Plasma kinetics of an LDL-like nanoemulsion and lipid transfer to HDL in subjects with glucose intolerance

OBJECTIVE: Glucose intolerance is frequently associated with an altered plasma lipid profile and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Nonetheless, lipid metabolism is scarcely studied in normolipidemic glucose-intolerant patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether important lipid metabolic parameters, such as the kinetics of LDL free and esterified cholesterol and the transfer of lipids to HDL, are altered in glucose-intolerant patients with normal plasma lipids. METHODS: Fourteen glucose-intolerant patients and 15 control patients were studied; none of the patients had cardiovascular disease manifestations, and they were paired for age, sex, race and co-morbidities. A nanoemulsion resembling a LDL lipid composition (LDE) labeled with C-14-cholesteryl ester and H-3-free cholesterol was intravenously injected, and blood samples were collected over a 24-h period to determine the fractional clearance rate of the labels by compartmental analysis. The transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids from the LDE to HDL was measured by the incubation of the LDE with plasma and radioactivity counting of the supernatant after chemical precipitation of non-HDL fractions. RESULTS: The levels of LDL, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apo A1 and apo B were equal in both groups. The 14 C-esterified cholesterol fractional clearance rate was not different between glucose-intolerant and control patients, but the H-3-free- cholesterol fractional clearance rate was greater in glucose-intolerant patients than in control patients. The lipid transfer to HDL was equal in both groups. CONCLUSION: In these glucose-intolerant patients with normal plasma lipids, a faster removal of LDE free cholesterol was the only lipid metabolic alteration detected in our study. This finding suggests that the dissociation of free cholesterol from lipoprotein particles occurs in normolipidemic glucose intolerance and may participate in atherogenic signaling.

Lipid Transfer to HDL is Higher in Marathon Runners than in Sedentary Subjects, but is Acutely Inhibited During the Run

Although exercise increases HDL-cholesterol, exercise-induced changes in HDL metabolism have been little explored. Lipid transfer to HDL is essential for HDL's role in reverse cholesterol transport. We investigated the effects of acute exhaustive exercise on lipid transfer to HDL. We compared plasma lipid, apolipoprotein and cytokine levels and in vitro transfer of four lipids from a radioactively labeled lipid donor nanoemulsion to HDL in sedentary individuals (n = 28) and in marathon runners (n = 14) at baseline, immediately after and 72 h after a marathon. While HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were higher in marathon runners, LDL-cholesterol, apo B and triacylglycerol levels were similar in both groups. Transfers of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.2 (4.5-6), p = 0.001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 8.2 (7.7-8.9), p = 0.0001] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 1.3 (0.8-1.7), p = 0.0001] were higher in marathon runners, but esterified-cholesterol transfer was similar. Immediately after the marathon, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were unchanged, but apo B and triacylglycerol levels increased. Lipid transfer of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.8 (4.9-6.6), p = 0.0001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 19.1 (18.6-19.3), p = 0.0001], esterified-cholesterol [3.2 (2.2-3.8) vs. 2.3 (2-2.9), p = 0.02] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 2.6 (2.1-2.8), p = 0.0001] to HDL were all reduced immediately after the marathon but returned to baseline 72 h later. Running a marathon increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels, but after 72 h these values returned to baseline. Lipid transfer, except esterified-cholesterol transfer, was higher in marathon runners than in sedentary individuals, but the marathon itself acutely inhibited lipid transfer. In light of these novel observations, further study is required to clarify how these metabolic changes can influence HDL composition and anti-atherogenic function.

Vitamin E Alters Inflammatory Gene Expression in Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis

Objective: To evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on pancreatic gene expression of inflammatory markers in rats with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (1), alcoholic chronic pancreatitis without (2) and with (3) vitamin E supplementation. Pancreatitis was induced by a liquid diet containing ethanol, cyclosporin A and cerulein. a-tocopherol content in plasma and liver and pancreas histopathology were analyzed. Gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers was analyzed by the quantitative real-time PCR technique. Results: The animals that received vitamin E supplementation had higher alpha-tocopherol amounts in plasma and liver. The pancreas in Group 1 showed normal histology, whereas in Groups 2 and 3, mild to moderate tissue destruction foci and mononuclear cell infiltration were detected. Real-time PCR analysis showed an increased expression of all genes in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1. Vitamin E supplementation decreased the transcript number of 5 genes (alpha-SMA, COX-2, IL-6, MIP-3 alpha and TNF-alpha) and increased the transcript number of 1 gene (Pap). Conclusion: Vitamin E supplementation had anti-inflammatory and beneficial effects on the pancreatic gene expression of some inflammatory biomarkers in rats with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, confirming its participation in the inflammatory response mechanisms in the pancreas. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

