In Vitro modelling of RSV infection and cytopathogenesis in well-differentiated human primary airway epithelial cells (WD-PAECs).

The choice of model used to study human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is extremely important. RSV is a human pathogen that is exquisitely adapted to infection of human hosts. Rodent models, such as mice and cotton rats, are semi-permissive to RSV infection and do not faithfully reproduce hallmarks of RSV disease in humans. Furthermore, immortalized airway-derived cell lines, such as HEp-2, BEAS-2B, and A549 cells, are poorly representative of the complexity of the respiratory epithelium. The development of a well-differentiated primary pediatric airway epithelial cell models (WD-PAECs) allows us to simulate several hallmarks of RSV infection of infant airways. They therefore represent important additions to RSV pathogenesis modeling in human-relevant tissues. The following protocols describe how to culture and differentiate both bronchial and nasal primary pediatric airway epithelial cells and how to use these cultures to study RSV cytopathogenesis.

Nuclear alterations in nasal mucosa epithelial cells of students exposed to formaldehyde

Introduction: Formaldehyde is a compound with a wide range and is commonly used in anatomy and pathology laboratories. At room temperature is quickly volatilized to a pungent and suffocating gas and its inhalation has been correlated to nuclear alterations in different tissues. We aimed to investigate whether exposure to this compound was correlated with the appearance of cytotoxic and genotoxic features in the nasal epithelial cells of students enrolled in a human anatomy course. Material and Methods: This prospective study collected periodically nasal cells from mucosa of 17 volunteers from two different undergraduate programs with different workloads of practical lessons in an anatomy laboratory, 30 and 90 hours per semester. Cells were staining according to Feulgen method and nuclear morphology was analyzed to detect possible damage. Dunn's post hoc test was used in the statistical analysis. Pearson's correlation was performed for gender, age and questionnaire responses. Results: Epithelial cells showed indicators of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Students with a more extensive workload in anatomy laboratory displayed a more severe profile with an increase in karyorrhexis (p < 0.05) over time. The micronucleus analysis showed difference between first and second collection (p < 0.01), although it was not maintained over the time. Students with a less extensive workload display no differences in most of cytological features. Despite karyorrhexis was present in a greater number of cells, for this group no significant difference was observed between any range. The same was observed to karyolysis and micronucleus (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Individuals exposed for short periods of time to formaldehyde are subject to the toxic action of this gas. Karyorrhexis was the most frequently observed cytotoxic feature and micronucleus showed an increase between the first time point. The patterns observed between the student's groups suggest a negative effect due to exposure time.

TRPV4 activation triggers the release of melatonin from human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells

Melatonin is a neurohormone mainly produced in the pineal gland; nevertheless, various ocular structures such as the ciliary body, lens and the retina produce it. One of the roles of melatonin in the eye is the modulation of intraocular pressure, although little is known about the mechanisms that causes its presence in the aqueous humour. TRPV4 is a membrane channel which is activated by both physical and chemical stimuli. Therefore, this channel is sensitive to osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. As a consequence, TRPV4 results as an interesting candidate to study the relation between the activation of the TRPV4 channel and the production of melatonin. In this sense we have studied the role of the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A to modulate the production of melatonin in a cell line derived from human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. The stimulation of the TRPV4 produced an increase in the extracellular melatonin levels changing from 8.5 ± 0.6 nM/well/30 min (control) to 23.3 ± 2.1 nM/well/30 min after 10 nM GSK1016790A application, this action being blocked by the selective antagonist RN 1734. The activation of the TRPV4 by GSK1016790A permitted to observe a melatonin increase which was concentration-dependent, and provided a pD2 value of −8.5 ± 0.1 (EC50 of 3.0 nM). In conclusion, the activation of the TRPV4 present in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells can modulate the presence of extracellular melatonin, this being of relevance since this substance controls the dynamics of the aqueous humour.

