Modelling global pyrogeography using data derived from satellite imagery

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

CHARACTERIZING THE FIRST HISTORIC ERUPTION OF NABRO, ERITREA: INSIGHTS FROM THERMAL AND UV REMOTE SENSING

June 2011 saw the first historic eruption of Nabro volcano, one of an ongoing sequence of eruptions in the Afar-Red Sea region since 2005. It halted air travel in northern Africa, contaminated food and water sources, and displaced thousands from their homes. Due to its remote location, little was known about this event in terms of the quantity of erupted products and the timing and mechanisms of their emplacement. Geographic isolation, previous quiescence and regional civil unrest meant that this volcano was effectively unmonitored at the time of eruption, and opportunities for field study are limited. Using free, publicly available satellite data, I examined rates of lava effusion and SO2 emission in order to quantify the amount of erupted products and understand the temporal evolution of the eruption, as well as explore what information can be gleaned about eruption mechanisms using remote sensing data. These data revealed a bimodal eruption, beginning with explosive activity marked by high SO2 emission totalling 1824 - 2299 KT, and extensive ash fall of 270 - 440 km2. This gave way to a period of rapid effusion, producing a ~17 km long lava flow, and a volume of ~22.1 x 106 m3. Mass balance between the SO2 and lava flows reveals no sulfur 'excess', suggesting that nearly all of the degassed magma was extruded. The 2011 eruption of Nabro lasted nearly 6 weeks, and may be considered the second largest historic eruption in Africa. Work such as this highlights the importance of satellite remote sensing for studying and monitoring volcanoes, particularly those in remote regions that may be otherwise inaccessible.

Correction des données satellitaires de fluorescence de la chlorophylle-a induite par le soleil pour les effets de bidirectionnalité

Les mesures satellitaires de réflectance de télédétection (Rrs) associée à la fluorescence de la chlorophylle-a induite par le soleil (FCIS), notées Rrs,f , sont largement utilisées dans le domaine de l’océanographie converties sous la forme de rendement quantique de la fluorescence (QYF). Le QYF permet de déterminer l’impact de l’environnement sur la croissance du phytoplancton. Tout comme les autres mesures qui reposent sur la luminance montante, le QYF, et donc la Rrs,f , sont influencés par les effets de bidirectionnalité. Ainsi, sachant que la variabilité naturelle du QYF est faible, les biais engendrés par une normalisation inadéquate de la Rrs,f peuvent avoir des impacts importants sur l’interprétation des mesures de QYF à l’échelle planétaire. La méthode actuelle utilisée pour corriger la dépendance angulaire du signal observé dans la bande de fluorescence par le spectroradiomètre imageur à résolution moyenne (MODIS), embarqué à bord du satellite Aqua, repose sur l’application d’une table de correspondance (LUT) développée par Morel et al. (2002). Toutefois, l’approche de Morel et al. (2002) ne tient pas compte du caractère isotrope de la FCIS ce qui induit des biais systématiques sur les mesures de Rrs,f selon la latitude, par exemple. Dans ce mémoire, une nouvelle méthode de calcul de la LUT ayant pour but de réduire ces biais est introduite. Tout d’abord, celle-ci intègre une mise à jour des propriétés optiques inhérentes (IOPs) dans le modèle de transfert radiatif sur la base de publications plus récentes. Ensuite, la gamme spectrale de son application est élargie à la bande de fluorescence contrairement à la méthode actuelle qui se limite à la longueur d’onde de 660 nm. Finalement, la LUT révisée tient compte des trois composantes principales de la réflectance de télédétection que sont (1) la rétrodiffusion élastique de la lumière par les molécules d’eau et par les particules en suspension, (2) la diffusion Raman (inélastique) par les molécules d’eau et (3) la FCIS. Les résultats de Rrs,f normalisées avec la nouvelle méthode présentent une différence de dispersion moyenne par rapport à celle obtenue par l’application de la méthode de Morel et al. (2002) de l’ordre de -15 %. Des différences significatives, de l’ordre de -22 %, sont observées à de grands angles d’observation et d’éclairement (> 55 %).

