Alternative Solutions to Meet the Service Needs of Low Volume Bridges in lowa, June 2004

There is a nationwide need for a safe, efficient and cost effective transportation system. An essential component of this system is the bridges. Local agencies perhaps have an even greater task than federal and state agencies in maintaining the low volume road (LVR) bridge system due to lack of sufficient resources and funding. The primary focus of this study was to review the various aspects of off-system bridge design, rehabilitation, and replacement. Specifically, a reference report was developed to address common problems in LVR bridges. The source of information included both Iowa and national agencies. This report is intended to be a “user manual” or “tool box” of information, procedures and choices for county engineers to employ in the management of their bridge inventory plus identify areas and problems that need to be researched

Monitoring of human CD4 T cell responses in metastatic melanoma and arthritic patients

SUMMARY : Detailed knowledge of the different components of the immune system is required for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. CD4 T lymphocytes represent a highly heterogeneous group of cells characterized by various profiles of cytokine production and effector vs. regulatory functions. They are central players in orchestrating adaptive immune responses: unbalances between the different subtypes can lead either to aggressive autoimmune disorders or can favour the uncontrolled growth of malignancies. In this study we focused on the characterization of human CD4 T cells in advanced stage melanoma patients as well as in patients affected by various forms of autoimmune inflammatory spondyloarthropathies. In melanoma patients we report that a population of FOXP3 CD4 T cells, known as regulatory T cells, is overrepresented in peripheral blood, and even more in tumor-infitrated lymph nodes as well as at tumor sites, as compared to healthy donors. In tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes, but not in normal lymph nodes or in peripheral blood, FOXP3 CD4 T cells feature a highly differentiated phenotype (CD45RA-CCR7+/-), which suggests for a recent encounter with their cognate antigen. FOXP3 CD4 T cells have been described to be an important component of the several known immune escape mechanisms. We demonstrated that FOXP3 CD4 T cells isolated from melanoma patients exert an in vitro suppressive action on autologous CD4 T cells, thus possibly inhibiting an efficient anti-tumor response. Next, we aimed to analyse CD4 T cells at antigen-specific level. In advanced stage melanoma patients, we identified for the first time, using pMHCII multimers, circulating CD4 T cells specific for the melanoma antigen Melan-A, presented by HLA-DQB1 *0602. Interestingly, in a cohort of melanoma patients enrolled in an immunotherapy trails consisting of injection of a Melan-A derived peptide, we did not observe signif cant variations in the ex vivo frequencies of Melan-A specific CD4 T cells, but important differences in the quality of the specific CD4 T cells. In fact, up to 50% of the ex vivo Melan-A/DQ6 specific CD4 T cells displayed a regulatory phenotype and were hypoproliferative before vaccination, while more effector, cytokine-secreting Melan-A/DQ6 specific CD4 T cells were observed after immunization. These observations suggest that peptide vaccination may favourably modify the balance between regulatory and effector tumor-specific CD4 T cells. Finally, we identified another subset of CD4 T cells as possible mediator of pathology in a group of human autoimmune spondyloarthropathies, namely Th17 cells. These cells were recently described to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of some marine models of autommunity. We document an elevated presence of circulating Th17 cells in two members of seronegative spondyloarthropathies, e.g. psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, while we do not observe increased frequencies of Th17 cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritic patients. In addition, Th17 cells with a more advanced differentiation state (CD45RA-CCR7-CD27-) and polyfunctionality (concomitant secretion of IL-17, IL-2 and TNFα) were observed exclusively in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathies. Together, our observations emphasize the importance of CD4 T cells in various diseases and suggest that immunotherapeutic approaches considering CD4 T cells as targets should be evaluated in the future.

Relatedness influences signal reliability in evolving robots.

Communication is an indispensable component of animal societies, yet many open questions remain regarding the factors affecting the evolution and reliability of signalling systems. A potentially important factor is the level of genetic relatedness between signallers and receivers. To quantitatively explore the role of relatedness in the evolution of reliable signals, we conducted artificial evolution over 500 generations in a system of foraging robots that can emit and perceive light signals. By devising a quantitative measure of signal reliability, and comparing independently evolving populations differing in within-group relatedness, we show a strong positive correlation between relatedness and reliability. Unrelated robots produced unreliable signals, whereas highly related robots produced signals that reliably indicated the location of the food source and thereby increased performance. Comparisons across populations also revealed that the frequency for signal production-which is often used as a proxy of signal reliability in empirical studies on animal communication-is a poor predictor of signal reliability and, accordingly, is not consistently correlated with group performance. This has important implications for our understanding of signal evolution and the empirical tools that are used to investigate communication.