Urine-derived Renal Epithelial Cells from kidney transplanted patients: phenotype, immunomodulatory properties, and effect of the exposition to NGAL

During kidney transplant procedure transplanted organs can undergo ischaemia reperfusion phenomena, often associated with the onset of acute kidney damage, loss of kidney function and rejection. These events promote cell turnover to replace damaged cells and preserve kidney function, thus cells deriving from nephrons structures are highly voided in urine. Urine derived cells represents a promising cell source since they can be easily isolated and cultured. The aim of this project was to characterise Urine-derived Renal Epithelial Cells (URECs) from transplanted kidney and to evaluate how these cells react to the co-culture with immune cells. URECs expressed typical markers of kidney tubule epithelial cells (Cytokeratin and CD13), and a subpopulation of these cells expressed CD24 and CD133, which are markers of kidney epithelial progenitor cells. The expression of immunosuppressive molecules as HLA-G and CD73 was also observed. As matter of fact, during the co-culture with PBMCs, UREC suppressed the proliferation of CD4 and CD8 Lymphocytes and reduce the T helper 1 subset, while increasing the T regulatory counterpart. Also, preliminary data observed in this study indicated that the exposition to kidney damage associated molecule, such as NGAL, could significantly affect UREC viability and immunomodulatory capacity. These results add new information about the phenotype of urine cells obtained after kidney transplant and reveal that these cells show promising immunomodulatory properties, suggesting their potential application in personalized cell therapy approaches.

Proteomics of breast cancer for marker discovery and signal pathway profiling

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women and the identification of markers to discriminate tumorigenic from normal cells, as well as the different stages of this pathology, is of critical importance. Two-dimensional electrophoresis has been used before for studying breast cancer, but the progressive completion of human genomic sequencing and the introduction of mass spectrometry, combined with advanced bioinformatics for protein identification, have considerably increased the possibilities for characterizing new markers and therapeutic targets. Breast cancer proteomics has already identified markers of potential clinical interest (such as the molecular chaperone 14-3-3 sigma) and technological innovations such as large scale and high throughput analysis are now driving the field. Methods in functional proteomics have also been developed to study the intracellular signaling pathways that underlie the development of breast cancer. As illustrated with fibroblast growth factor-2, a mitogen and motogen factor for breast cancer cells, proteomics is a powerful approach to identify signaling proteins and to decipher the complex signaling circuitry involved in tumor growth. Together with genomics, proteomics is well on the way to molecularly characterizing the different types of breast tumor, and thus defining new therapeutic targets for future treatment.

Cytokine regulation of syndecan-1 and-2 gene expression in human periodontal fibroblasts and osteoblasts

Cell-surface proteoglycans participate in several biological functions including interactions with a variety of growth factors and cytokines. Regulation of syndecan-1 and -2 gene expression was investigated in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF), osteoblasts (OB) and gingival fibroblasts (GF), in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)), and interleukin (IL-1beta) by Northern blot analyses. We also compared the effect of PDGF-BB and TGF-beta(1), separately and in combination, in the prolonged presence of IL-1beta on the expression of both syndecan genes. The results demonstrated that the three cell lines regulated the expression of syndecan-1 and -2 in response to growth factors and cytokines in different manners. These cell lines increased syndecan-1 mRNA levels in response to either PDGF-BB or TGF-beta(1) and decreased levels in response to IL-1beta. The effect of IL-1beta on syndecan-1 mRNA synthesis was partially reversed after adding PDGF-BB and TGF-beta(1), separately or in combination, in the presence of IL-1beta. In contrast, syndecan-2 mRNA level was markedly upregulated in response to either TGF-beta(1) or IL-1beta in OB when compared with the other two cell lines. However, the stimulatory effect of TGF-beta(1) on syndecan-2 mRNA production in OB was abolished in the prolonged presence of IL-1beta. These findings lend support to the notion that syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 have distinct functions which correlate with their source and functions within the periodontium.

