Revisiting transactions in Ada

Classical lock-based concurrency control does not scale with current and foreseen multi-core architectures, opening space for alternative concurrency control mechanisms. The concept of transactions executing concurrently in isolation with an underlying mechanism maintaining a consistent system state was already explored in fault-tolerant and distributed systems, and is currently being explored by transactional memory, this time being used to manage concurrent memory access. In this paper we discuss the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM), and how Ada can provide support for it. Furthermore, we draft a general programming interface to transactional memory, supporting future implementations of STM oriented to real-time systems.

Software transactional memory as a building block for parallel embedded realtime systems

The recent trends of chip architectures with higher number of heterogeneous cores, and non-uniform memory/non-coherent caches, brings renewed attention to the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM) as a fundamental building block for developing parallel applications. Nevertheless, although STM promises to ease concurrent and parallel software development, it relies on the possibility of aborting conflicting transactions to maintain data consistency, which impacts on the responsiveness and timing guarantees required by embedded real-time systems. In these systems, contention delays must be (efficiently) limited so that the response times of tasks executing transactions are upper-bounded and task sets can be feasibly scheduled. In this paper we assess the use of STM in the development of embedded real-time software, defending that the amount of contention can be reduced if read-only transactions access recent consistent data snapshots, progressing in a wait-free manner. We show how the required number of versions of a shared object can be calculated for a set of tasks. We also outline an algorithm to manage conflicts between update transactions that prevents starvation.

Managing contention of software transactional memory in real-time systems

The foreseen evolution of chip architectures to higher number of, heterogeneous, cores, with non-uniform memory and non-coherent caches, brings renewed attention to the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM) as an alternative to lock-based synchronisation. However, STM relies on the possibility of aborting conflicting transactions to maintain data consistency, which impacts on the responsiveness and timing guarantees required by real-time systems. In these systems, contention delays must be (efficiently) limited so that the response times of tasks executing transactions are upperbounded and task sets can be feasibly scheduled. In this paper we defend the role of the transaction contention manager to reduce the number of transaction retries and to help the real-time scheduler assuring schedulability. For such purpose, the contention management policy should be aware of on-line scheduling information.

Consistent state software transactional memory

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Assessment of oltipraz in schistosomiasis mansoni clinical trial

Seventy three children (6-15 years) and 75 adults (18-47 years) with active schistosomiasis mansoni were treated with oltipraz. All cases had at least 100 eggs per gram of feces as determined by the Kato-Katz technique. Children and adults were divided in two groups receiving respectively 25 or 30 mg/kg, as a single oral dose. Clinical examination, laboratories tests (haemogram, urinalysis, hepatic and kidney functions tests, glycemia, cholesterol, triglicerides, lipoprotein — HLD and LDL) and ECG were performed before, 3 or 7 days and 1 month after treatment. Parasitological control with 3 daily coprological examinations, was done on the 1st, 3rd j 6th month after drug administration. Giddiness, somnolence, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal distress were the most frequent side effects. Pain in the finger tips that need further investigations also occurred. No significant alteration in complementary tests were observed, whereas eosinophilia 1 month after treatment was detected, probably indicating worm death. The cure rate in children was 81.8% and 74.2% with 25 and 30 mg/kg respectively, and in adults 75.0% and 81.2% of the patients. No statistical significant difference was observed between cure rate and side effects at different dosages employed, neither between adults nor children. In all groups the percentage of egg reduction in feces in the non cured patients was higher than 96.0%. Further investigation with this new compound is necessary to accomplish the real value of oltipraz in the schistosomiasis chemotherapy.

Cooperative memory and database transactions

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Optimizing memory transactions for large-scale programs

Even though Software Transactional Memory (STM) is one of the most promising approaches to simplify concurrent programming, current STM implementations incur significant overheads that render them impractical for many real-sized programs. The key insight of this work is that we do not need to use the same costly barriers for all the memory managed by a real-sized application, if only a small fraction of the memory is under contention lightweight barriers may be used in this case. In this work, we propose a new solution based on an approach of adaptive object metadata (AOM) to promote the use of a fast path to access objects that are not under contention. We show that this approach is able to make the performance of an STM competitive with the best fine-grained lock-based approaches in some of the more challenging benchmarks. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Virtual Communities of Practice: Design and Development of Support Platforms and Participation Fostering

Mestrado em Engenharia Informática - Área de Especialização em Sistemas Gráficos e Multimédia

Segurança Alimentar no Quotidiano das Famílias Amarantinas

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão Integrada da Qualidade, Ambiente e Segurança

