Micro-fungos de interesse para o setor de petróleo, gás e biocombustíveis

Oil is a hydrocarbon mixture of various sizes, including saturated and aromatic compounds. Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons and its main component is methane. In our society, the great demand for these fuels requires fast extraction, transportation and refining, increasing the number of accidents that compromise the environment. Oil is a finite resource and it is necessary to reduce the problems related to the question concerning environmental pollution which has encouraged the search for alternative fuel sources in our country. So today we have two major biofuels: ethanol and biodiesel. Concurrently, many studies have been done directed toward the isolation of microorganisms capable of degrading petrochemical industrial wastes, most of them using as a source of isolation soil and water collected in a contaminated environment. Isolation from alternative substrates has emerged as a new strategy that has provided satisfactory results. In this work, we present the leaf-cutter ants of the Attini tribe as a source for the isolation of micro-fungi with the potential for hydrocarbon degradation. These insects have a social way of life and a highly specialized system of intra and interspecific communication, which is based on the recognition of individuals through volatile chemical compounds, the majority hydrocarbons, stored in their exoskeleton. The micro-environment exoskeleton of Attini ants (genus Atta) used in this work proved to be a rich source of microbial biodiversity, as other studies have found. The flotation isolation technique applied here allowed the achievement of 214 micro-fungi, 118 representatives of the dematiaceous fungi group and 96 hyaline filamentous fungi. They were submitted to toluene degradation tests and at least one strain of each genus presented good results, namely Teratosphaeria, Exophiala, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cogeração de energia com motores de combustão interna

The tertiary sector is largely responsible for the growth of electricity consumption in Brazil. The large commercial and public buildings, hypermarkets and shopping centers stand out as major consumers of electricity for lighting, power and thermal energy. Brazil presents significant potential for the deployment of small cogeneration plants, especially in the tertiary sector. Allied to this, the possibility of natural gas supply and the growing demands in favor of maintaining and preserving the environment favor the implementation of cogeneration plants. In this context, this paper presents a technical and economic analysis of installing a cogeneration plant using internal combustion engine with natural gas in a mall

Precificação do biogás produzido por autoprodutores, considerando seu transporte por meio de gasodutos existentes

The expansion of the energy matrix is a matter of great importance since the recent problems facing the country in this sector, such as rationing mobilized in 2001. Moreover, there is also concern with global sustainable development. Brazil is producing about 64 million cubic meters of biogas per day, but only a small percentage of this total is harnessed as an energy resource. Compounders are considered potential, for example, landfill energy (LE) and sewage treatment plants (STP), which can be adapted to produce biogas and market them. The work focuses its studies on biogas produced by these small and medium compounders. Are proposed and studied the following alternatives for the utilization of biogas energy: generation and sale of electricity through the installation of a small power station within the landfill, and purification and marketing of gas, whose price will be a consideration on the price of natural gas, taking into account the percentage of methane present in the biogas. Trade ensures that gas plus a destination ecologically appropriate to it, taking advantage of its energy

Proposta para melhoria da qualidade dos produtos cerâmicos e de criação de um polo cerâmico artesanal na cidade de Indiana - SP

This work presents a proposal to create a Polo Ceramic Craft in the town of Indiana - SP, through the potter’s organization in a cooperative that will coordinate activities to add value to ceramic pieces. To achieve this, two things are essential: improving the ceramic body and improve the properties of the ceramic material. For the first action it’s necessary to create a Central Mass Production of Ceramics, to provide raw materials and homogeneous composition that results in differentiated ceramic after burning process (sintering). To this end, we propose the incorporation of additives (which act as fluxes) to the clay material. These additives can be mineral such as feldspar and nefelinas or leavings, such as glass powder obtained from disposable containers. For the second action is necessary to acquire an oven, electric or gas, it reaches higher temperatures (around 1200 ° C). The presence of the additive and burning at higher temperatures will enable better production of sintered ceramic material with less porosity and water absorption and higher mechanical strength, and pieces vitrified and glazed, allowing them to assign a higher value. For the production of these materials (thinner walls) requires a smaller volume of clayey raw materials. Besides benefiting the ceramic pieces, the proposed changes reduce the environmental impact caused by burning wood, since it will be replaced by natural gas (or electricity), and even will reduce the disposal of glass containers in the environment by recycling and incorporating this material in the clay. From a social standpoint, the cooperative is crucial to the viability of the proposed project, to coordinate activities and commercial production, which will result in better wages and profits for companies and consequently for the city and its population

