O agir cotidiano dos gestores da Estratégia Saúde da Família em um município do Espírito Santo

O Sistema único de Saúde (SUS) pode ser considerado uma das maiores conquistas sociais consagradas na Constituição de 1988, representando a materialização de uma nova concepção acerca da saúde no Brasil. As diretrizes do SUS são importantes instrumentos indutores de mudanças e modernização da gestão, incluindo aspectos relativos à organização da assistência, como sua humanização e também a busca de maiores níveis de desempenho e responsabilidade institucional para com os resultados alcançados. Diversos autores tem se debruçado sobre o tema gestão, porém, qual o modelo de gestão que conseguiria combinar um papel ativo, de liderança e de coordenação para gestores com autonomia? Este estudo objetiva analisar a prática da gestão nos serviços de saúde do município de Itapemirim/ES, buscando compreender as múltiplas e complexas dimensões que orientam essa prática, tendo como principal fonte as entrevistas de seus gestores. O município adota uma política de gestão participativa na saúde com várias instâncias formais e pratica um investimento em saúde acima do preconizado pela Constituição Federal o que permite um investimento em estruturação e oferta de serviços públicos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo adota a abordagem qualitativa através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, focalizando a gestão como um mundo social e expressão dos processos presentes nas organizações e que atravessam os relatos coletados. Foram entrevistados três gestores, sendo esses, Secretário Municipal de Saúde, Diretora da Atenção Primária em Saúde e Coordenadora de Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Itapemirim. A análise do material empírico teve como um de seus eixos o estudo do percurso profissional dos gestores, especialmente os processos que os levaram à função de gestão. A contingência marca essas trajetórias que se desenrolam em um contexto em que, em alguns dos casos, percebe-se que não existe qualquer exigência quanto à formação de gestão. Outro eixo abordado são as práticas de gestão onde são examinados os sentidos que o exercício da função de gestor tem para os sujeitos, como também as suas estratégias de trabalho, planejamento e ferramentas de uso. O exame das práticas de gestão norteia-se pela análise das possibilidades e limites para desencadear processos de mudança. Os depoimentos apontam as características dessas experiências de gestão, que procuram construir condições para processos de mudança, seja através das experiências anteriores desses gestores ou das estratégias de trabalho e do sistema de gestão articulado que procuram desenvolver. Os projetos profissionais dos gestores entrevistadas vão claramente se definindo no âmbito da gestão: se veem, não mais como profissionais de sua área de formação original (enfermeiro, farmacêutico ou cirurgião dentista), mas acima de tudo como gestores, alimentados pelo reconhecimento de suas capacidades de mobilização e de desenvolvimento de mudanças relativas a outras realizações no campo da gestão.

Avaliação do impacto do tamanho dos trens e do comprimento das seções de bloqueio na capacidade de um trecho ferroviário de linha dupla

É inegável a importância da infraestrutura de transporte para as empresas, para a economia e para os países no momento atual. Entretanto, a oferta de infraestrutura de transporte deve estar disponível a custos razoáveis e de modo a viabilizar o atendimento desta crescente demanda vista ao redor do mundo, não diferente no Brasil. Sobre tal contexto, desponta-se o segmento ferroviário, o qual proporciona o transporte de elevados volumes a custos relativamente baixos. Para suportar esta condição, é fundamental conhecer os parâmetros presentes em um sistema ferroviário e saber quais são seus impactos na capacidade de transporte, visando direcionar ações com foco na melhoria operacional e na correta alocação de investimentos de capital. Para quantificar estes impactos, buscou-se desenvolver um modelo de simulação capaz de identificar os impactos na capacidade de um trecho ferroviário de linha dupla frente à variação de dois parâmetros: o tamanho dos trens, que poderá sofrer alteração diante da comercialização da capacidade excedente das ferrovias nacional, diretriz esta presente no novo marco regulatório, e o comprimento das seções de bloqueio, diante dos baixos níveis de investimento realizados até o momento pelas concessões ferroviárias em atividade e do grande potencial de novos investimentos que serão destinados ao segmento ferroviário para atender as demandas futuras. Após a definição de vários cenários, realizou-se a análise dos resultados e pode-se identificar que tanto a variação no tamanho dos trens quando no comprimento das seções de bloqueio geram variações na capacidade de transportes em um trecho ferroviário, ficando estes caracterizados como importantes parâmetros que devem fazer parte de qualquer análise de capacidade ou investimentos de um segmento ferroviário

