA3 functions as part of an ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade the endogenous cell cycle inhibitors. While a role for CDCA3 in disease is emerging with elevated expression noted in oral squamous cell carcinoma, little else is known about CDCA3 or whether this protein may prove useful clinically.

Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis of meibomian cell carcinoma by microarray analysis

Meibomian cell carcinoma (MCC) is a malignant tumor of the meibomian glands located in the eyelids. No information exists on the cytogenctic and genetic aspects of MCC. There is no report on the gene expression profile of MCC. Thus there is a need, for both scientific and clinical reasons, to identify genes and pathways that are involved in the development and progression of MCC. We analyzed the gene expression profile of MCC by the microarray technique. Forty-four genes were upregulated and 149 genes were downregulated in MCC. Differential expression data were confirmed for 5 genes by semiquantitative RT-PCR in MCC tumors: GTF2H4, RBM12, UBE2D3, DDX17, and LZTS1. We found dysregulation of two major pathways in MCC: MAPK and JAK/STAT. Clusters of genes on chromosomes 1, 12, and 19 were dysregUlated in MCC. The data presented here will facilitate the identification of specific markers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of MCC patients. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Non-small cell lung cancer : studies on pathogenesis, tumour targeting and treatment outcomes

Lung cancer accounts for more cancer-related deaths than any other cancer. In Finland, five-year survival ranges from 8% to 13%. The main risk factor for lung cancer is long-term cigarette smoking, but its carcinogenesis requires several other factors. The aim of the present study was to 1) evaluate post-operative quality of life, 2) compare clinical outcomes between minimally invasive and conventional open surgery, 3) evaluate the role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), and 4) to identify and characterise targeted agents for therapeutic and diagnostic use in surgery. For study I, pneumonectomy patients replied to 15D quality of life and baseline dyspnea questionnaires. Study III involved a prospective quality of life assessment using the 15D questionnaire after lobectomy or bi-lobectomy. Study IV was a retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes between 212 patients treated with open thoracotomy and 116 patients who underwent a minimally invasive technique. Study II measured parameters of oxidative metabolism (myeloperoxidase activity, glutathione content and NADPH oxidase activity) and DNA adducts. Study V employed the phage display method and identified a core motif for homing peptides. This method served in cell-binding, cell-localisation, and biodistribution studies. Following both pneumonectomy and lobectomy, NSCLC patients showed significantly decreased long-term quality of life. No significant correlation was noted between post-operative quality of life and pre-operative pulmonary function tests. Women suffered more from increased dyspnea after pneumonectomy which was absent after lobectomy or bi-lobectomy. Patients treated with video-assisted thoracoscopy showed significantly decreased morbidity and shorter periods of hospitalization than did open surgery patients. This improvement was achieved even though the VATS patients were older and suffered more comorbid conditions and poorer pulmonary function. No significant differences in survival were noted between these two groups. An increase in NADPH oxidase activity was noted in tumour samples of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This increase was independent from myeloperoxidase activity. Elevated glutathione content was noted in tumour tissue, especially in adenocarcinoma. After panning the clinical tumour samples with the phage display method, an amino acid sequence of ARRPKLD, the Thx, was chosen for further analysis. This method proved selective of tumour tissue in both in vitro and in vivo cell-binding assay, and biodistribution showed tumour accumulation. Because of the significantly reduced quality of life following pneumonectomy, other operative strategies should be implemented as an alternative (e.g. sleeve-lobectomy). To treat this disease, implementation of a minimally invasive surgical technique is safe, and the results showed decreased morbidity and a shorter period of hospitalisation than with thoracotomy. This technique may facilitate operative treatment of elderly patients with comorbid conditions who might otherwise be considered inoperable. Simultaneous exposure to oxidative stress and altered redox states indicates the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and malignant transformation of NSCLC. The studies showed with great specificity and with favourable biodistribution that Thx peptide is specific to NSCLC tumours. Thx thus shows promise in imaging, targeted therapy, and monitoring of treatment response.