Simulação de ciclo combinado utilizando software comercial

In Brazil, The power generation has always depended on the rivers, in other words, there are moments that the power generation can vary, which can cause variations in energy supply and even blackout according to the level of water in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric plants. For this reason, many options has been studied, like our example, which is about a combined cycle power plant in Canas. The use of combined cycle is interesting from the point o view of energy, because its efficiency is between 50 and 60%, and from the point of view of environment, because it can burn natural gas, which is cleaner than coal, it reduces the emission of gases that influence on the greenhouse effect. This work aims to perform a technical analysis of a case study of a power plant proposed to be built in Canas by the AES/AES Tietê Group. For the analysis will be used the commercial software GateCycle 6.0.0 from GE, this software has the power of simulating power generation cycles (nuclear, combined, etc.). The energy department of UNESP has the license, which makes possible the academic use of this tool. Two combined cycles were simulated, one using one pressure level HRSG, and another one closer to the real power plant, which is a combined cycle with a three pressure level HRSG. The results were close to expected, for the combined cycle with one pressure HRSG the power was 513,9 MW and a efficiency of 53,27%, in the case with the three pressure level HRSG the power was 517,1 MW and a efficiency of 53,5%. We conclude that the software requires that the user must have the knowledge about the subjects involved in the use of GateCycle in problems resolutions

Diretrizes para execução dos estudos geológico-geotécnicos e ambientais voltados à implantação de dutovias

Due to the new discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs, and also the increasing production of bio-fuels, the brazilian general pipeline system is being vertiginously extended. On the other hand, there is a lack of clear parameters that would allow a better utilization of the geological-geotechnical studies in the process of environmental licensing of pipeline systems. Therefore, this paper presents guidelines that would orientate the environmental licensing procedures to build pipeline systems, and also the geological-geotechnical studies that would support the characterization of the physical context. The method applied in this study consisted in the existing data survey and in their organization, analysis and review. In doing so, there is a well-subsidy integration of the many steps of the pipeline system implementation, the required environmental licenses and the investigation methods of the correlated physical context. As a result, it’s presented a flowchart of the guidelines, detailing the interaction between the environmental licensing, the geological-geotechnical studies and the phases of the pipeline’s project.

Avaliação da tenacidade em um aço microligado, grau API, para aplicação em linhas dutoviárias de petróleo e gás

In order to study the mechanical properties of micro alloyed steel API 5L X70, a material used to manufacture pipes for pipeline transportation lines for use in oil and gas, a study was made of toughness, tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and microstructure steel. To perform these various tests were made where they can acquire the characteristics of the material. Were performed at the Faculty of Engineering in Guaratinguetá in the Department of Materials and Technology and the tensile tests, Charpy impact test, metallography and hardness testing of material API 5L X70, all tests were done with the help of technical laboratories. With these data can be an analysis of the material about his tenacity, his toughness and fragility, its hardness, its yield strength and its maximum voltage. After being asked the analyzes discussed the results showed that the micro alloyed steel API 5L X70 steel is a very tenacious, it absorbs impact energy of 300 Joules though without a break for the full body of evidence showing its tenacity

Uso da avaliação do ciclo de vida para a determinação na redução de emissões de gases do efeito estufa e do consumo de energia associados a reciclagem de EPS

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Effects of specimen geometry and loading mode on crack growth resistance curves of a high-strength pipeline girth weld

This work presents an investigation of the ductile tearing properties for a girth weld made of an API 5L X80 pipeline steel using experimentally measured crack growth resistance curves. Use of these materials is motivated by the increasing demand in the number of applications for manufacturing high strength pipes for the oil and gas industry including marine applications and steel catenary risers. Testing of the pipeline girth welds employed side-grooved, clamped SE(T) specimens and shallow crack bend SE(B) specimens with a weld centerline notch to determine the crack growth resistance curves based upon the unloading compliance (UC) method using the single specimen technique. Recently developed compliance functions and η-factors applicable for SE(T) and SE(B) fracture specimens with homogeneous material and overmatched welds are introduced to determine crack growth resistance data from laboratory measurements of load-displacement records.

