Opportunities for convergence and regional cooperation: Unity Summit of Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes Bibliography

As relações Brasil–Estados Unidos no governo Clinton: a intersecção entre o debate teórico e a análise de política externa nas relações internacionais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A política externa do presidente Lula da Silva no âmbito das mudanças climáticas (2003-2009)

Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

The equity gap: Latin America, the Caribbean and the Social Summit

The World Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 6 to 12 March 1995, brought together a large number of heads of State and Government and official representatives from States Members of the United Nations and culminated in the adoption of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development. These two documents —the first containing policy statements, the other dealing with their practical application— imply commitments at the national, regional and international levels. Barely two years have passed since this summit was held, too short a period to permit an evaluation of the impact of the actions that the Latin American and Caribbean Governments set out to undertake. On the other hand, most of the countries were already implementing a variety of official policies related to the great objectives of the World Summit for Social Development. Al reunirse ahora los países miembros de la CEPAL para examinar, por vez primera, los avances hacia la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre,1 la Secretaría ha centrado su estudio en tres aspectos. Primero, en examinar, desde la óptica latinoamericana y del Caribe, la situación actual en materia de pobreza, empleo e integración social, los principales temas de la Cumbre. Segundo, en el ámbito de las políticas, en reseñar las tendencias que resultan más relevantes para el cumplimiento de los compromisos antes mencionados. Tercero, en proponer algunas orientaciones adicionales sobre el contenido y alcance de las políticas tendientes a facilitar el pleno cumplimiento futuro de dichos compromisos. Se procura con ello orientar el debate de los gobiernos y de la sociedad civil en América Latina y el Caribe acerca de cómo se están instrumentando en la región los compromisos de la Cumbre de Copenhague.

A study on energy issues in the Caribbean: potential for mitigating climate change

The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) is seeking to provide support to the Governments of Guyana, Jamaica and Barbados in researching the potential for employing renewable energy technologies to mitigate climate change. This exercise involves the study of different types of renewable technologies and mitigative strategies, with the aim of making recommendations to the governments on the development of their renewable energy sector. The recommendations may also assist in achieving their long-term objectives of reducing poverty and promoting healthy economies and sustainable livelihoods in keeping with the Millennium Development Goals. Guyana, Jamaica and Barbados each face common and specific challenges in their efforts to adequately define and implement their energy and climate policies, in a way that allows them to contribute to the mitigation effort against climate change, while promoting sustainable development within their countries. Each country has demonstrated an understanding of the global and national challenges pertaining to climate change. They have attempted to address these challenges through policies and various programmes implemented by local and international agencies. Documented and undocumented policies have sought to outline the directions to be taken by each territory as they seek to deploy new technologies to address issues related to energy and the environment. While all territories have sought to deploy multiple alternate and renewable technologies simultaneously, it is clear that, given their sizes and resource limitations, no one territory can achieve excellence in all these areas. Guyana has demonstrated the greatest potential for hydro energy and should pursue it as their main area of expertise. The country also has an additional major strategy that includes forest credits and the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) programme. This approach will be brought to the negotiation table in the upcoming climate change meeting in Copenhagen in December 2009. Of the three countries, Jamaica has the only active significant wind farm deployment, while Barbados has a long tradition in solar energy. Each country might then supplement their energy and fuel mix with other energy and fuel sources and draw from the experience of other countries. Given the synergies that might accrue from adopting a regional approach, the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) might be well positioned to play a coordinating role. This focus on renewable energy and biofuels should yield good, long-term results as it relates to mitigation against climate change, and good, short- and medium-term results as it relates to the development of sustainable economies. Each country might also achieve energy security, reduced oil dependence, significant reduction in harmful emissions and better foreign exchange management if they pursue good policies and implementation practices. Human and financial resources are critical to the success of planned interventions, and it will be necessary to successfully mobilize these resources in order to be effective in executing key plans.