Investigation of Electromagnetic Gauges for Determining In-Place HMA Density, 2007

Density is an important component of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement quality and long-term performance. Insufficient density of an in-place HMA pavement is the most frequently cited construction-related performance problem. This study evaluated the use of electromagnetic gauges to nondestructively determine densities. Field and laboratory measurements were taken with two electromagnetic gauges—a PaveTracker and a Pavement Quality Indicator (PQI). Test data were collected in the field during and after paving operations and also in a laboratory on field mixes compacted in the lab. This study revealed that several mix- and project-specific factors affect electromagnetic gauge readings. Consequently, the implementation of these gauges will likely need to be done utilizing a test strip on a project- and mix-specific basis to appropriately identify an adjustment factor for the specific electromagnetic gauge being used for quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) testing. The substantial reduction in testing time that results from employing electromagnetic gauges rather than coring makes it possible for more readings to be used in the QC/QA process with real-time information without increasing the testing costs.

Isotopic variation across the Audubon's-myrtle warbler hybrid zone.

Differences in seasonal migratory behaviours are thought to be an important component of reproductive isolation in many organisms. Stable isotopes have been used with success in estimating the location and qualities of disjunct breeding and wintering areas. However, few studies have used isotopic data to estimate the movements of hybrid offspring in species that form hybrid zones. Here, we use stable hydrogen to estimate the wintering locations and migratory patterns of two common and widespread migratory birds, Audubon's (Setophaga auduboni) and myrtle (S. coronata) warblers, as well as their hybrids. These two species form a narrow hybrid zone with extensive interbreeding in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, which has been studied for over four decades. Isotopes in feathers grown on the wintering grounds or early on migration reveal three important patterns: (1) Audubon's and myrtle warblers from allopatric breeding populations winter in isotopically different environments, consistent with band recovery data and suggesting that there is a narrow migratory transition between the two species, (2) most hybrids appear to overwinter in the south-eastern USA, similar to where myrtle warblers are known to winter, and (3) some hybrid individuals, particularly those along the western edge of the hybrid zone, show Audubon's-like isotopic patterns. These data suggest there is a migratory divide between these two species, but that it is not directly coincident with the centre of the hybrid zone in the breeding range. We interpret these findings and discuss them within the context of previous research on hybrid zones, speciation and migratory divides.

Heritability of left ventricular structure and function in Caucasian families.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the heritability as well as genetic and environmental correlations of left ventricular (LV) structural and functional traits in complex pedigrees of a Caucasian population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly recruited 459 white European subjects from 52 families (50% women; mean age 45 years). LV structure was measured by M-mode and 2D echocardiography and LV function was measured by conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Other measurements included blood pressure, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements. We estimated the heritability of LV traits while adjusting for covariables, including sex, age, body height and weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate. With full adjustment, heritability of LV mass was 0.23 (P= 0.025). The TDI-derived mitral annular velocities Ea and Aa showed moderate heritability (h(2)= 0.36 and 0.53, respectively), whereas the mitral inflow A peak had weak heritability (h(2) = 0.25) and the E peak was not heritable (h(2) = 0.11). We partitioned the total phenotypic correlation when it reached significance, into a genetic and an environmental component. The genetic correlations were 0.61 between the E and Ea peaks and 0.90 between the A and Aa peaks. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated moderate heritability for LV mass as well as the mitral annular Ea and Aa peaks. We also found significant genetic correlations between the E and Ea peaks and between the A and Aa peaks. Our current findings support the ongoing research to map and detect genetic variants that contribute to the variation in LV mass and other LV structural and functional phenotypes.

Vitamin C requirements in parenteral nutrition.

Some biochemical functions of vitamin C make it an essential component of parenteral nutrition (PN) and an important therapeutic supplement in other acute conditions. Ascorbic acid is a strong aqueous antioxidant and is a cofactor for several enzymes. The average body pool of vitamin C is 1.5 g, of which 3%-4% (40-60 mg) is used daily. Steady state is maintained with 60 mg/d in nonsmokers and 140 mg/d in smokers. Shocked surgical, trauma, and septic patients have a drastic reduction of circulating plasma ascorbate concentrations. These low concentrations require 3-g doses/d to restore normal plasma ascorbate concentrations, questioning the recommended PN dose of 100 mg/d. Determination of intravenous requirements is usually based on plasma concentrations, which are altered during the inflammatory response. There is no clear indicator of deficiency: serum or plasma ascorbate concentrations <0.3 mg/dL (20 micromol/L) indicates inadequate vitamin C status. On the basis of available pharmacokinetic data the 100 mg/d dose for patients receiving home PN and 200 mg/d for stable adult patients receiving PN are adequate, but requirements have been shown to be higher in perioperative, trauma, burn, and critically ill patients, paralleling oxidative stress. One recommendation cannot fit all categories of patients. Large vitamin C supplements may be considered in severe critical illness, major trauma, and burns because of increased requirements resulting from oxidative stress and wound healing. Future research should distinguish therapeutic use of high-dose ascorbic acid antioxidant therapy from nutritional PN requirements.