A Low-Protein, High-Carbohydrate Diet Increases Fatty Acid Uptake and Reduces Norepinephrine-Induced Lipolysis in Rat Retroperitoneal White Adipose Tissue

A low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet for 15 days increased the lipid content in the carcass and adipose tissues of rats. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of this lipid increase in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT) of these animals. The LPHC diet induced an approximately two- and tenfold increase in serum corticosterone and TNF-alpha, respectively. The rate of de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis in vivo was reduced (50%) in LPHC rats, and the lipoprotein lipase activity increased (100%). In addition, glycerokinase activity increased (60%), and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase content decreased (27%). Basal [U-C-14]-glucose incorporation into glycerol-triacylglycerol did not differ between the groups; however, in the presence of insulin, [U-C-14]-glucose incorporation increased by 124% in adipocytes from only control rats. The reductions in IRS1 and AKT content as well as AKT phosphorylation in the RWAT from LPHC rats and the absence of an insulin response suggest that these adipocytes have reduced insulin sensitivity. The increase in NE turnover by 45% and the lack of a lipolytic response to NE in adipocytes from LPHC rats imply catecholamine resistance. The data reveal that the increase in fat storage in the RWAT of LPHC rats results from an increase in FA uptake from circulating lipoproteins and glycerol phosphorylation, which is accompanied by an impaired lipolysis that is activated by NE.

Association between diet and polymorphisms in individuals with statin-controlled dyslipidaemia grouped according to oxidative stress biomarkers

The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences in diet and in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, are associated with oxidative stress biomarkers and consequently with susceptibility of low-density cholesterol (LDL) to oxidation. A multivariate approach was applied to a group of 55 patients according to three biomarkers: plasma antioxidant activity, malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) concentrations. Individuals classified in Cluster III showed the worst prognoses in terms of antioxidant activity and oxidative status. Individuals classified in Cluster I presented the lowest oxidative status, while individuals grouped in Cluster II presented the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No difference in nutrient intake was observed among the clusters. Significantly higher gamma- and delta-tocopherol concentrations were observed in those individuals with the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No single linear regression was statistically significant, suggesting that mutant alleles of the SNPs selected did not contribute to the differences observed in oxidative stress response. Although not statistically significant, the p value of the APO E coefficient for oxLDL response was 0.096, indicating that patients who carry the TT allele of the APO E gene tend to present lower plasma oxLDL concentrations. Therefore, the differences in oxidative stress levels observed in this study could not be attributed to diet or to the variant alleles of PON-1, CETP, HMGCR or APO E. This data supports the influence of gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol on antioxidant activity, and highlights the need for further studies investigating APO E alleles and LDL oxidation.

Inhibition of LDL-oxidation and antioxidant properties related to polyphenol content of hydrophilic fractions from seaweed Halimeda Incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux

LDL oxidation and oxidative stress are closely related to atherosclerosis. Therefore, natural antioxidants have been studied as promising candidates. In the present study, the LDL oxidation inhibition activity of bioactive compounds from Halimeda incrassata seaweed. associated to antioxidant capacity, was evaluated in vitro. Experimental work was conducted with lyophilized aqueous extract and phenolic-rich fractions of the seaweed and their effect on LDL oxidation was evaluated using heparin-precipitated LDL (hep-LDL) with exposure to Cu2+ ions and AAPH as the free radical generator. H. incrassata had a protective effect for hep-LDL in both systems and the presence of phenolic compounds contributed to the activity where phenolic-rich fractions showed significant capacity for inhibition of oxidation mediated by Cu2+ ions. The observed effect could be related to the antioxidant potential of polar fractions evidenced by reducing activity and DPPH center dot radical scavenging. The results obtained in vitro further support the antioxidant and LDL oxidation inhibition properties of H. incrassata and further knowledge toward future phytotherapeutic application of the seaweed.