Frequência de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. e Trypanosoma cruzy em primatas neotropicais mantidos em cativeiro

Faz um levantamento sorológico para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp e Trypanosoma cruzi em primatas neotropicais mantidos em cativeiro. Amostras de 94 primatas neotropicais adultos, machos e fêmeas de diferentes espécies pertencentes ao criatório do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP)-Ananindeua-PA, coletadas para a realização da Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), na qual foram utilizadas 84 amostras sorológicas, em que 35 (41,67%) apresentaram anticorpos contra leptospira e 49 (58,33%) foram soronegativas. De 11 espécies utilizadas na pesquisa, as maiores positividades estavam nas espécies de Cebus apella 69.23% (9/13), Aotus infullatus 33,33% (5/15), Callithrix penicillata 28,57% (4/14) e Saimiri sciureus 22,73 (5/22). De 35 amostras positivas, 11 (31,42%) reagiram contra o sorovar Cynopteri, oito (22,85%) foram reagentes para Andamana, seis (17,14%) contra o sorovar Hebdomadis, quatro (11,42%) para Copenhageni, três (8,57%) contra o sorovar Patoc, duas (5,71%) para o sorovar Cuíca, e o restante reagiram para pelo menos um sorovar (2,85%) sorovar Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa e Autumnalis. Para detecção de anticorpos contra o T. cruzi, foram utilizadas 94 amostras sorológicas de primatas neotropicais. As amostras de cada animal foram submetidas aos exames sorológicos de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI) e Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA). Das amostras avaliadas pela HAI, apenas uma fêmea da espécie Saguinus niger revelou resultado positivo, porém todas as amostras revelaram resultado negativo quando submetidas ao ELISA-recombinante. Com relação aos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos não foram observadas alterações que indicassem uma possível infecção. Conclui-se que a ocorrência de anticorpos contra as leptospiras nas espécies de primatas foi alta, mesmo não apresentando sintomas, e todos os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos estarem normais indicando que apesar destes animais encontrarem-se em cativeiro, possivelmente tiveram contato em vida livre com a bactéria e a infecção pode estar sendo mantida entre eles e casos de leptospirose e doença de Chagas em primatas neotropicais são raros, porém deve-se lembrar que os mesmos atuam como reservatórios de Leptospira spp e Tripanosma cruzi no ambiente silvestre.

Efeito transversal da placa lábio-ativa aberta e fixa associada à extensão lingual de canino decíduo a primeiro molar permanente: estudo em modelos digitais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Abrasive wear on eroded root dentine after different periods of exposure to saliva in situ

The effect of salivary exposure time on the abrasive wear of acid-eroded dentine was evaluated in situ. One-hundred and twenty bovine root dentine slabs were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F) and placed in intraoral palatal devices, which were worn by 10 volunteers for 4 d. On the first day, no erosive/abrasive procedures were carried out. On the following 3 d, erosive challenges were performed extraorally, two times per day, by immersing the device for 90 s in a soft drink. Subsequently, the group A specimens were immediately brushed (40 strokes), and the others were brushed after the following times: B, 20 min; C, 40 min; and D, 60 min. Group E specimens were only acid-eroded and those of group F were only brushed. Dentine wear was measured with a profilometer. ANOVA and Dunnett's test showed that groups A-D did not differ statistically from the control group E but differed from the control group F. The lowest mean value was found for group F. Regression analysis was unable to show salivary effect on dentine wear reduction. The data suggest that the exposure time of saliva of up to 60 min has no effect on reducing the eroded dentine wear by toothbrushing.

Burnout in dental students: effectiveness of different methods

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of intracanal dressings on repair and apical bridging of teeth with incomplete root formation

Periapical repair and apical bridging were studied in dog's teeth with incomplete root formation and induced chronic periapical lesions treated with different dressings. A total of 75 root canals from the upper and lower premolars of 4 dogs approximately 6 months of age were chemo-mechanically prepared and filled with the following dressings: antibacterial dressing consisting of a calcium hydroxide+camphorated p-monochlorophenol paste applied for 7 days and followed by monthly renewed calcium hydroxide paste as temporary dressing at 30, 60 and 90 days (Group A); antibacterial dressing consisting of camphorated p-monochlorophenol alone for 7 days, followed by temporary dressing with calcium hydroxide paste renewed at 30, 60 and 90 days (Group B). A control group (Group C) received no dressings. Ninety days after the last calcium hydroxide paste (Groups A, B) and after the last irrigation/aspiration (Group C), the animals were killed, the maxillae and mandibles were removed, and the material submitted to routine histological processing and examination. Both root canal dressings, were of fundamental importance for apical repair and bridging. The apical bridging was predominantly complete in Group A, incomplete in Group B, and absent in Group C. The calcium hydroxide+camphorated p-monochlorophenol combination gave better results than camphorated p-monochlorophenol alone.