Slow-release and organic fertilizers on early growth of Rangpur lime

Slow-release and organic fertilizers are promising alternatives to conventional fertilizers, as both reduce losses by leaching, volatilization and problems of toxicity and/or salinity to plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different rates of the organic fertilizer Humato-Macota® compared with the slow-release fertilizer Osmocote® on the growth and nitrogen content in the dry matter of Rangpur lime. A field experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with an additional treatment (4 x 4 +1). The first factor consisted of four Humato­Macota® rates (0, 1, 2, and 3%) applied to the substrate; the second factor consisted of the same Humato-Macota® concentrations, but applied as fortnightly foliar sprays; the additional treatment consisted of application of 5 kgm-3 Osmocote® 18-05-09. Means of all growth characteristics (plant height, total dry matter, root/shoot ratio and leaf area) and the potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were higher when plants were fertilized with the slow-release fertilizer. The organic fertilizer applied alone did not meet the N requirement of Rangpur lime.

Initial growth of maize in response to application of rock phosphate, vermicompost and endophytic bacteria

Due to the high energy requirement and demand for non-renewable resources for the production of chemical fertilizers, added also to the environmental impact caused by the use of such products, it is important to intensify research on bio-based agricultural inputs. The use of nitrogen-fixing endophytic and phosphate solubilizing bacteria can provide these nutrients to the plants from the air and poorly soluble phosphorus sources, such as phosphate rock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrition and initial growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing and rock phosphate solubilizing endophytic bacteria, in single or mixed formulation, applied with vermicompost. The treatments containing bacteria, both diazotrophic and phosphate solubilizing, when compared to controls, showed higher levels of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in maize, as well as higher growth characteristics. The application of vermicompost showed synergistic effect when combined with endophytic bacteria. Thus, the innovation of the combination of the studied factors may contribute to the early development of maize.