DEMANDA DE MÃO DE OBRA DA PETROBRAS POR NÍVEIS DE COMPETÊNCIAS A PARTIR DA DESCOBERTA DO PRÉ-SAL

A pesquisa possui como objetivo geral levantar, analisar, quantificar e classificar por níveis de competências quais foram os profissionais recrutados pela Petrobras no período pós-descoberta da camada do pré-sal brasileiro. A pesquisa se justifica pela previsão de crescimento da produção nacional de petróleo e gás natural estimada para os próximos anos o que poderá causar um descompasso entre a oferta e a demanda de mão de obra para o seu desenvolvimento. A abordagem metodológica desenvolvida para realização da pesquisa foi a da pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e documental, através de análise qualitativa e quantitativa longitudinal. Como resultado, a pesquisa revelou que a Petrobras não recruta profissionais para posições de nível gerencial. Os resultados demonstraram ainda que 56,8% das vagas abertas ao recrutamento são destinadas aos profissionais com formação de nível médio e que 76,4porcento das vagas são relacionadas ao processo fabril evidenciando que a Petrobras utiliza como porta de entrada a contratação de profissionais de nível médio com formação técnica. Ao realizar a classificação e qualificação da oferta de vagas abertas ao recrutamento a pesquisa identificou cinco grupos de profissionais distribuídos por três eixos de carreira e quatro níveis salariais que quando categorizados por níveis de competências que foram responsáveis por 69porcento de todas as vagas abertas ao recrutamento. Os dois primeiros grupos em relevância estão relacionados ao eixo de carreira de operações industriais onde o nível superior (O6) e o nível inferior (O1) foram os responsáveis por 22porcento e 21porcento respectivamente do total da oferta de vagas no período. O terceiro grupo em importância diz respeito ao eixo de carreira engenharia, processos e projetos onde os profissionais categorizados com nível médio (E3) numa escala de dois a cinco foram os responsáveis por 13porcento do total de vagas abertas. O quarto e quinto grupos estão relacionados ao eixo de carreira gestão de negócios e categorizados por níveis de competências nos níveis três (G3) e quatro (G4) em uma escala de um a cinco sendo estes responsáveis 7porcento e 6porcento do total de vagas.

Modelagem e simulação da solubilidade de sais em sistemas aquosos com Monoetilenoglicol

Primary processing of natural gas platforms as Mexilhão Field (PMXL-1 ) in the Santos Basin, where monoethylene glycol (MEG) has been used to inhibit the formation of hydrates, present operational problems caused by salt scale in the recovery unit of MEG. Bibliographic search and data analysis of salt solubility in mixed solvents, namely water and MEG, indicate that experimental reports are available to a relatively restricted number of ionic species present in the produced water, such as NaCl and KCl. The aim of this study was to develop a method for calculating of salt solubilities in mixed solvent mixtures, in explantion, NaCl or KCl in aqueous mixtures of MEG. The method of calculating extend the Pitzer model, with the approach Lorimer, for aqueous systems containing a salt and another solvent (MEG). Python language in the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Eclipse was used in the creation of the computational applications. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposed calculation method for a systematic series of salt (NaCl or KCl) solubility data in aqueous mixtures of MEG at various temperatures. Moreover, the application of the developed tool in Python has proven to be suitable for parameter estimation and simulation purposes

Estudo da incorporação de resíduos de perfuração para aplicação em cimentação de poços de petróleo

During the drilling of oil and natural gas are generated solid waste, liquid and gaseous. These solid fragments, which are known as cuttings, are carried to the surface through the drilling fluid. Furthermore, this fluid serves to cool the bit, keeping the internal pressure of the well, and others. This solid residue is very polluting, because it has incorporated beyond the drilling fluid, which has several chemical additives harmful to the environment, some heavy metals that are harmful to the environment, such as lead. To minimize the residue generated, are currently being studied numerous techniques to mitigate the problems that such waste can cause to the environment, like addition of cuttings in the composition of soil cement brick masonry construction, addition of cuttings on the clay matrix for the manufacture of solid masonry bricks and ceramic blocks and coprocessing of the cuttings in cement. So, the main objective of this work is the incorporation of cuttings drilling of oil wells, the cement slurry used in the cementing operation of the well. This cuttings used in this study, arising from the formation Pendências, was milled and separated in a sieve of 100 mesh. After grinding had a mean particle sike in order of 86 mm and crystal structure containing phases of quartz and calcite type, characteristic of the Portland cement. Were formulated and prepared slurries of cement with density 13 lb / gal, containing different concentrations of gravel, and realized characterization tests API SPEC 10A and RP 10B. Free water tests showed values lower than 5.9% and the rheological model that best described the behavior of the mixtures was the power. The results of compressive strength (10.3 MPa) and stability (Dr <0.5 lb / gal) had values within the set of operational procedures. Thus, the gravel from the drilling operation, may be used as binders in addition to Portland cement oil wells, in order to reuse this waste and reduce the cost of the cement paste.