Differential expression and distribution of syndecan-1 and-2 in periodontal wound healing of the rat

Cell-surface proteoglycans participate in several biological functions including interactions with adhesion molecules, growth factors and a variety of other effector molecules. Accordingly, these molecules play a central role in various aspects of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. To investigate the expression and distribution of the cell surface proteoglycans, syndecan-1 and -2, during periodontal wound healing, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out using monoclonal antibodies against syndecan-1, or -2 core proteins. Both syndecan-1 and -2 were expressed and distributed differentially at various stages of early inflammatory cell infiltration, granulation tissue formation, and tissue remodeling in periodontal wound healing. Expression of syndecan-1 was noted in inflammatory cells within and around the fibrin clots during the earliest stages of inflammatory cell infiltration. During granulation tissue formation it was noted in fibroblast-like cells and newly formed blood vessels. Syndecan-1 was not seen in newly formed bone or cementum matrix at any of the time periods studied. Syndecan-1 expression was generally less during the late stages of wound healing but was markedly expressed in cells that were close to the repairing junctional epithelium. In contrast, syndecan-2 expression and distribution was not evident at the early stages of inflammatory cell infiltration. During the formation of granulation tissue and subsequent tissue remodeling, syndecan-2 was expressed extracellularly in the newly formed fibrils which were oriented toward the root surface. Syndecan-2 was found to be significantly expressed on cells that were close to the root surface and within the matrix of repaired cementum covering root dentin as well as at the alveolar bone edge. These findings indicate that syndecan-1 and -2 may have distinctive functions during wound healing of the periodontium. The appearance of syndecan-1 may involve both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, while syndecan-2 showed a predilection to associate with cell-matrix interactions during hard tissue formation.