Capital Intelectual: sua divulgação no setor bancário em Portugal

The importance of intangible resources has increased dramatically in recent years comparing to tangible ones. The economy in which we live is the result of competitive pressures that have imposed the implementation of business at an international level as well as a requirement in the application of sophisticated technologies that allow us to follow this fast evolution. In this age of information and innovation organizations will only survive if they are inserted in a global network of strategic relations, generically called as the network economy by Lev (2003). The service sector has stood out against the more traditional sectors of the economy. The intensive use of knowledge and a strong customer orientation created a new reality in today’s organizations: a growing importance attached to innovation, to the quality of products and services offered, to the information and communication technologies adopted, and to the creativity and particular abilities of human resources. The concept of intangible assets is more common in an accounting language and intellectual capital is most often applied in the context of management, being associated with a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach, representing all the knowledge that the institution owns and that it applies in the form of expertise, the creativity and organizational competencies that lead to innovation and to the sustained attainment of future economic benefits. An analysis of the scope of intellectual capital is fundamental to take more appropriate management decisions so that a more appropriate accounting treatment could be given by the accounting standardization organizations. This study intends to analyse the practices of information disclosure of the intellectual capital in the banking sector in Portugal, complementing the analysis of the disclosure of intangible assets in the context of accounting standards with the disclosure of intellectual capital in the context of organizational management. In particular, our main aims are to identify the extent of disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal and also to identify the factors that determine such a disclosure. The disclosure in the context of accounting standards will be studied by checking the disclosure of intangible assets through the items listed in the International Accounting Standard 38 developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The context of management was analysed by means of creating a voluntary disclosure index based on assumptions of the model Intellectus, developed by the Centro de Investigación sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento – Instituto de Administración de Empresas (CIC-IADE) of the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, and of the model Intellectual Capital Statement (made in Europe) (InCaS), both promoted by the European Commission and that we have adapted to the banking sector. When analysing the disclosure of intangible assets based on the context of accounting standards and the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, this study has tried to raise awareness about the importance of issuing reports on the intellectual capital as an alternative tool to take management decisions in the existing organizations and reflects the transparency and legitimacy that these institutions seek through a more extensive and more detailed information disclosure of their intellectual capital. Based on a complimentarily of economic theories, together with social and political theories, we tried to check the extent, evolution and tendencies of the compulsory disclosure of intangible assets and of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital analysed in the period 2001-2011. Banks characteristics were also analysed in order to deduce those factors that determine or promote a larger disclosure in this sector. Based on these objectives, we adopted a longitudinal approach to explore the extent and the development of the disclosure of intangible assets as well as the factors that have determined it. Furthermore, we sought to assess the impact of the adoption of IAS 38 in the financial statements of the organizations in this sector. The disclosure index created on the basis of the disclosure requirements stated in IAS 38 from IASB was applied to the consolidated financial statements of the seventeen banks that rendered their statements in Portugal from 2001 to 2009. Since the information disclosed in the context of accounting standards may not have an important role as a management tool once it was not able to reflect what really contributes to the competitiveness and organizational growth, the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital was analysed according to the information obtained from the 2010 annual individual reports of the banks operating in Portugal in that year and from their respective websites in 2011. We tried to analyse the extent of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital and of each of its components, human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The comparative analysis of their annual reports and their web pages allowed us to assess the incidence of the disclosure and discover what channel the banking sector focuses on when disclosing their intellectual capital. Also in this analysis the study of the disclosure determinants has allowed us to conclude about the influence of particular characteristics in the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. The results of the analysis to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements of the banking groups in Portugal in the period 2001-2009 have shown an average information disclosure of 0.24. This information disclosure evolved from an average value of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in 2009. The average value is 0.8286 if it is only considered the disclosure of the intangible assets that the banks possessed. The evolution of this index means an increase in the average disclosure from 0.7852 in 2001 to 0.8788 in 2009. From the first results that are related to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the financial statements, we can verify that the banking groups present a low disclosure level of these resources. However, when considering the disclosure of only the intangible assets that each institution owns, the disclosure level appears to be in compliance with the disclosure requirements for this sector. An evolution in the disclosure of intangible assets for the period considered was confirmed, showing an increase in the information disclosure of intangible assets in 2005, the year in which the accounting rules for intangible assets changed. The analysis that focused on the disclosure in the context of management tried to understand the extent, the incidence and the determinants of the voluntary information disclosure of intellectual capital in the annual reports of 2010 and on their web pages in 2011, studying the 32 banks operating in Portugal in this period. The average voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in the 2010 annual reports is 0.4342 while that in web pages is 0.2907. A review of the components of the intellectual capital allowed us to assess the importance that the banks confer to each of these components. The data obtained show that the relational capital, and more specifically the business capital, is the most disclosed component by banks in Portugal both in the annual reports and in their institutional web pages, followed by the structural capital and, finally, by the human capital. The disclosure of the human capital and the structural capital is higher in the annual reports than that in the websites, while the relational capital is more disclosed in the websites than in the annual reports. The results have also shown that the banks make a complementary use of both sources when disclosing information about their structural capital and relational capital but they do not show any information about their human capital in their websites. We tried to prove the influence of factors that could determine the accounting disclosure and the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in this sector. The change in the IASB accounting rules as from January 1st 2005 gave a greater disclosure of accounting information of intangible assets in the financial statements of banks. The bank size and corporate governance measures have statistically proved to have an influence on the extent of the accounting disclosure of intangible assets and on the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. Economic and financial variables such as profitability, operating efficiency or solvency were not determinants of information disclosure. The instability that the banking sector has experienced in economic and financial indicators in recent years as a result of the global financial markets imbalance has worsen indicators such as profitability, efficiency and solvency and caused major discrepancies in the economic situation between banks in Portugal. This empirical analysis has contributed to confront the disclosure required by accounting rules performed in the financial statements of organizations with that performed in the main disclosure media which is available for entities and which is increasingly requested in the process of taking management decisions. It also allowed us to verify whether there is homogeneity between institutions in the fulfilment of the requirements for information disclosure of intangible assets. However, as for voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, there are large disparities in the disclosure extent between organizations. Regardless of this sector specific characteristics, the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal follows the trends in other sectors and the practices adopted in other countries, namely regarding the amount of information disclosed, the incidence of the disclosure on the indicators of relational capital and the importance of variables such as size as determinants of disclosure of intellectual capital. For a further knowledge in this field, we created a specific index for the banking sector, considering appropriate indicators for an incisive, comprehensive analysis in order to consider the most relevant indicators of intellectual capital components. Besides, confronting the analysis of disclosure in the context of accounting standards with the study of voluntary disclosure brought a new analysis approach to the research on intellectual capital disclosure. With this study, we have also intended to raise greater awareness of the need for harmonization in the intellectual capital disclosure on the part of the regulatory banking authority by means of a demanding, consistent and transparent report of intellectual capital with simple, clear, objective indicators so that those interested in disclosing intellectual capital information in the organizations in this sector may obtain more harmonized and comparable information. A research on the disclosure quality of intellectual capital, together with the application of other analysis methodologies in this sector, might be a promising approach for future research. Applying the voluntary disclosure index to the same sector in other countries may also contribute to the knowledge of disclosure practices in different geographical environments. We highlight the relevance of further studies contributing to the harmonization and consistency in the presentation of an intellectual capital report so as to enable organizations to disclose the resources that contribute most to their competitiveness and growth.