Desenvolvimento de um método potenciométrico para deteção de salmonella typhimurium

A Salmonella é um microrganismo responsável por grande parte das doenças alimentares, podendo por em causa a saúde pública da área contaminada. Uma deteção rápida, eficiente e altamente sensível e extremamente importante, sendo um campo em franco desenvolvimento e alvo de variados e múltiplos estudos na comunidade cientifica atual. Foi desenvolvido um método potenciométrico para a deteção de Salmonellas, com elétrodos seletivos de iões, construídos em laboratório com pontas de micropipetas, fios de prata e sensores com composição otimizada. O elétrodo indicador escolhido foi um ESI seletivo a cadmio, para redução da probabilidade de interferências no método, devido a pouca abundancia do cadmio em amostras alimentares. Elétrodos seletivos a sódio, elétrodos de Ag/AgCl de simples e de dupla juncão foram também construídos e caracterizados para serem aplicados como elétrodos de referência. Adicionalmente otimizaram-se as condições operacionais para a analise potenciométrica, nomeadamente o elétrodo de referencia utilizado, condicionamento dos elétrodos, efeito do pH e volume da solução amostra. A capacidade de realizar leituras em volumes muito pequenos com limites de deteção na ordem dos micromolares por parte dos ESI de membrana polimérica, foi integrada num ensaio com um formato nao competitivo ELISA tipo sanduiche, utilizando um anticorpo primário ligado a nanopartículas de Fe@Au, permitindo a separação dos complexos anticorpo-antigénio formados dos restantes componentes em cada etapa do ensaio, pela simples aplicação de um campo magnético. O anticorpo secundário foi marcado com nanocristais de CdS, que são bastante estáveis e é fácil a transformação em Cd2+ livre, permitindo a leitura potenciométrica. Foram testadas várias concentrações de peroxido de hidrogénio e o efeito da luz para otimizar a dissolução de CdS. O método desenvolvido permitiu traçar curvas de calibração com soluções de Salmonellas incubadas em PBS (pH 4,4) em que o limite de deteção foi de 1100 CFU/mL e de 20 CFU/mL, utilizando volumes de amostra de 10 ƒÊL e 100 ƒÊL, respetivamente para o intervalo de linearidade de 10 a 108 CFU/mL. O método foi aplicado a uma amostra de leite bovino. A taxa de recuperação media obtida foi de 93,7% } 2,8 (media } desvio padrão), tendo em conta dois ensaios de recuperação efetuados (com duas replicas cada), utilizando um volume de amostra de 100 ƒÊL e concentrações de 100 e 1000 CFU/mL de Salmonella incubada.

Novel Prostate Specific Antigen plastic antibody designed withcharged binding sites for an improved protein binding and itsapplication in a biosensor of potentiometric transduction

This work shows that the synthesis of protein plastic antibodies tailored with selected charged monomersaround the binding site enhances protein binding. These charged receptor sites are placed over a neutralpolymeric matrix, thus inducing a suitable orientation the protein reception to its site. This is confirmed bypreparing control materials with neutral monomers and also with non-imprinted template. This concepthas been applied here to Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), the protein of choice for screening prostate can-cer throughout the population, with serum levels >10 ng/mL pointing out a high probability of associatedcancer.Protein Imprinted Materials with charged binding sites (C/PIM) have been produced by surfaceimprinting over graphene layers to which the protein was first covalently attached. Vinylben-zyl(trimethylammonium chloride) and vinyl benzoate were introduced as charged monomers labellingthe binding site and were allowed to self-organize around the protein. The subsequent polymerizationwas made by radical polymerization of vinylbenzene. Neutral PIM (N/PIM) prepared without orientedcharges and non imprinted materials (NIM) obtained without template were used as controls.These materials were used to develop simple and inexpensive potentiometric sensor for PSA. Theywere included as ionophores in plasticized PVC membranes, and tested over electrodes of solid or liq-uid conductive contacts, made of conductive carbon over a syringe or of inner reference solution overmicropipette tips. The electrodes with charged monomers showed a more stable and sensitive response,with an average slope of -44.2 mV/decade and a detection limit of 5.8 × 10−11mol/L (2 ng/mL). The cor-responding non-imprinted sensors showed lower sensitivity, with average slopes of -24.8 mV/decade.The best sensors were successfully applied to the analysis of serum, with recoveries ranging from 96.9to 106.1% and relative errors of 6.8%.