Contributo para a avaliação do desempenho ambiental de telha cerâmica através da aplicação da pegada ambiental do produto

O presente projeto tem como objetivo principal a aplicação da metodologia da pegada ambiental do produto (PAP) no sector da indústria cerâmica, nomeadamente, para o caso de estudo da telha, permitindo a aferição e comunicação do desempenho ambiental ao longo do ciclo de vida da telha Advance Lusa na tonalidade vermelho natural. Com este intuito procedeu-se à avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) dos impactos ambientais gerados pela sua produção, desde a extração de matérias-primas até à fase de distribuição, ou seja, com base numa análise ‘cradle-to-gate’. A implementação da metodologia requer o cálculo dos potenciais impactos ambientais tendo em conta as etapas relevantes no contexto dos limites definidos para o sistema em estudo. O método de avaliação de impactos utilizado é o método ILCD Midpoint + através da utilização do software SimaPro e com recurso às respetivas bibliotecas de bases de dados. A avaliação do perfil de utilização dos recursos e emissões possibilita assim aferir o desempenho ambiental da telha em estudo através da identificação de pontos críticos do sistema considerado. Os resultados indicam que os impactos ambientais se devem, principalmente, à utilização de gás natural na etapa de cozedura e, que a fase de produção e/ou fabrico de telha é a que salienta maiores preocupações do ponto vista ambiental, pelo que deverão ser definidas estratégias com o propósito de verificar a aplicabilidade das melhores técnicas disponíveis (MTDs) e de técnicas emergentes, contribuindo assim, para a procura da sustentabilidade dos processos integrantes do presente estudo.

Estudo do consumo energético associado ao processo de cozedura na indústria cerâmica

O presente trabalho realizou-se no âmbito do Projeto Galp 20-2020 implementado na empresa Sanindusa, em parceira com a Universidade de Aveiro. Como principal objetivo pretendia-se estudar o consumo de energia durante o processo de cozedura das peças cerâmicas com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da substituição do refratário existente na empresa. Uma vez que esta medida implicaria um tempo de retorno do investimento demasiado elevado, optou-se por estudar o consumo de energia associado a uma placa horizontal, de massa unitária, de qualquer tipo de material refratário. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um Modelo Teórico capaz de calcular o calor absorvido por uma placa de refratário ao longo de todo o percurso dentro do Forno Túnel 2, existente na empresa e utilizado no processo de produção das peças cerâmicas. Através deste estudo foi possível concluir que o Modelo Teórico é bastante útil na medida em que permite a criação de vários cenários, através da alteração de diversas variáveis, permitindo conhecer qual o impacto de cada uma no consumo de energia neste equipamento. Como trabalho futuro propõe-se o desenvolvimento do Modelo Teórico apresentado para o estudo da transferência de calor bidimensional. Esta melhoria permitiria analisar o consumo de energia associado a diferentes formas de material refratário utilizado no processo de cozedura de peças cerâmicas (o que não é possível quando se aplica o conceito de transferência de calor unidimensional).

Análise energética a uma instalação produtiva de cerâmica de revestimento

O presente trabalho deriva do Projeto GALP 20–20-20 implementado na empresa Primus Vitória, em parceria com a Universidade de Aveiro. A empresa na qual foi efetuado o estágio produz azulejos para revestimento, estando situada na Zona Industrial de Taboeira. Este relatório expõe a caracterização energética da Primus Vitória, onde são apresentados consumos de energia elétrica e gás natural nos diversos sectores produtivos, relação entre consumos energéticos globais e a produção de azulejos e ainda os indicadores energéticos da mesma. Através deste estudo foi possível a criação de medidas de eficiência energética passíveis de implementação, aplicadas a equipamentos consumidores de energia elétrica, através da substituição do motor elétrico existente no setor da aspiração, e de gás natural, otimizando o funcionamento da plastificadora para sequencial, com o devido impacte no consumo final de energia. Como trabalho futuro propõe-se o desenvolvimento de um plano de monotorização de consumos energéticos com o intuito de obter um controle rigoroso dos mesmos reduzindo possíveis perdas e identificando possíveis defeitos no processo produtivo.