Assessing the role of Mediterranean evergreen oaks canopy cover in land surface albedo and temperature using a remote sensing-based approach

Modifications in vegetation cover can have an impact on the climate through changes in biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes. In this paper, the tree canopy cover percentage of a savannah-like ecosystem (montado/dehesa) was estimated at Landsat pixel level for 2011, and the role of different canopy cover percentages on land surface albedo (LSA) and land surface temperature (LST) were analysed. A modelling procedure using a SGB machine-learning algorithm and Landsat 5-TM spectral bands and derived vegetation indices as explanatory variables, showed that the estimation of montado canopy cover was obtained with good agreement (R2 = 78.4%). Overall, montado canopy cover estimations showed that low canopy cover class (MT_1) is the most representative with 50.63% of total montado area. MODIS LSA and LST products were used to investigate the magnitude of differences in mean annual LSA and LST values between contrasting montado canopy cover percentages. As a result, it was found a significant statistical relationship between montado canopy cover percentage and mean annual surface albedo (R2 = 0.866, p < 0.001) and surface temperature (R2 = 0.942, p < 0.001). The comparisons between the four contrasting montado canopy cover classes showed marked differences in LSA (χ2 = 192.17, df = 3, p < 0.001) and LST (χ2 = 318.18, df = 3, p < 0.001). The highest montado canopy cover percentage (MT_4) generally had lower albedo than lowest canopy cover class, presenting a difference of −11.2% in mean annual albedo values. It was also showed that MT_4 and MT_3 are the cooler canopy cover classes, and MT_2 and MT_1 the warmer, where MT_1 class had a difference of 3.42 °C compared with MT_4 class. Overall, this research highlighted the role that potential changes in montado canopy cover may play in local land surface albedo and temperature variations, as an increase in these two biogeophysical parameters may potentially bring about, in the long term, local/regional climatic changes moving towards greater aridity.

Effects of clouds on the surface shortwave radiation at a rural inland mid-latitude site

Seven years (2003–2010) of measured shortwave (SW) irradiances were used to obtain estimates of the 10 min averaged effective cloud optical thickness (ECOT) and of the shortwave cloud radiative effect (CRESW) at the surface in a mid-latitude site (Évora — south of Portugal), and its seasonal variability is presented. The ECOT, obtained using transmittance measurements at 415 nm, was compared with the correspondent MODIS cloud optical thickness (MODIS COT) for non-precipitating water clouds and cloud fractions higher than 0.25. This comparison showed that the ECOT represents well the cloud optical thickness over the study area. The CRESW, determined for two SW broadband ranges (300–1100 nm; 285–2800 nm), was normalized (NCRESW) and related with the obtained ECOT. A logarithmic relation between NCRESW and ECOT was found for both SW ranges, presenting lower dispersion for overcast-sky situations than for partially cloudy-sky situations. The NCRESW efficiency (NCRESW per unit of ECOT) was also related with the ECOT for overcast-sky conditions. The relation found is parameterized by a power law function showing that NCRESW efficiency decreases as the ECOT increases, approaching one for ECOT values higher than about 50.

Sugarcane Water Productivity Assessments in the São Paulo state, Brazil.

São Paulo state, Brazil, has been highlighted by the sugarcane crop expansion. The actual scenario of climate and land use changes, bring attention for the large-scale water productivity (WP) analyses. MODIS images were used together with gridded weather data for these analyses. A generalized sugarcane growing cycle inside a crop land mask, from September 2011 to October 2012, was considered in the main growing regions of the state. Actual evapotranspiration (ET) is quantified by the SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm, the biomass production (BIO) by the RUE (Radiation Use Efficiency) Monteith?s model and WP is considered as the ratio of BIO to ET. During the four generalized sugarcane crop phases, the mean ET values ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 mm day-1; BIO rates were between 20 and 200 kg ha-1 day-1, resulting in WP ranging from 2.8 to 6.0 kg m-3. Soil moisture indicators are applied, indicating benefits from supplementary irrigation during the grand growth phase, wherever there is water availability for this practice. The quantification of the large-scale water variables may subsidize the rational water resources management under the sugarcane expansion and water scarcity scenarios.