Identification and modelling of human breast cancer subtypes

Résumé Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus commun chez les femmes et est responsable de presque 30% de tous les nouveaux cas de cancer en Europe. On estime le nombre de décès liés au cancer du sein en Europe est à plus de 130.000 par an. Ces chiffres expliquent l'impact social considérable de cette maladie. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient: (1) d'identifier les prédispositions et les mécanismes biologiques responsables de l'établissement des sous-types spécifiques de cancer du sein; (2) les valider dans un modèle ín vivo "humain-dans-souris"; et (3) de développer des traitements spécifiques à chaque sous-type de cancer du sein identifiés. Le premier objectif a été atteint par l'intermédiaire de l'analyse des données d'expression de gènes des tumeurs, produite dans notre laboratoire. Les données obtenues par puces à ADN ont été produites à partir de 49 biopsies des tumeurs du sein provenant des patientes participant dans l'essai clinique EORTC 10994/BIG00-01. Les données étaient très riches en information et m'ont permis de valider des données précédentes des autres études d'expression des gènes dans des tumeurs du sein. De plus, cette analyse m'a permis d'identifier un nouveau sous-type biologique de cancer du sein. Dans la première partie de la thèse, je décris I identification des tumeurs apocrines du sein par l'analyse des puces à ADN et les implications potentielles de cette découverte pour les applications cliniques. Le deuxième objectif a été atteint par l'établissement d'un modèle de cancer du sein humain, basé sur des cellules épithéliales mammaires humaines primaires (HMECs) dérivées de réductions mammaires. J'ai choisi d'adapter un système de culture des cellules en suspension basé sur des mammosphères précédemment décrit et pat décidé d'exprimer des gènes en utilisant des lentivirus. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse je décris l'établissement d'un système de culture cellulaire qui permet la transformation quantitative des HMECs. Par la suite, j'ai établi un modèle de xénogreffe dans les souris immunodéficientes NOD/SCID, qui permet de modéliser la maladie humaine chez la souris. Dans la troisième partie de ma thèse je décris et je discute les résultats que j'ai obtenus en établissant un modèle estrogène-dépendant de cancer du sein par transformation quantitative des HMECs avec des gènes définis, identifiés par analyse de données d'expression des gènes dans le cancer du sein. Les cellules transformées dans notre modèle étaient estrogène-dépendantes pour la croissance, diploïdes et génétiquement normales même après la culture cellulaire in vitro prolongée. Les cellules formaient des tumeurs dans notre modèle de xénogreffe et constituaient des métastases péritonéales disséminées et du foie. Afin d'atteindre le troisième objectif de ma thèse, j'ai défini et examiné des stratégies de traitement qui permettent réduire les tumeurs et les métastases. J'ai produit un modèle de cancer du sein génétiquement défini et positif pour le récepteur de l'estrogène qui permet de modéliser le cancer du sein estrogène-dépendant humain chez la souris. Ce modèle permet l'étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la formation des tumeurs et des métastases. Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and accounts for nearly 30% of all new cancer cases in Europe. The number of deaths from breast cancer in Europe is estimated to be over 130,000 each year, implying the social impact of the disease. The goals of this thesis were first, to identify biological features and mechanisms --responsible for the establishment of specific breast cancer subtypes, second to validate them in a human-in-mouse in vivo model and third to develop specific treatments for identified breast cancer subtypes. The first objective was achieved via the analysis of tumour gene expression data produced in our lab. The microarray data were generated from 49 breast tumour biopsies that were collected from patients enrolled in the clinical trial EORTC 10994/BIG00-01. The data set was very rich in information and allowed me to validate data of previous breast cancer gene expression studies and to identify biological features of a novel breast cancer subtype. In the first part of the thesis I focus on the identification of molecular apacrine breast tumours by microarray analysis and the potential imptìcation of this finding for the clinics. The second objective was attained by the production of a human breast cancer model system based on primary human mammary epithelial cells {HMECs) derived from reduction mammoplasties. I have chosen to adopt a previously described suspension culture system based on mammospheres and expressed selected target genes using lentiviral expression constructs. In the second part of my thesis I mainly focus on the establishment of a cell culture system allowing for quantitative transformation of HMECs. I then established a xenograft model in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice, allowing to model human disease in a mouse. In the third part of my thesis I describe and discuss the results that I obtained while establishing an oestrogen-dependent model of breast cancer by quantitative transformation of HMECs with defined genes identified after breast cancer gene expression data analysis. The transformed cells in our model are oestrogen-dependent for growth; remain diploid and genetically normal even after prolonged cell culture in vitro. The cells farm tumours and form disseminated peritoneal and liver metastases in our xenograft model. Along the lines of the third objective of my thesis I defined and tested treatment schemes allowing reducing tumours and metastases. I have generated a genetically defined model of oestrogen receptor alpha positive human breast cancer that allows to model human oestrogen-dependent breast cancer in a mouse and enables the study of mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Global DNA hypomethylation coupled to repressive chromatin domain formation and gene silencing in breast cancer.

While genetic mutation is a hallmark of cancer, many cancers also acquire epigenetic alterations during tumorigenesis including aberrant DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressors, as well as changes in chromatin modifications as caused by genetic mutations of the chromatin-modifying machinery. However, the extent of epigenetic alterations in cancer cells has not been fully characterized. Here, we describe complete methylome maps at single nucleotide resolution of a low-passage breast cancer cell line and primary human mammary epithelial cells. We find widespread DNA hypomethylation in the cancer cell, primarily at partially methylated domains (PMDs) in normal breast cells. Unexpectedly, genes within these regions are largely silenced in cancer cells. The loss of DNA methylation in these regions is accompanied by formation of repressive chromatin, with a significant fraction displaying allelic DNA methylation where one allele is DNA methylated while the other allele is occupied by histone modifications H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our results show a mutually exclusive relationship between DNA methylation and H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. These results suggest that global DNA hypomethylation in breast cancer is tightly linked to the formation of repressive chromatin domains and gene silencing, thus identifying a potential epigenetic pathway for gene regulation in cancer cells.