Anexo 1- Inquerito Consumo Alimentar

A alimentação/nutrição é hoje considerada inseparável do desenvolvimento, sobretudo em países deficitários a nível da oferta face a uma população crescente como é o caso de Cabo Verde. As questões de alimentação/nutrição (Segurança Alimentar) no país têm merecido uma enorme atenção, reflectindo uma preocupação pela situação de défice alimentar, que torna o país muito dependente do exterior para satisfazer as suas necessidades alimentares. A presente dissertação tem por objecto o estudo dos Hábitos Alimentares e Comportamento dos Consumidores em Cabo Verde (caso da ilha de Santiago). Este país transitou para um segundo estado de desenvolvimento (Desenvolvimento Médio), mas continua com uma significativa percentagem da população a viver em situação de pobreza e grande vulnerabilidade, o que se reflecte nos níveis de acesso ao consumo alimentar e nutricional da população. Utiliza-se dados secundários (consultados nas diversas fontes bibliográficas), e levantamento directo de informação, com aplicação de inquéritos e entrevistas que permitiram responder às principais questões levantadas nas fases elementares e são utilizadas em processo de modelação e definição de “racionalidades”. Fez-se ainda análise mais pormenorizada de algumas situações que nos pareciam mais relevantes. Os resultados obtidos permitem evidenciar alterações nos hábitos alimentares. Através da análise antropométrica, e dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que existem problemas e carências nutricionais. As famílias de maior dimensão são as que apresentam maior vulnerabilidade alimentar e consumos energéticos inferiores aos recomendados. Este estudo permitiu evidenciar alguns problemas nas crianças. Os problemas de obesidade afectam cerca de 11% das crianças, enquanto que a mal nutrição aguda moderada atingia cerca de 5%. Verifica-se uma tendência para a diminuição do consumo de produtos tradicionais (como é o caso do milho) e também uma maior diversificação da dieta com o aumento do rendimento, (caso do consumo do arroz) que aumenta globalmente, mas observando-se também diminuição per capita com níveis de rendimento mais elevados. Para o caso do leite há uma tendência para incremento do consumo com o rendimento. Estas alterações de consumo de leite fazem-se em duas direcções. Por um lado o aumento do rendimento induz a um maior consumo de leite, por outro a substituição do leite em pó por leite de “pacote” é uma evidência para estratos mais elevados de rendimentos. Comprova-se que a alimentação absorve uma fatia muito elevada do rendimento familiar, a elasticidade consumo alimentar ao nível do rendimento familiar é muito grande. Constata-se a partir dos modelos econométricos que o nível de educação da família é importante para a definição do padrão alimentar e que existe espaço para melhorias comportamentais da população, designadamente nas formas e escolhas de consumo alimentar

Anexo 3 - Medidas Antropometricas

A alimentação/nutrição é hoje considerada inseparável do desenvolvimento, sobretudo em países deficitários a nível da oferta face a uma população crescente como é o caso de Cabo Verde. As questões de alimentação/nutrição (Segurança Alimentar) no país têm merecido uma enorme atenção, reflectindo uma preocupação pela situação de défice alimentar, que torna o país muito dependente do exterior para satisfazer as suas necessidades alimentares. A presente dissertação tem por objecto o estudo dos Hábitos Alimentares e Comportamento dos Consumidores em Cabo Verde (caso da ilha de Santiago). Este país transitou para um segundo estado de desenvolvimento (Desenvolvimento Médio), mas continua com uma significativa percentagem da população a viver em situação de pobreza e grande vulnerabilidade, o que se reflecte nos níveis de acesso ao consumo alimentar e nutricional da população. Utiliza-se dados secundários (consultados nas diversas fontes bibliográficas), e levantamento directo de informação, com aplicação de inquéritos e entrevistas que permitiram responder às principais questões levantadas nas fases elementares e são utilizadas em processo de modelação e definição de “racionalidades”. Fez-se ainda análise mais pormenorizada de algumas situações que nos pareciam mais relevantes. Os resultados obtidos permitem evidenciar alterações nos hábitos alimentares. Através da análise antropométrica, e dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que existem problemas e carências nutricionais. As famílias de maior dimensão são as que apresentam maior vulnerabilidade alimentar e consumos energéticos inferiores aos recomendados. Este estudo permitiu evidenciar alguns problemas nas crianças. Os problemas de obesidade afectam cerca de 11% das crianças, enquanto que a mal nutrição aguda moderada atingia cerca de 5%. Verifica-se uma tendência para a diminuição do consumo de produtos tradicionais (como é o caso do milho) e também uma maior diversificação da dieta com o aumento do rendimento, (caso do consumo do arroz) que aumenta globalmente, mas observando-se também diminuição per capita com níveis de rendimento mais elevados. Para o caso do leite há uma tendência para incremento do consumo com o rendimento. Estas alterações de consumo de leite fazem-se em duas direcções. Por um lado o aumento do rendimento induz a um maior consumo de leite, por outro a substituição do leite em pó por leite de “pacote” é uma evidência para estratos mais elevados de rendimentos. Comprova-se que a alimentação absorve uma fatia muito elevada do rendimento familiar, a elasticidade consumo alimentar ao nível do rendimento familiar é muito grande. Constata-se a partir dos modelos econométricos que o nível de educação da família é importante para a definição do padrão alimentar e que existe espaço para melhorias comportamentais da população, designadamente nas formas e escolhas de consumo alimentar