Avaliação da dinâmica do carbono na fitomassa de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem.

A avaliação na alteração dos estoques de carbono na fitomassa agrícola ocorreu em uma área de 51.650 km2, compreendendo 125 municípios das regiões, central, norte e nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Essas regiões possuem as cadeias de produção especializadas da cana-de-açúcar e das pastagens que estão presentes em praticamente quase todos os municípios da região e competem por área. Por meio da investigação do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) e da interpretação de imagens do sensor Thematic Mapper (TM), avaliou-se a mudança de uso e cobertura da terra nos anos de 1988 e 2015. A expansão a área de cana-de-açúcar acelerou-se significativamente em toda a região e nos últimos 27 anos a área cultivada passou de 1.085.900 ha (21% da área de estudo) para 1.966.445 ha (38% da área de estudo). As áreas de pastagens reduziram-se de 1.397.724 ha (26% da área de estudo) para 684.323 ha (13% da área de estudo). A análise dos dados revelou que a cana-de-açúcar é capaz de acumular 107,2 t.ha.-1.ano-1 de carbono na fitomassa, enquanto as pastagens cultivadas somente 11,7 t.ha.-1.ano-1 de carbono. Em 1988 toda a área de cana-de-açúcar retinha na fitomassa 116 milhões de toneladas de CO2 e em 27 anos esse acúmulo passou para 211 milhões de toneladas de CO2 .ano-1. Constata-se com isso que o carbono pode, ao menos em parte, ser recomposto pelos agroecossistemas durante o subsequente uso do solo. Dos 125 municípios avaliados, 118 deles apresentaram elevação do carbono acumulado na fitomassa devido a incorporação de áreas de pastagens por cana-de-açúcar, num total de 592 mil ha. Somente nas áreas de pastagens que foram substituídas por cana-de-açúcar nesses 27 anos, promoveu-se a remoção de 54 milhões de toneladas de CO2 da atmosfera.

Supporting land use change modelling with automated monitoring of land use dynamics in the La Plata River Basin.

2008

Biophysical indicators based on satellite images in an irrigated area at the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil.

The Jaíba Irrigated Perimeter is a large irrigated agriculturearea, located in the region Forest Jaíba between the SãoFrancisco and Verde Grande rivers, in the Brazilian semi-arid region. In 2014, irrigators thisthe region face losses in theinterruption of new plantings in irrigated areas due to water scarcity. The objective ofthis study is combine the modelto estimate the Monteith BIO with the SAFER algorithm in the case of obtaining ET, to analyze the dynamics of naturalvegetation and irrigated crops in water scarcity period. For application of the model are necessary data frommeteorological stations and satellite images. Were used 23satellite images of MODIS withspatial resolution of 250mand temporal 16 days, of 2014 year. For analyze the results,we used central pivots irrigation mask of Minas Geraisstate, Brazil. In areas with irrigated agriculture with central pivot, the mean values of BIO over the year 2014 were88.96 kg.ha-1.d-1. The highest values occurred between April 23 and May 8, with BIO 139 kg.ha-1.d-1. For areas withnatural vegetation, the average BIO was 88.34 kg.ha-1.d-1with lower values in September. Estimates of ET varied withthe lowest values of ET observedin natural vegetation 1,91±1,22 mm.d-1and the highest values in irrigated area isobserved 3,51±0,97 mm.d-1. Results of this study can assist in monitoring of river basins, contributing to themanagement irrigated agriculture, with the trend of scarcity of water resources and increasing conflicts for the wateruse.