Molecular studies on LIM-domain protein CRP1

Various intrinsic and external factors are constantly attacking the cells causing damage to DNA and to other cellular structures. Cells in turn have evolved with different kinds of mechanisms to protect against the attacks and to repair the damage. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the major environmental genotoxic carcinogens that causes inflammation, mutations, immunosuppression, accelerated aging of the skin and skin cancers. Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin consisting mostly of keratinocytes, whose primary function is to protect the skin against e.g. UV radiation. LIM domain proteins are a group of proteins involved in regulation of cell growth, damage signalling, cell fate determination and signal transduction. Despite their two zinc fingers, LIM domains do not bind to DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions and function as modular protein binding interfaces. We initially identified CSRP1 as UVR-regulated transcript by using expression profiling. Here we have further studied the regulation and function of CRP1, a representative of cysteine rich protein- family consisting of two LIM domains. We find that CRP1 is increased by UVR in primary human keratinocytes and in normal human skin fibroblasts. Ectopic expression of CRP1 protected the cells against UVR and provided a survival advantage, whereas silencing of CRP1 rendered the cells more photosensitive. Actinic keratosis is a premalignant lesion of skin caused by excess exposure to sunlight and sunburn, which may lead to formation of squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of CRP1 was increased in basal keratinocytes of Actinic keratosis patient specimens suggesting that CRP1 may be increased by constant exposure to UVR and may provide survival advantage for the cells also in vivo. In squamous cell carcinoma, CRP1 was only expressed in the fibroblasts surrounding the tumour. Moreover, we found that ectopic expression of CRP1 suppresses cell proliferation. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates several functions in cell including growth, apoptosis and differentiation, and plays important roles in pathological disorders like cancer and fibrosis. We found that TGFbeta-signalling pathway regulates CRP1 at protein, but not at transcriptional level. The increase was mediated both through Smad and non-Smad signalling pathways involving MAPK/p38. Furthermore, we found that TGFbeta-mediated increase in CRP1 was associated with myofibroblast differentiation, and that CRP1 was significantly more expressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as compared to normal lung specimens. Since cell contractility is a distinct feature of myofibroblasts, and CRP1 is associated with actin cytoskeleton, we studied the role of CRP1 in cell contractility. CRP1 was found to localize to stress fibres that mediate contractility and to mediate myofibroblast contraction. These studies identify CRP1 as a stress responsive and cytokine regulated cytoskeletal protein that participates in pathological processes involved in fibrotic diseases and cancer.

Transcriptional Repression of Tumor Suppressor CDC73, Encoding an RNA Polymerase II Interactor, by Wilms Tumor 1 Protein (WT1) Promotes Cell Proliferation IMPLICATION FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

The Wilms tumor 1 gene (WT1) can either repress or induce the expression of genes. Inconsistent with its tumor suppressor role, elevated WT1 levels have been observed in leukemia and solid tumors. WT1 has also been suggested to act as an oncogene by inducing the expression of MYC and BCL-2. However, these are only the correlational studies, and no functional study has been performed to date. Consistent with its tumor suppressor role, CDC73 binds to RNA polymerase II as part of a PAF1 transcriptional regulatory complex and causes transcriptional repression of oncogenes MYC and CCND1. It also represses beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Based on the reduced level of CDC73 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples in the absence of loss-of-heterozygosity, promoter methylation, and mutations, we speculated that an inhibitory transcription factor is regulating its expression. The bioinformatics analysis predicted WT1 as an inhibitory transcription factor to regulate the CDC73 level. Our results showed that overexpression of WT1 decreased CDC73 levels and promoted proliferation of OSCC cells. ChIP and EMSA results demonstrated binding of WT1 to the CDC73 promoter. The 5-azacytidine treatment of OSCC cells led to an up-regulation of WT1 with a concomitant down-regulation of CDC73, further suggesting regulation of CDC73 by WT1. Exogenous CDC73 attenuated the protumorigenic activity of WT1 by apoptosis induction. An inverse correlation between expression levels of CDC73 and WT1 was observed in OSCC samples. These observations indicated that WT1 functions as an oncogene by repressing the expression of CDC73 in OSCC. We suggest that targeting WT1 could be a therapeutic strategy for cancer, including OSCC.