Companhias Antropofágicas de Segurança no Sul Global: narrativas de privatização da violência e construção de ameaças na Líbia e no Afeganistão

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Science and the Climate Change Debacle

As I write this on the first business day of 2010, I find myself thinking about the importance of respecting alternative views --- not only alternative political views, but also alternative scientific views. Good science requires that we understand the limits of knowledge and continuously seek the truth through respectful questioning, replication and review. In the climate change debate, which recently culminated in a disappointing and largely ineffective conference in Copenhagen, these salient principles of science were grossly violated. Well respected climate scientists proceeded well beyond the limits of their knowledge and became policy advocates. They demeaned anyone who dared to disagree with their findings or to suggest that limiting CO2 emissions may not be the best policy choice at the present time. Disagreeing with the “experts” became disrespected professional behavior, even within the academic community. This approach has not served the interests of anyone very well.

Precautionary principle, economic and energy systems and social equity

In this paper the precautionary principle is reviewed alongside the process of international implementation. Adoption of the precautionary principle is advocated to deal with energy choices as a mechanism to account for potential climate change impacts, notwithstanding the debate on scientific uncertainty on the links between solar activity, greenhouse gas concentration and climate. However, it is also recognized that the widespread application of the precautionary principle to energy choices does not seem to be taking place in the real world. Relevant concrete barriers are identified stemming from the intrinsic logic governing the hegemonic economic system, driving the energy choices by economic surplus and rent generation potential, the existence of social asymmetries inside and among societies as well as by the absence of democratic global governance mechanisms, capable of dealing with climate change issues. Such perception seems to have been reinforced by the outcome of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Copenhagen in December 2009. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leishmania Promastigotes Lack Phosphatidylserine but Bind Annexin V upon Permeabilization or Miltefosine Treatment

The protozoan parasite Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen infecting and replicating inside vertebrate host macrophages. A recent model suggests that promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite mimic mammalian apoptotic cells by exposing phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface to trigger their phagocytic uptake into host macrophages. PS presentation at the cell surface is typically analyzed using fluorescence-labeled annexin V. Here we show that Leishmania promastigotes can be stained by fluorescence-labeled annexin V upon permeabilization or miltefosine treatment. However, combined lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that Leishmania promastigotes lack any detectable amount of PS. Instead, we identified several other phospholipid classes such phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as candidate lipids enabling annexin V staining.

THE INFRARED COLORS OF THE SUN

Solar infrared colors provide powerful constraints on the stellar effective temperature scale, but they must be measured with both accuracy and precision in order to do so. We fulfill this requirement by using line-depth ratios to derive in a model-independent way the infrared colors of the Sun, and we use the latter to test the zero point of the Casagrande et al. effective temperature scale, confirming its accuracy. Solar colors in the widely used Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) JHK(s) and WISE W1-4 systems are provided: (V - J)(circle dot) = 1.198, (V - H)(circle dot) = 1.484, (V - K-s)(circle dot) = 1.560, (J - H)(circle dot) = 0.286, (J - K-s)(circle dot) = 0.362, (H - K-s)(circle dot) = 0.076, (V - W1)(circle dot) = 1.608, (V - W2)(circle dot) = 1.563, (V - W3)(circle dot) = 1.552, and (V - W4)(circle dot) = 1.604. A cross-check of the effective temperatures derived implementing 2MASS or WISE magnitudes in the infrared flux method confirms that the absolute calibration of the two systems agrees within the errors, possibly suggesting a 1% offset between the two, thus validating extant near-and mid-infrared absolute calibrations. While 2MASS magnitudes are usually well suited to derive T-eff, we find that a number of bright, solar-like stars exhibit anomalous WISE colors. In most cases, this effect is spurious and can be attributed to lower-quality measurements, although for a couple of objects (3%+/- 2% of the total sample) it might be real, and may hint at the presence of warm/hot debris disks.