Association between hepatic cholesterol and oleic acid in the liver of rats treated with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the lipid profiles of the hepatic and adipose tissues of Wistar rats treated for 21 days with a diet high in saturated fat (high saturated fat, n=6) or high in hydrogenated fat, that is, having 50% partially hydrogenated vegetable oil in its composition (high hydrogenated fat, n=6), and compare them to those of a control group (control group, n=6). Methods Adipose tissue and total hepatic fat were higher in the saturated fat group than in the hydrogenated fat group. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was greatest in the saturated fat group, with consequent lower hepatic vitamin E and A levels. In contrast, serum vitamin A was highest in the saturated fat group. Analysis of hepatic lipid fractions found more cholesterol and less high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the hydrogenated fat group. The hydrogenated fat group had the highest levels of triacylglycerols, followed by the saturated fat group. Results Significant amounts of trans fatty acids were detected in the hepatic and adipose tissues of the hydrogenated fat group. Among the identified fatty acids, 18:1n9 had a higher positive association with hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerols, and a higher negative association with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil promotes greater accumulation of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver than saturated fats. Conclusion Trans fatty acids were incorporated into hepatocytes and adipocytes in a highly efficient manner.

Toll-like Receptor 2 Knockout Mice Showed Increased Periapical Lesion Size and Osteoclast Number

Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize the formation and progression of experimentally induced periapical lesions in TLR2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice. Methods: Periapical lesions were induced in molars of 28 wild type (WT) and 27 TLR2 KO mice. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the animals were euthanized, and the mandibles were subjected to histotechnical processing. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections were examined under conventional light microscopy for the description of pulpal, apical, and periapical features and under fluorescence microscopy for the determination of the periapical lesion size. The subsequent sections were evaluated by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase histoenzymology (osteoclasts), Brown and Brenn staining (bacteria), and immunohistochemistry (RANK, RANKL, and OPG). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (alpha = 0.05), Results: The WT group showed significant differences (P < .05) in the periapical lesion size and the osteoclast number between 7 and 42 days and between 21 and 42 days. In the TLR2 KO group, significant differences (P < .05) in the periapical lesion size and the osteoclast number were found between 7 days and the other periods. There was a significant difference (P < .05) between the 2 types of animal regarding the periapical lesion size, which was larger in the TLR2 KO animals. No significant differences (P > .05) were found between WT and TLR2 KO mice related to the pulpal, apical, and periapical features; bacteria localization; and immunohistochemical results (except for RANK expression). Conclusions: TLR2 KO animals developed larger periapical lesions with a greater number of osteoclasts, indicating the important role of this receptor in the host's immune and inflammatory response to root canal and periradicular infection. (J Endod 2012;38:803-813)

Cholesterol-lowering effect of whole lupin (Lupinus albus) seed and its protein isolate

This study describes the hypocholesterolaemic effect of whole lupin and its protein in hamsters. The diets were: casein (control group HC), lupin protein isolate (group HPI) and whole lupin seed (group HWS). Diets from HPI and HWS promoted a significant reduction of total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in the hamsters' plasma as compared with HC. The true digestibility of HPI and HC groups were similar and differed significantly from the HWS one, which in turn showed a significant difference in total sterol excretion as compared to the former groups. Histological analysis of the liver revealed that animals fed on HPI and HWS diets presented a low level of steatosis (level 1) as compared to the ones fed on HC diet (level 4). Our findings demonstrate that protein isolate from Lupinus albus from Brazil has a metabolic effect on endogenous cholesterol metabolism and a protector effect on development of hepatic steatosis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptor in locally advanced breast cancer

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors are overexpressed in most neoplastic cell lines and provide a mechanism for the internalization and concentration of drug-laden nanoemulsions that bind to these receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of standard chemotherapeutic schemes can alter the expression of LDL and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptors in breast carcinoma. Fragments of tumoral and normal breast tissue from 16 consecutive volunteer women with breast cancer in stage II or III were obtained from biopsies before the beginning of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and after chemotherapy, from fragments excised during mastectomy. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for both receptors. Because complete response to treatment was achieved in 4 patients, only the tumors from 12 were analyzed. Before chemotherapy, there was overexpression of LDL receptor in the tumoral tissue compared to normal breast tissue in 8 of these patients. LRP-1 receptor overexpression was observed in tumors of 4 patients. After chemotherapy, expression of both receptors decreased in the tumors of 6 patients, increased in 4 and was unchanged in 2. Nonetheless, even when chemotherapy reduced receptors expression, the expression was still above normal. The fact that chemotherapy does not impair LDL receptors expression supports the use of drug carrier systems that target neoplastic cells by the LDL receptor endocytic pathway in patients on conventional chemotherapy.