Rôle de la synthèse de l'acide rétinoïque dans le contrôle de la prolifération et de la différenciation des cellules épithéliales mammaires

L’acide rétinoïque (AR) est le ligand des récepteurs nucléaires RAR et RXR qui agissent comme facteurs de transcription ligand-inductibles et médient ses effets biologiques. Il est connu que l’AR a des propriétés prodifférenciatrices et antiprolifératives, notamment sur les cellules de l’épithélium mammaire. Une perte de sensibilité de l’AR a toutefois été mise en évidence dans plusieurs lignées cellulaires mammaires cancéreuses, ce qui pourrait faciliter la croissance des tumeurs. Or jusqu’ici cette perte de sensibilité avait été attribuée à des défauts de la voie de signalisation de l’AR, causée par la perte de l’expression des récepteurs à l’AR dans la tumeur, bien que plusieurs lignées de cellules cancéreuses y soient tout de même très sensibles. Peu d’études se sont intéressées au rôle de la voie de synthèse de l’AR dans la transformation des cellules mammaires. En effet, l’AR est synthétisé à partir de la vitamine A, ou rétinol, son précurseur sanguin provenant de la diète. Les cellules de l’épithélium mammaire normales ont la capacité de synthétiser l’AR à partir du rétinol. Nos rapportons pour la première fois que l’épithélium mammaire est probablement le siège de la synthèse et de la signalisation de l’AR. Cela est dû, au moins en partie, à l’expression d’une enzyme de synthèse de l’AR, RALDH3, dans l’épithélium mammaire normal. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons que les cellules cancéreuses de type luminal, qui ont sensibles à l’AR (et qui expriment le récepteur des estrogènes ER, catégorie qui regroupe 75 % des tumeurs diagnostiquées) n’ont au contraire pas la capacité de sythétiser l’AR, probablement en raison d’une faible expression de RALDH3 dans les tumeurs, sous l’effet des estrogènes. Cela pourrait représenter un nouveau mécanisme favorisant la croissance des tumeurs luminales dont les cellules proliférent en présence du rétinol sanguin. RALDH1, une autre enzyme de la voie de synthèse de l’AR, et qui partage 70 % d’identité de séquence avec RALDH3, est un marqueur de tumeurs plus agressives et de la formation de métastase. Nous montrons au contraire, que RALDH3 est un marqueur d’une moindre probabilité de développer des métastases chez les patientes atteintes d’une tumeur luminale. Cela suggère des rôles different pour ces deux enzymes dans la glande mammaire. Nos résultats indiquent que RALDH1 et 3 ont des propriétés enzymatiques très différentes, ce qui est en accord avec cette dernière hypothèse. Nos données suggèrent aussi que RALDH1 et 3 pourraient être des marqueurs de populations distinctes de cellules dans la glande mammaire normale. Nous proposons d’exploiter les diffèrences entre RALDH1 et 3 afin de mettre au point des méthodes de séparation des différentes population de cellules de l’épithélium mammaire ce qui pourrait aider à comprendre le rôle de la synthèse d’AR dans ce tissu.