Anexo 3 - Medidas Antropometricas

A alimentação/nutrição é hoje considerada inseparável do desenvolvimento, sobretudo em países deficitários a nível da oferta face a uma população crescente como é o caso de Cabo Verde. As questões de alimentação/nutrição (Segurança Alimentar) no país têm merecido uma enorme atenção, reflectindo uma preocupação pela situação de défice alimentar, que torna o país muito dependente do exterior para satisfazer as suas necessidades alimentares. A presente dissertação tem por objecto o estudo dos Hábitos Alimentares e Comportamento dos Consumidores em Cabo Verde (caso da ilha de Santiago). Este país transitou para um segundo estado de desenvolvimento (Desenvolvimento Médio), mas continua com uma significativa percentagem da população a viver em situação de pobreza e grande vulnerabilidade, o que se reflecte nos níveis de acesso ao consumo alimentar e nutricional da população. Utiliza-se dados secundários (consultados nas diversas fontes bibliográficas), e levantamento directo de informação, com aplicação de inquéritos e entrevistas que permitiram responder às principais questões levantadas nas fases elementares e são utilizadas em processo de modelação e definição de “racionalidades”. Fez-se ainda análise mais pormenorizada de algumas situações que nos pareciam mais relevantes. Os resultados obtidos permitem evidenciar alterações nos hábitos alimentares. Através da análise antropométrica, e dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que existem problemas e carências nutricionais. As famílias de maior dimensão são as que apresentam maior vulnerabilidade alimentar e consumos energéticos inferiores aos recomendados. Este estudo permitiu evidenciar alguns problemas nas crianças. Os problemas de obesidade afectam cerca de 11% das crianças, enquanto que a mal nutrição aguda moderada atingia cerca de 5%. Verifica-se uma tendência para a diminuição do consumo de produtos tradicionais (como é o caso do milho) e também uma maior diversificação da dieta com o aumento do rendimento, (caso do consumo do arroz) que aumenta globalmente, mas observando-se também diminuição per capita com níveis de rendimento mais elevados. Para o caso do leite há uma tendência para incremento do consumo com o rendimento. Estas alterações de consumo de leite fazem-se em duas direcções. Por um lado o aumento do rendimento induz a um maior consumo de leite, por outro a substituição do leite em pó por leite de “pacote” é uma evidência para estratos mais elevados de rendimentos. Comprova-se que a alimentação absorve uma fatia muito elevada do rendimento familiar, a elasticidade consumo alimentar ao nível do rendimento familiar é muito grande. Constata-se a partir dos modelos econométricos que o nível de educação da família é importante para a definição do padrão alimentar e que existe espaço para melhorias comportamentais da população, designadamente nas formas e escolhas de consumo alimentar

Long-term expansion of transplantable human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), with their dual ability for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, constitute an essential component of hematopoietic transplantations. Human fetal liver (FL) represents a promising alternative HSC source, and we previously reported simple culture conditions allowing long-term expansion of FL hematopoietic progenitors. In the present study, we used the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mouse xenotransplantation assay to confirm that human FL is rich in NOD/SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs) and to show that these culture conditions repeatedly maintained short- and long-term SRCs from various FL samples for at least 28 days. Quantitative limited dilution analysis in NOD/SCID mice demonstrated for the first time that a 10- to over a 100-fold net expansion of FL SRCs could be achieved after 28 days of culture. The efficiency of this culture system may lead to an increase in the use of FL as a source of HSCs for transplantation in adult patients, as previously demonstrated with umbilical cord blood under different culture conditions.