Energy balances in sugar cane, coffee and natural vegetation in the northeastern side of the São Paulo state, Brazil

Under land and climate change scenarios, agriculture has experienced water competitions among other sectors in the São Paulo state, Brazil. On the one hand, in several occasions, in the northeastern side of this state, nowadays sugar-cane is expanding, while coffee plantations are losing space. On the other hand, both crops have replaced the natural vegetation composed by Savannah and Atlantic Coastal Forest species. Under this dynamic situation, geosciences are valuable tools for evaluating the large-scale energy and mass exchanges between these diffe rent agro-ecosystems and the lower atmosphere. For quantification of the energy balance components in these mixed agro-ecosystems, the bands 1 and 2 from the MODIS product MOD13Q1 we re used throughout SA FER (Surface Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm, which was applied together with a net of 12 automatic weather stations, during the year 2015 in the main sugar cane and coffee growing regions, located at the no rtheastern side of the state. The fraction of the global solar radiation (R G ) transformed into net radiation (Rn) was 52% for sugar cane and 53% for both, coffee and natural vegetation. The respective annual fractions of Rn used as λ E were 0.68, 0.87 and 0.77, while for the sensible heat (H) fluxes they were 0.27, 0.07 and 0.16. From April to July, heat advection raised λ E values above Rn promoting negative H, however these effects were much and less strong in coffee and sugar cane crop s, respectively. The smallest daily Rn fraction for all agro-ecosystems was for the soil heat flux (G), with averages of 5%, 6% and 7% in sugar cane, coffee and natural vegetation. From the energy balance analyses, we could conclude that, sugar-cane crop presented lower annual water consumption than that for coffee crop , what can be seen as an advantage in situations of water scarcity. However, the replacement of natural vegetation by su gar cane can contribute for warming th e environment, while when this occur with coffee crop there was noticed co oling conditions. The large scale modeling satisfactory results confirm the suitability of using MODIS products togeth er with weather stations to study the energy balance components in mixed agro-ecosystems under land-use and climate change conditions.

Sviluppo e validazione di mappe di copertura nevosa per lo studio della variabilità del manto nevoso in Emilia Romagna nel periodo 2000-2020

Il telerilevamento satellitare costituisce una delle tecniche di osservazione maggiormente efficace nel monitoraggio e nello studio dell'estensione del manto nevoso. Il manto ricopre un ruolo di estrema importanza quale risorsa idrica per gli ecosistemi e per le applicazioni agricole e industriali. Inoltre, è un indicatore climatologico in un contesto di cambiamenti climatici regionali e globali. In questo senso, la copertura nevosa è da considerarsi come una importante risorsa economica e sociale. Lo scopo della presente tesi è di produrre mappe di copertura nevosa giornaliere per la stima dell'estensione del manto nevoso della regione Emilia-Romagna e di analizzare la sua variabilità spazio-temporale nel periodo 2000-2020. Le mappe sono state sviluppate sulla base dei prodotti di neve, M*D10A1, del sensore MODIS, che consistono in mappe di classificazione della copertura in funzione dell'indice NDSI. Inizialmente, è stato costruito un albero decisionale con criteri a soglia multipla in grado di rielaborare la classificazione della superficie del sensore e produrre mappe di copertura nevosa sulla base di tre classi: neve, no-neve e nube. L'accuratezza delle mappe è stata validata tramite test statistici effettuati confrontandole con i dati di altezza del manto nevoso in situ di 24 stazioni meteorologiche, per il periodo di compresenza dei dati 2000-2012. I risultati della procedura di validazione hanno mostrato come, in generale, vi sia buon accordo tra il dato satellitare e la rispettiva osservazione al suolo, soprattutto nei pressi di stazioni lontane da vegetazione sempreverde e/o di ambiente urbano. Infine, è stata valutata la variabilità climatologica dell'estensione del manto nevoso tramite l'elaborazione degli indici di neve SCF, SCD e diversi indici SCA. L'attenzione è stata particolarmente focalizzata sugli indici di massima estensione invernale del manto, del valore mediano e del numero di giorni con estensione superiore al 39.5% della regione.