Étude sur les fonctions in vivo des GEFs DOCK chez les mammifères

Dock1 (aussi nommé Dock180) est le membre prototypique de la famille Dock d’activateurs des petites GTPases de la famille Rho. Dock1 agit au sein d’une voie de signalisation conservée au cours de l’évolution et des études génétiques ont démontré que les orthologues de Dock1, myoblast city (mbc) chez la drosophile et Ced-5 chez le nématode, activent Rac dans divers processus biologiques. Notamment, mbc est un important régulateur de la fusion des myoblastes lors de la formation des fibres musculaires de drosophile. Mbc est aussi essentiel à la migration collective d’un groupe de cellules, appelées cellules de bordures, lors de leur migration dans la chambre de l’oeuf suite à l’activation de récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK). La migration collective des cellules de bordures récapitule certains des événements observés lorsque des cellules tumorales envahissent le tissu environnant lors de la formation de métastases. Chez les mammifères, des études réalisées en lignées cellulaires suggèrent que Dock1 est aussi un régulateur du cytosquelette lors de la migration cellulaire. De plus, certaines études ont démontré que la voie Dock1/Rac agit en aval de RTKs lors de l’invasion de cellules de glioblastome. Néanmoins, les fonctions in vivo de Dock1 chez les mammifères demeurent méconnues et le but de cette thèse est d’identifier et de caractériser certaines de ses fonctions. Guidés par la fonction de mbc, nous démontrons dans l’objectif no 1 un rôle essentiel pour ce gène au cours du développement embryonnaire grâce à la caractérisation d’une souris Dock1 knock-out. Des défauts sévères de fusion des myoblastes sont observés en absence de l’expression de Dock1 et ils contribuent à la réduction de la masse musculaire des souris mutantes. De plus, nous avons constaté une contribution du gène Dock5, un membre de la famille Dock proche de Dock1, au développement des fibres musculaires. Dans l’objectif no 2, nous avons observé que des hauts niveaux d’expression de DOCK1 corrèlent avec un mauvais pronostic chez les patientes atteintes de cancer du sein possédant une forte expression du gène codant pour le RTK HER2. Une surexpression ou une amplification du locus codant pour le récepteur HER2 est associée à près de 20% des cas de cancer du sein. Les cancers de ces patientes développent fréquemment des métastases et sont associés à un mauvais pronostic. Des études biochimiques ont révélé que DOCK1 interagit avec le récepteur HER2 dans des cellules de cancer du sein. De plus, DOCK1 est essentiel à l’activation de RAC et à la migration cellulaire induite par HER2 dans ces cellules. L’utilisation d’un modèle de cancer du sein médié par HER2 chez la souris combiné avec l’inactivation du gène Dock1 dans les glandes mammaires, nous a permis d’identifier Dock1 et Rac comme de nouveaux effecteurs de la croissance tumorale et de la formation de métastases régulées par l’oncogène HER2. Nous concluons que l’utilisation de différents modèles de souris knock-out pour le gène Dock1 nous a permis d’identifier des fonctions clés de ce gène. Tout comme son orthologue mbc, Dock1 joue un rôle important lors du développement embryonnaire en régulant notamment la fusion des myoblastes. Nos études ont également contribué à démontrer un important degré de conservation des mécanismes moléculaires de fusion entre les espèces. De plus, DOCK1 agit en aval du RTK HER2 et son expression dans les cellules épithéliales de glandes mammaires contribue au développement tumoral et à la formation de métastases induits par cet oncogène.

Modifying Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil on Specific Tissue Response to the Carcinogen N-Methyl-N-Nitrosurea in Female BALB/c Mice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Triiodothyronine and breast cancer

The thyroid hormones (THs), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are essential for survival; they are involved in the processes of development, growth, and metabolism. In addition to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, THs are involved in other diseases. The role of THs in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelium is well established; however, their specific role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) is controversial. Steroid hormones affect many human cancers and the abnormal responsiveness of the mammary epithelial cells to estradiol (E2) in particular is known to be an important cause for the development and progression of BC. The proliferative effect of T3 has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. In BC cell lines, T3 may foster the conditions for tumor proliferation and increase the effect of cell proliferation by E2; thus, T3 may play a role in the development and progression of BC. Studies show that T3 has effects similar to E2 in BC cell lines. Despite controversy regarding the relationship between thyroid disturbances and the incidence of BC, studies show that thyroid status may influence the development of tumor, proliferation and metastasis.

Modulação da atividade das interleucinas 17B e 25 associadas à melatonina como indutores de apoptose em cultivo celular de neoplasias mamárias

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Capacidade de adesão, invasão e produção de enterotoxinas de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e leite humano de um banco de leite

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)