Tribunal Constitucional Internacional – auto de ciência

Resumo: a criação dum Tribunal Constitucional Internacional, no nosso entender, é uma exigência da própria Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem de 1948. Neste texto são apresentados uma série de argumentos velhos e novos para a importância da existência do Tribunal Constitucional Internacional a nível mundial. Trata-se dum Tribunal que é indispensável à defesa dos Direitos do Homem, contra qualquer tipo de ditadura ou fanatismo económico, social, político, cultural ou mental. § Abstract: the creation of an International Constitutional Court, in our view, is a requirement of own Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. In this paper are given a lot of old and new arguments for the importance of the existence of the International Constitutional Court worldwide. It is of a Court that is indispensable to the defense of human rights, against all forms of dictatorship or economic fanaticism, social, political, cultural or mental.

Qualified intervention/qualifying formation

An education promoting scientific literacy (SL) that prepares the citizens to a responsible citizenship has persisted as an argument across discussions on curricula design. The ubiquity of science and technology on contemporary societies and the ideological requirement of informed democratic participation led to the identification of relevant categories that drive curriculum reforms towards a humanistic approach of school science. The category ‘Science as culture’ acquires in the current work a major importance: it enlightens the meaning of scientific literacy. Looking closely to the French term, culture scientifique et tecnologique, turns science simultaneously into a cultural object and product that can be both received and worked at different levels and within several approaches by the individuals and the communities. On the other hand, nonformal and informal education spaces gain greater importance. Together with the formal school environment these spaces allow for an enrichment and diversification of learning experiences. Examples of nonformal spaces where animators can develop their work may be science museums or botanical gardens; television and internet can be regarded as informal education spaces. Due to the above mentioned impossibility of setting apart the individual or community-based experiences from Science and Technology (S&T), the work in nonformal and informal spaces sets an additional challenge to the preparation of socio-cultural animators. Socio-scientific issues take, at times, heavily relevance within the communities. Pollution, high tension lines, spreading of diseases, food contamination or natural resources conservation are among the socio-scientific issues that often call upon arguments and emotions. In the context of qualifying programmes on socio-cultural animation (social education and community development) within European Higher Education Area (EHEA) the present study describes the Portuguese framework. The comparison of programmes within Portugal aims to contribute to the discussion on the curriculum design for a socio-cultural animator degree (1st cycle of Bologna process). In particular, this study intends to assess how the formation given complies with enabling animators to work, within multiple scenarios, with communities in situations of socio-scientific relevance. A set of themes, issues and both current and potential fields of action, not described or insufficiently described in literature, is identified and analysed in the perspective of a qualified intervention of animators. One of these examples is thoroughly discussed. Finally, suggestions are made about curriculum reforms in order, if possible, to strongly link the desired qualified intervention with a qualifying formation.