Plasma kinetics of an LDL-like nanoemulsion and lipid transfer to HDL in subjects with glucose intolerance

OBJECTIVE: Glucose intolerance is frequently associated with an altered plasma lipid profile and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Nonetheless, lipid metabolism is scarcely studied in normolipidemic glucose-intolerant patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether important lipid metabolic parameters, such as the kinetics of LDL free and esterified cholesterol and the transfer of lipids to HDL, are altered in glucose-intolerant patients with normal plasma lipids. METHODS: Fourteen glucose-intolerant patients and 15 control patients were studied; none of the patients had cardiovascular disease manifestations, and they were paired for age, sex, race and co-morbidities. A nanoemulsion resembling a LDL lipid composition (LDE) labeled with 14C-cholesteryl ester and ³H-free cholesterol was intravenously injected, and blood samples were collected over a 24-h period to determine the fractional clearance rate of the labels by compartmental analysis. The transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids from the LDE to HDL was measured by the incubation of the LDE with plasma and radioactivity counting of the supernatant after chemical precipitation of non-HDL fractions. RESULTS: The levels of LDL, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apo A1 and apo B were equal in both groups. The 14C-esterified cholesterol fractional clearance rate was not different between glucose-intolerant and control patients, but the ³H-free-cholesterol fractional clearance rate was greater in glucose-intolerant patients than in control patients. The lipid transfer to HDL was equal in both groups. CONCLUSION: In these glucose-intolerant patients with normal plasma lipids, a faster removal of LDE free cholesterol was the only lipid metabolic alteration detected in our study. This finding suggests that the dissociation of free cholesterol from lipoprotein particles occurs in normolipidemic glucose intolerance and may participate in atherogenic signaling.

Inhibition of LDL-oxidation and antioxidant properties related to polyphenol content of hydrophilic fractions from seaweed Halimeda Incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux

LDL oxidation and oxidative stress are closely related to atherosclerosis. Therefore, natural antioxidants have been studied as promising candidates. In the present study, the LDL oxidation inhibition activity of bioactive compounds from Halimeda incrassata seaweed. associated to antioxidant capacity, was evaluated in vitro. Experimental work was conducted with lyophilized aqueous extract and phenolic-rich fractions of the seaweed and their effect on LDL oxidation was evaluated using heparin-precipitated LDL (hep-LDL) with exposure to Cu2+ ions and AAPH as the free radical generator. H. incrassata had a protective effect for hep-LDL in both systems and the presence of phenolic compounds contributed to the activity where phenolic-rich fractions showed significant capacity for inhibition of oxidation mediated by Cu2+ ions. The observed effect could be related to the antioxidant potential of polar fractions evidenced by reducing activity and DPPH radical scavenging. The results obtained in vitro further support the antioxidant and LDL oxidation inhibition properties of H. incrassata and further knowledge toward future phytotherapeutic application of the seaweed.

Metabolism of plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein parameters are related to a higher degree of insulin sensitivity in high HDL-C healthy normal weight subjects

Abstract Background We have searched if plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration interferes simultaneously with whole-body cholesterol metabolism and insulin sensitivity in normal weight healthy adult subjects. Methods We have measured the activities of several plasma components that are critically influenced by insulin and that control lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with low and high HDL-C concentrations. These parameters included cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), post-heparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL), pre-beta-1HDL, and plasma sterol markers of cholesterol synthesis and intestinal absorption. Results In the high-HDL-C group, we found lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, insulin, HOMA-IR index, activities of LCAT and HL compared with the low HDL-C group; additionally, we found higher activity of LPL and pre-beta-1HDL concentration in the high-HDL-C group. There were no differences in the plasma CETP and PLTP activities. Conclusions These findings indicate that in healthy hyperalphalipoproteinemia subjects, several parameters that control the metabolism of plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins are related to a higher degree of insulin sensitivity.

Analyse von Middleware-Technologien bzgl. Performanz und ihrer Eignung für lose und eng gekoppelte verteilte Anwendungen