New and low cost plastic membrane electrode with low detection limits for sulfadimethoxine determination in aquaculture waters

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) is one of the drugs, often used in the aquaculture sector to prevent the spread of disease in freshwater fish aquaculture. Its spread through the soil and surface water can contribute to an increase in bacterial resistance. It is therefore important to control this product in the environment. This work proposes a simple and low-cost potentiometric device to monitor the levels of SDM in aquaculture waters, thus avoiding its unnecessary release throughout the environment. The device combines a micropipette tip with a PVC membrane selective to SDM, prepared from an appropriate cocktail, and an inner reference solution. The membrane includes 1% of a porphyrin derivative acting as ionophore and a small amount of a lipophilic cationic additive (corresponding to 0.2% in molar ratio). The composition of the inner solution was optimized with regard to the kind and/or concentration of primary ion, chelating agent and/or a specific interfering charged species, in different concentration ranges. Electrodes constructed with inner reference solutions of 1 × 10−8 mol/L SDM and 1 × 10−4 mol/L chromate ion showed the best analytical features. Near-Nernstian response was obtained with slopes of −54.1 mV/decade, an extraordinary detection limit of 7.5 ng/mL (2.4 × 10−8 mol/L) when compared with other electrodes of the same type. The reproducibility, stability and response time are good and even better than those obtained by liquid contact ISEs. Recovery values of 98.9% were obtained from the analysis of aquaculture water samples.

Non-preemptive and SRP-based fullypreemptive scheduling of real-time Software Transactional Memory

Recent embedded processor architectures containing multiple heterogeneous cores and non-coherent caches renewed attention to the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM) as a building block for developing parallel applications. STM promises to ease concurrent and parallel software development, but relies on the possibility of abort conflicting transactions to maintain data consistency, which in turns affects the execution time of tasks carrying transactions. Because of this fact the timing behaviour of the task set may not be predictable, thus it is crucial to limit the execution time overheads resulting from aborts. In this paper we formalise a FIFO-based algorithm to order the sequence of commits of concurrent transactions. Then, we propose and evaluate two non-preemptive and one SRP-based fully-preemptive scheduling strategies, in order to avoid transaction starvation.

A potentiometric magnetic immunoassay for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium

Potentiometric detection with homemade polymeric membrane microelectrodes was coupled to a magnetic sandwich immunoassay for Salmonella typhimurium determination. Cadmium and sodium ion selective electrodes were used respectively as indicator and pseudo-reference electrodes and were prepared in pipette tips to allow potentiometric measurements in microliter sample volumes. In the proposed method, the concentration of S. typhimurium was proportional to the amount of cadmium released upon dissolution of a CdS nanoparticle labeled to the secondary detection antibody. The limit of detection was 2 cells per 100 μL. The immunomagnetic assay with potentiometric detection is suitable for sensitive and rapid (average total time per assay of 75 minutes) detection of S. typhimurium in milk samples. The proposed method is easy to perform, safe, sensitive, and low cost and has potential for in situ analysis.

Crowdsourcing innovation: a strategy to leverage enterprise innovation

Innovation is recognized by academics and practitioners as an essential competitive enabler for any company to survive, to remain competitive and to grow. Investments in tasks of R&D have not always brought the expected results. But that doesn't mean that the outcomes would not be useful to other companies of the same business area or even from another area. Thus, there is much knowledge already available in the market that can be helpful to some and profitable to others. So, the ideas and expertise can be found outside a company's boundaries and also exported from within. Information, knowledge, experience, wisdom is already available in the millions of the human beings of this planet, the challenge is to use them through a network to produce new ideas and tips that can be useful to a company with less costs. This was the reason for the emergence of the area of crowdsourcing innovation. Crowdsourcing innovation is a way of using the Web 2.0 tools to generate new ideas through the heterogeneous knowledge available in the global network of individuals highly qualified and with easy access to information and technology. So, a crowdsourcing innovation broker is an organization that mediates the communication and relationship between the seekers - companies that aspire to solve some problem or to take advantage of any business opportunity - with a crowd that is prone to give ideas based on their knowledge, experience and wisdom. This paper makes a literature review on models of open innovation, crowdsourcing innovation, and technology and knowledge intermediaries, and discusses this new phenomenon as a way to leverage the innovation capacity of enterprises. Finally, the paper outlines a research design agendafor explaining crowdsourcing innovation brokering phenomenon, exploiting its players, main functions, value creation process, and knowledge creation in order to define a knowledge metamodel of such intermediaries.