Tipagem das células do infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral em carcinoma de células escamosas da mucosa bucal: correlação com expressão de Ki67

O emprego de técnicas imunoistoquímicas, utilizando marcadores biológicos como o Ki67, que permite a avaliação do índice de proliferação celular em neoplasias malignas, vem sendo preconizado como um importante caminho de investigação do comportamento biológico das neoplasias malignas, tendo como consequências contribuições para o estabelecimento do prognóstico e desenvolvimento de novos protocolos terapêuticos. Neste trabalho, utiliza-se o método imunoistoquímico da avidina-biotina-peroxidase avaliada a expressão de Ki67 no parênquima de amostras de carcinomas de células escamosas da mucosa bucal com diferentes graus de diferenciação histológica. Além disso, a quantificação da área de infiltrado inflamatório foi avaliada. Os resultados demonstraram que a resposta imunológica celular é o principal mecanismo de defesa no carcinoma de células escamosas da mucosa bucal, expressada pelo grande número de linfócitos T e macrófagos e a expressão de Ki67 está relacionado ao índice mitótico e, consequentemente, à proliferação celular e, também, à diferenciação da neoplasia.

Alterações em genes relacionados à via glicolítica em tumores de carcinoma epidermoide de esôfago

O carcinoma epidermoide de esôfago (CEE) representa 90% dos casos de câncer de esôfago no Brasil. O CEE tem detecção tardia, um comportamento extremamente agressivo e baixa sobrevida, sendo, portanto, um alvo interessante para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos em sua carcinogênese, a fim de se identificar possíveis alvos terapêuticos ou marcadores moleculares que ajudem na prática clínica. Mudanças no metabolismo energético da célula tumoral parecem ter papel de destaque na transformação maligna. Sabe-se que células tumorais consomem glicose avidamente produzindo ácido lático, mesmo em condições de normóxia. Dentre os fatores que podem contribuir para o estímulo da glicólise em células tumorais destacam-se as alterações em enzimas da via glicolítica tais como: as piruvato-cinases M1 e M2 (PKM1 e PKM2), a hexocinase II (HKII), isofoma 1 do transportador de glicose, GLUT-1, e o fator de transcrição induzido por hipóxia (HIF1α), responsável pela transcrição das proteínas citadas. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a relação entre a expressão de HIF1α, HK2, PKM2, PKM1 e GLUT-1 e dados clínico-patológicos no CEE. Para tal, foram avaliados tumores conservados em parafina de 44 pacientes com CEE matriculados no INCA e no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Além disso, foram coletadas amostras de biópsia de esôfago em 67 pacientes sem doença esofágica, que foram submetidos à endoscopia no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE). A expressão das proteínas foi avaliada nos tecidos por imuno-histoquímica, enquanto que a expressão do mRNA de GLUT-1 também foi avaliada nas amostras controle. Foi observado que as amostras controle expressam HK2, PKM1, PKM2, HIF1α nas camadas do epitélio esofágico. Já GLUT-1 e Ki-67 são vistos apenas na camada basal. Além disso, a expressão do mRNA de GLUT-1 não teve correlação com fatores etiológicos da doença. Em CEE a expressão de HK2, PKM2 e GLUT-1 foi vista em todos os tumores, já a expressão de HIF1α e PKM1 foi variável. Além disso, observou-se que maior expressão de HIF-1α apresenta correlação com invasão linfonodal e diferenciação, enquanto que a expressão de HK2 tem relação com sobrevida e PKM1 com diferenciação. As correlações clínicas encontradas sugerem que alterações no metabolismo energético é um alvo de estudo interessante para desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares que auxiliem a prática clínica.