Die vorliegende Dissertation analysiert die Middleware- Technologien CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture), COM/DCOM (Component Object Model/Distributed Component Object Model), J2EE (Java-2-Enterprise Edition) und Web Services (inklusive .NET) auf ihre Eignung bzgl. eng und lose gekoppelten verteilten Anwendungen. Zusätzlich werden primär für CORBA die dynamischen CORBA-Komponenten DII (Dynamic Invocation Interface), IFR (Interface Repository) und die generischen Datentypen Any und DynAny (dynamisches Any) im Detail untersucht. Ziel ist es, a. konkrete Aussagen über diese Komponenten zu erzielen, und festzustellen, in welchem Umfeld diese generischen Ansätze ihre Berechtigung finden. b. das zeitliche Verhalten der dynamischen Komponenten bzgl. der Informationsgewinnung über die unbekannten Objekte zu analysieren. c. das zeitliche Verhalten der dynamischen Komponenten bzgl. ihrer Kommunikation zu messen. d. das zeitliche Verhalten bzgl. der Erzeugung von generischen Datentypen und das Einstellen von Daten zu messen und zu analysieren. e. das zeitliche Verhalten bzgl. des Erstellens von unbekannten, d. h. nicht in IDL beschriebenen Datentypen zur Laufzeit zu messen und zu analysieren. f. die Vorzüge/Nachteile der dynamischen Komponenten aufzuzeigen, ihre Einsatzgebiete zu definieren und mit anderen Technologien wie COM/DCOM, J2EE und den Web Services bzgl. ihrer Möglichkeiten zu vergleichen. g. Aussagen bzgl. enger und loser Koppelung zu tätigen. CORBA wird als standardisierte und vollständige Verteilungsplattform ausgewählt, um die o. a. Problemstellungen zu untersuchen. Bzgl. seines dynamischen Verhaltens, das zum Zeitpunkt dieser Ausarbeitung noch nicht oder nur unzureichend untersucht wurde, sind CORBA und die Web Services richtungsweisend bzgl. a. Arbeiten mit unbekannten Objekten. Dies kann durchaus Implikationen bzgl. der Entwicklung intelligenter Softwareagenten haben. b. der Integration von Legacy-Applikationen. c. der Möglichkeiten im Zusammenhang mit B2B (Business-to-Business). Diese Problemstellungen beinhalten auch allgemeine Fragen zum Marshalling/Unmarshalling von Daten und welche Aufwände hierfür notwendig sind, ebenso wie allgemeine Aussagen bzgl. der Echtzeitfähigkeit von CORBA-basierten, verteilten Anwendungen. Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend auf andere Technologien wie COM/DCOM, J2EE und den Web Services, soweit es zulässig ist, übertragen. Die Vergleiche CORBA mit DCOM, CORBA mit J2EE und CORBA mit Web Services zeigen im Detail die Eignung dieser Technologien bzgl. loser und enger Koppelung. Desweiteren werden aus den erzielten Resultaten allgemeine Konzepte bzgl. der Architektur und der Optimierung der Kommunikation abgeleitet. Diese Empfehlungen gelten uneingeschränkt für alle untersuchten Technologien im Zusammenhang mit verteilter Verarbeitung.

Ortsaufgelöste Speziation von Schwermetallen in geogenen Proben mit Röntgenabsorptionsspektrometrie (my-XAS)

Die Vergesellschaftung und Bindungsform von Arsen in Düngekalk wurde durch chemische und mineralogische Analysen sowie XANES/EXAFS-Messungen untersucht. Die durch-schnittliche As-Konzentration im Düngekalk (70 mg/kg) überschreitet den Grenzwert der DüMV (40 mg/kg). Arsen ist in Mn- (Romanechit) und Fe-Dendriten (Goethit, Ferrihydrit) angereichert. Seine Oxidationsstufe ist jeweils 5+. µ-EXAFS-Untersuchungen ergaben Hin-weise auf zweizähnige und einzähnige mononukleare Durchdringungskomplexe mit Eisen-oxid. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten von Arsen wurde durch sequentielle Extraktion des Dün-gekalks und Mobilisierungsversuche mit wassergesättigtem Boden untersucht. Die Lösung erfolgte vorwiegend im dritten Extraktionsschritt gemeinsam mit kristallinen Eisenoxiden. Unter moderat anoxischen Bedingungen war im Boden keine zusätzliche Mobilisierung von Arsen aus dem Düngekalk nachweisbar. Erhöhte As-Konzentrationen und As3+-Anteile im Porenwasser traten bei niedrigem Eh unabhängig von Kalkzugabe auf. Eine Kopplung des Arsen-Grenzwerts an den Eisenoxidgehalt erscheint sinnvoll. Ein Messaufbau für Mikro-XAS Imaging wurde in Betrieb genommen. Er ermöglicht die si-multane Erfassung einer Probenfläche von 26,6×6,6 mm² wahlweise im Transmissions- oder Fluoreszenzmodus mit der räumlichen Auflösung 52×52 µm² durch eine CCD-Kamera. Zur Datenverarbeitung wurden IDL-Programme sowie die Fernerkundungssoftware ENVI ver-wendet. Die Messergebnisse zeigen weniger Störungen und Rauschen als die Ergebnisse frü-herer Messungen mit einem Prototyp. Die Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen der Messungen liefern Hinweise für die weitere erfolgreiche Nutzung des Messaufbaus.