Equilibrium self-assembly of colloids with distinct interaction sites: Thermodynamics, percolation, and cluster distribution functions

We calculate the equilibrium thermodynamic properties, percolation threshold, and cluster distribution functions for a model of associating colloids, which consists of hard spherical particles having on their surfaces three short-ranged attractive sites (sticky spots) of two different types, A and B. The thermodynamic properties are calculated using Wertheim's perturbation theory of associating fluids. This also allows us to find the onset of self-assembly, which can be quantified by the maxima of the specific heat at constant volume. The percolation threshold is derived, under the no-loop assumption, for the correlated bond model: In all cases it is two percolated phases that become identical at a critical point, when one exists. Finally, the cluster size distributions are calculated by mapping the model onto an effective model, characterized by a-state-dependent-functionality (f) over bar and unique bonding probability (p) over bar. The mapping is based on the asymptotic limit of the cluster distributions functions of the generic model and the effective parameters are defined through the requirement that the equilibrium cluster distributions of the true and effective models have the same number-averaged and weight-averaged sizes at all densities and temperatures. We also study the model numerically in the case where BB interactions are missing. In this limit, AB bonds either provide branching between A-chains (Y-junctions) if epsilon(AB)/epsilon(AA) is small, or drive the formation of a hyperbranched polymer if epsilon(AB)/epsilon(AA) is large. We find that the theoretical predictions describe quite accurately the numerical data, especially in the region where Y-junctions are present. There is fairly good agreement between theoretical and numerical results both for the thermodynamic (number of bonds and phase coexistence) and the connectivity properties of the model (cluster size distributions and percolation locus).

Mixed-integer nonlinear approach for the optimal scheduling of a head-dependent hydro chain

This paper is on the problem of short-term hydro scheduling (STHS), particularly concerning a head-dependent hydro chain We propose a novel mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) approach, considering hydroelectric power generation as a nonlinear function of water discharge and of the head. As a new contribution to eat her studies, we model the on-off behavior of the hydro plants using integer variables, in order to avoid water discharges at forbidden areas Thus, an enhanced STHS is provided due to the more realistic modeling presented in this paper Our approach has been applied successfully to solve a test case based on one of the Portuguese cascaded hydro systems with a negligible computational time requirement.

Indoor air quality in primary schools

Clean air is a basic requirement of life. The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has been the object of several studies due to an increasing concern within the scientific community on the effects of indoor air quality upon health, especially as people tend to spend more time indoors than outdoors. The quality of air inside homes, offices, schools or other private and public buildings is an essential determinant of healthy life and people’s well-being. People can be exposed to contaminants by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In the past, scientists have paid much attention to the study of exposure to outdoor air contaminants, because they have realised the seriousness of outdoor air pollution problems. However, each indoor microenvironment has unique characteristics, determined by the local outdoor air, specific building characteristics and indoor activities. Indeed, hazardous substances are emitted from buildings, construction materials and indoor equipment or due to human activities indoors.