Nonstructural protein 3-4A: the Swiss army knife of hepatitis C virus.

Summary.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3-4A (NS3-4A) is a complex composed of NS3 and its cofactor NS4A. It harbours serine protease as well as NTPase/RNA helicase activities and is essential for viral polyprotein processing, RNA replication and virion formation. Specific inhibitors of the NS3-4A protease significantly improve sustained virological response rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C when combined with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. The NS3-4A protease can also target selected cellular proteins, thereby blocking innate immune pathways and modulating growth factor signalling. Hence, NS3-4A is not only an essential component of the viral replication complex and prime target for antiviral intervention but also a key player in the persistence and pathogenesis of HCV. This review provides a concise update on the biochemical and structural aspects of NS3-4A, its role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C and the clinical development of NS3-4A protease inhibitors.

Parasitoids of the endangered leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier in urban and natural areas

Parasitoids of the endangered leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier in urban and natural areas. Hosts of parasitoids in urban areas may suffer from a double threat of habitat destruction by urbanization and parasitism pressure. Moreover, the parasitoids themselves might be at risk if they are specialists. Here, we studied whether Atta robusta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), which is on the red list of Brazilian threatened species, suffers from higher parasitism pressure in an urban area compared to a natural one. In addition, we determined whether their specialist parasitoids, Eibesfeldtphora breviloba and Myrmosicarius exrobusta (Diptera, Phoridae), are in risk and evaluated whether they are influenced by habitat structure, temperature, humidity, ant traffic, and time of the day. The study was carried out in an urban park and in a natural protected area in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In each site we chose an open area and a closed area (forest) and sampled nine nests in each area. We found that parasitism pressure was similar in urban and natural areas, with the same two parasitoid species present in both areas. The main difference was related to habitat structure, since M. exrobusta was mainly present in open areas while E. breviloba was almost exclusively found in closed areas. Myrmosicarius exrobusta was not present during the hottest midday times, and its abundance was negatively correlated to vapor pressure deficit. These results suggest that green areas can be an important component in efforts to conserve diversity in urban areas. However, the complexity of the habitats in those areas is a fundamental issue in designing urban parks.

Tenda Virtual orientada a compres per escaneig amb el telèfon mòbil

CMS (Sistema Gestor de Continguts) és una tecnologia en ple auge que permet implantar solucions web d'una manera senzilla, econòmica i amb un fàcil manteniment per part dels usuaris que en fan ús. Aquest projecte és un estudi que pretén analitzar i escollir el millor CMS dirigit a comerç electrònic d'entre el ventall existent actualment al mercat, creant un document que serveixi de referent o guia a qualsevol persona interessada en implantar un sistema d'aquestes característiques. A més, es centrarà a la programació d'un component instal·lable pel CMS escollit que permeti introduir-nos a la creació d'extensions i ens formi en l'àmbit de la programació web. Aquest component el podrem afegir al CMS i permetrà realitzar compres escanejant codis amb el telèfon mòbil.

The alkaline intraplate volcanism of the Antalya nappes (Turkey): a Late Triassic remnant of the Neotethys

Late Triassic submarine alkali basalts and hawaiites were collected from two superimposed tectonic slices belonging to the Kara Dere - Sayrun unit of the Middle Antalya nappes, southwestern Turkey. New determinations on conodont faunas allow to date this sequence to the Lower Carnian (Julian). The volcanic rocks show rather homogeneous compositions, with high TiO2 and relatively low MgO and Ni contents which suggest olivine fractionation. Their primitive mantle-normalised multi-elements plots show Nb and Ta enrichments relative to La, Pb negative anomalies and heavy rare earth element and Y depletions typical of intraplate ocean island basalts. These characteristics are consistent with the major and trace element compositions of their primary clinopyroxene phenocrysts, which do not show any feature ascribable to crustal contamination. The studied lavas display a restricted range of epsilon Nd (+4.6 to +5.2) which falls within the range of ocean island basalts. Their initial (Nd-143/Nd-144)i ratios are too low to be explained by a simple mixing line between depleted MORB mantle (DMM) and HIMU components. Their Pb and Nd isotopic compositions plot along a mixing line between HIMU component and an enriched mantle, the composition of which could be the result of the addition of about 5 to 8% of an EM2 component (recycled marine sediments) to DMM. The lack of evidence for any continental crustal component. in their genesis could be consistent with their emplacement in an intra-oceanic setting.