Snail heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Intratumor heterogeneity may be responsible of the unpredictable aggressive clinical behavior that some clear cell renal cell carcinomas display. This clinical uncertainty may be caused by insufficient sampling, leaving out of histological analysis foci of high grade tumor areas. Although molecular approaches are providing important information on renal intratumor heterogeneity, a focus on this topic from the practicing pathologist' perspective is still pending. Methods: Four distant tumor areas of 40 organ-confined clear cell renal cell carcinomas were selected for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tumor size, cell type (clear/granular), Fuhrman's grade, Staging, as well as immunostaining with Snail, ZEB1, Twist, Vimentin, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, PTEN, p-Akt, p110 alpha, and SETD2, were analyzed for intratumor heterogeneity using a classification and regression tree algorithm. Results: Cell type and Fuhrman's grade were heterogeneous in 12.5 and 60 % of the tumors, respectively. If cell type was homogeneous (clear cell) then the tumors were low-grade in 88.57 % of cases. Immunostaining heterogeneity was significant in the series and oscillated between 15 % for p110a and 80 % for Snail. When Snail immunostaining was homogeneous the tumor was histologically homogeneous in 100 % of cases. If Snail was heterogeneous, the tumor was heterogeneous in 75 % of the cases. Average tumor diameter was 4.3 cm. Tumors larger than 3.7 cm were heterogeneous for Vimentin immunostaining in 72.5 % of cases. Tumors displaying negative immunostaining for both ZEB1 and Twist were low grade in 100 % of the cases. Conclusions: Intratumor heterogeneity is a common event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which can be monitored by immunohistochemistry in routine practice. Snail seems to be particularly useful in the identification of intratumor heterogeneity. The suitability of current sampling protocols in renal cancer is discussed.

Carcinoma epidermóide invasivo de pênis: subexpressão dos fragmentos C3 e C4A/B do sistema complemento detectado no plasma pela plataforma proteômica ClinProt/MALDI/TOF

O carcinoma epidermóide de pênis (CEP) representa 95% das neoplasias penianas e afeta quase sempre pacientes não circuncidados estando muitas vezes associado à falta de higiene local adequada e à fimose. No Brasil a sua incidência é de 2,7 % porém em algumas áreas do país pode chegar a 17% dos casos diagnosticados por ano. O tumor pode ocorrer em qualquer parte do órgão sexual masculino e o tipo de estadiamento empregado é controverso. A classificação de Broders é a mais utilizada. Estudos sugerem a relação entre o desenvolvimento do carcinoma de pênis com a infecção por HPV (Papiloma Vírus Humano). O método de avaliação dos linfonodos inguinais permanece controverso sendo difícil a diferenciação entre linfadenomegalia inflamatória reacional e metastática. O exame físico não é um preditor confiável do comprometimento linfonodal pois pacientes com linfonodos palpáveis podem não apresentar metástases. Há poucas publicações sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na gênese e progressão do CEP. Apesar de vários marcadores terem sido avaliados, atualmente a aplicação clínica destes é limitada. A maior parte dos marcadores estudados requer procedimentos invasivos para obtenção do tecido tumoral. Existe a necessidade de encontrar através de uma técnica pouco invasiva marcadores tumorais circulantes capazes de diferenciar portadores de CEP com e sem envolvimento metastático. Neste tipo de neoplasia, a descoberta de biomarcadores que avaliem o prognóstico é relevante, pois o exame físico não é um indicador confiável do comprometimento linfonodal e da sobrevida.Os objetivos foram 1) revisar e discutir a epidemiologia, a etiologia, os diversos tipos de abordagem cirúrgica e as controvérsias no tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de pênis 2) investigar através da plataforma ClinProt/ MALDI / TOF a presença de marcadores plasmáticos capazes de discriminar indivíduos saudáveis de pacientes afetados por carcinoma epidermóide de pênis (CEP) 3) avaliar a importância destes marcadores na evolução da doença. Foram coletados e analisados pela plataforma ClinProt / MALDI / TOF o plasma de 36 indivíduos saudáveis e 25 pacientes com CEP invasivo, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico entre junho de 2010 e junho de 2011, nos serviços de urologia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer e do Hospital Mário Kröeff (Rio de Janeiro). Nossos resultados apontaram para um conjunto de dois peptídeos (A = m / z 1897,22 + -9 Da e B = m / z 2021,99 + -9 Da) que foram capazes de diferenciar pacientes com CEP de indivíduos controles. Esses peptídeos foram posteriormente identificados como fragmentos C3 e C4 A/B do sistema complemento. A validação cruzada, utilizando toda casuística apresentou 62,5% e 86,76% de sensibilidade e de especificidade, respectivamente, com uma alta sensibilidade (100%) e especificidade (97%) nos pacientes que morreram pela doença. Além disso, os pacientes com envolvimento ganglionar obtiveram uma sensibilidade e uma especificidade de 80 % e 97%, respectivamente. Ficou demonstrado que à medida que a doença progride mais subexpressos está o conjunto de peptídeos quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis. Estes resultados podem ser úteis como ferramentas para a avaliação do prognóstico destes pacientes.