Protecção contra descargas atmosféricas: aplicação informática de identificação das vulnerabilidades das edificações e de apoio à concepção da protecção

A concepção de instalações eléctricas deve garantir condições de segurança para as pessoas e equipamentos. Para tal é exigida, quer por força de regulamentação ou de normalização, a instalação de dispositivos que garantam a detecção e a protecção contra os defeitos mais comuns nas instalações eléctricas como, por exemplo, as sobreintensidades e as sobretensões. Susceptíveis de criar sobretensões perigosas nas instalações eléctricas, as descargas atmosféricas podem ainda causar danos estruturais elevados, o que, em algumas actividades económicas, torna fundamental a implementação de medidas de protecção contra este fenómeno natural. A protecção contra descargas atmosféricas directas consiste em identificar as vulnerabilidades das estruturas e, nesses locais, implementar dispositivos de captura, direccionamento e escoamento da descarga atmosférica à terra, em condições de segurança. O presente trabalho, desenvolvido no âmbito da dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica, visa desenvolver e implementar uma ferramenta computacional, baseada em programas de desenho assistido por computador (CAD) de utilização corrente na área de projecto de arquitectura e de engenharia, que permita, no âmbito de normas internacionais, a análise e implementação de sistemas de protecção em edifícios contra descargas atmosféricas de uma forma rápida e expedita. Baseado num programa CAD 3D, que permite a modelização tridimensional das estruturas a proteger, a ferramenta desenvolvida tentará identificar as suas vulnerabilidades das estruturas às descargas atmosféricas directas, com o intuito de implementar as medidas de protecção mais adequadas do ponto de vista técnico económico. Prevê-se que a ferramenta resultante deste estudo, o Simulador do Modelo Electrogeométrico (SIMODEL), possibilite aos projectistas e particularmente aos alunos das unidades curriculares na área do projecto de instalações eléctricas da Área Departamental de Engenharia de Sistemas e Potencia e Automação (ADESPA) do ISEL, estudar e implementar sistemas de protecção contra descargas atmosféricas (SPDA) baseados na normalização internacional do CENELEC e da IEC, nomeadamente as normas da série 62305.

Building a knowledge and learning society in Portugal: adult students in technological schools and higher education institutions

Lifelong learning (LLL) has received increasing attention in recent years. It implies that learning should take place at all stages of the “life cycle and it should be life-wide, that is embedded in all life contexts from the school to the work place, the home and the community” (Green, 2002, p.613). The ‘learning society’, is the vision of a society where there are recognized opportunities for learning for every person, wherever they are and however old they happen to be. Globalization and the rise of new information technologies are some of the driving forces that cause depreciation of specialised competences. This happens very quickly in terms of economic value; consequently, workers of all skills levels, during their working life, must have the opportunity to update “their technical skills and enhance general skills to keep pace with continuous technological change and new job requirements” (Fahr, 2005, p. 75). It is in this context that LLL tops the policy agenda of international bodies, national governments and non-governmental organizations, in the field of education and training, to justify the need for LLL opportunities for the population as they face contemporary employability challenges. It is in this context that the requirement and interest to analyse the behaviour patterns of adult learners has developed over the last few years

Implications of the LHC two-photon signal for two-Higgs-doublet models

We study the implications for two-Higgs-doublet models of the recent announcement at the LHC giving a tantalizing hint for a Higgs boson of mass 125 GeV decaying into two photons. We require that the experimental result be within a factor of 2 of the theoretical standard model prediction, and analyze the type I and type II models as well as the lepton-specific and flipped models, subject to this requirement. It is assumed that there is no new physics other than two Higgs doublets. In all of the models, we display the allowed region of parameter space taking the recent LHC announcement at face value, and we analyze the W+W-, ZZ, (b) over barb, and tau(+)tau(-) expectations in these allowed regions. Throughout the entire range of parameter space allowed by the gamma gamma constraint, the numbers of events for Higgs decays into WW, ZZ, and b (b) over bar are not changed from the standard model by more than a factor of 2. In contrast, in the lepton-specific model, decays to tau(+)tau(-) are very sensitive across the entire gamma gamma-allowed region.

Os Crimes fiscais: em especial, o crime de abuso de confiança (fiscal)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Professor Dr. António da Costa Oliveira

Estudo dosimétrico comparativo do Acuros® XB: algoritmo avançado de cálculo de dose com o AAA – Anisotropic Analytical Alghorithm, em tratamentos de radioterapia externa com a técnica de RapidArc™

Mestrado em Radioterapia.