Caracterização da expressão gênica dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs) no epitélio esofágico normal e em carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago

O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma doença extremamente agressiva e é um dos tumores mais incidentes e letais no Brasil e no mundo, sendo o carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE) o principal subtipo histológico, apresentando como principais fatores de risco o etilismo e o tabagismo na população ocidental. A exposição concomitante desses dois fatores representa um risco multiplicador para o desenvolvimento de CEE, sendo que o fumo parece ter um papel importante tanto na iniciação quanto na promoção do tumor, enquanto o álcool teria um papel mais relevante na promoção. Componentes do tabaco, como a nicotina e as nitrosaminas são potentes carcinógenos e agonistas de alta afinidade dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs), podendo atuar ativando vias de sinalização celular fundamentais para a progressão tumoral. Pouco se sabe sobre a expressão e regulação dos CHRNs na mucosa esofágica e no processo de carcinogênese desse tecido. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a expressão gênica dos CHRNs no epitélio esofágico normal e em CEE, bem como sua regulação pelos fatores de risco associados ao tumor. Foi observado que as subunidades α3, α5, α7 e β4 são expressas no epitélio esofágico saudável humano enquanto as subunidades α1, α4, α9 e α10 apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma expressão nesse mesmo tecido. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças de expressão das subunidades α3 e α7 em indivíduos etilistas e tabagistas quando comparados com indivíduos não-etilistas (subunidade α3) e não-tabagistas (subunidade α7). Nas amostras de CEE, as subunidades CHRNA5 e CHRNA7 foram encontradas superexpressas no tumor quando comparado ao tecido normal adjacente e observou-se diferença de expressão da subunidade α7 no tumor comparado com o tecido saudável e a subunidade β4 apresentou-se mais expressa no tecido tumoral e no tecido normal adjacente ao tumor do que no epitélio esofágico saudável. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças de expressão de nenhuma das subunidades avaliadas nas linhagens CEE quando submetidas a tratamento com nicotina ou etanol. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma participação dos CHRNs na fisiologia do epitélio esofágico e que os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de CEE parecem ser capazes de afetar a expressão desses receptores no epitélio esofágico.

Antisense Bcl-2 Oligonucleotide Uptake in Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma.

Objectives; Antisense oligonucleotides (AO) downregulate Bcl-2 protein expression in various tumours if good target cell uptake is achieved. In this study, uptake of FITC labelled AO (FITC-AO) directed at Bcl-2 was examined in; (1) the RT4 bladder tumour cell line (2) normal pig urothelium and (3) human superficial bladder tumours. Methods; In the RT4 cell line, uptake of FITC-AO, FITC-scrambled and FITC-sense oligonucleotides were quantified by flow cytometry at 4h intervals over 24h. Uptake of FITC-AO was assessed in normal pig urothelium by flow cytometry after FITC-AO was infused for 1h. Uptake of FITC AO was assessed in samples from 14 human superficial bladder tumours which were maintained in an ex vivo model. In samples from 6 tumours, uptake at 4h was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. In samples from 8 separate tumours uptake every 4h within the first 24h incubation period was assessed by flow cytometry. Results; In the RT4 cell line the FITC-AO, FITC-scrambled and FITC-sense oligonucleotide uptake was similar. Disaggregated cells from the normal urothelium of the three pigs exhibited 33%, 46%, 51% of cells staining positively for FITC-AO as determined by flow cytometry. All 6 tumour samples had detectable intracellular FITC-AO by fluorescence microscopy at 4h. In the 8 tumours ,examined over the 24h incubation period, there was a range of percentages of positively staining cells. However, most tumours had a monotonic increase in intracellular fluorescence intensity that plateaued 16h post infusion. Conclusion; Antisense Bcl-2 oligonucleotides were readily taken up by superficial bladder cancer cells but the heterogenous uptake in tumour samples needs to be considered when assessing the bioavailability of these drugs.