Solubilização de fosfatos naturais por microrganismos isolados de cultivos de Pinus e Eucalyptus de Santa Catarina

A utilização de microrganismos solubilizadores tem sido sugerida como alternativa ao uso de fertilizantes fosfáticos. Para serem utilizados num programa de inoculação controlada, os microrganismos devem apresentar grande capacidade e potencial de solubilização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade e o potencial de solubilização de 56 isolados inoculados em meio GES contendo fosfato (Anitápolis, Araxá ou Catalão), usando-se um fatorial 57x3 (56 isolados + testemunha e três fosfatos) conduzido em delineamento completamente casualizado com três repetições. Após 15 dias de incubação, determinaram-se as quantidades de P e o pH do meio. Foram verificados efeitos dos fosfatos, dos isolados e da interação. Baixos valores de pH foram obtidos por isolados que apresentaram médio a alto potencial. O teor médio de P foi superior no fosfato de Anitápolis, seguido do Araxá. Trinta e um isolados solubilizaram quantidades significativas. O 310 apresentou o mais alto potencial (média de 263 mig mL-1 de P). Quatro isolados (177, 262, 251 e 269) apresentaram alto potencial (120 a 150 mig), e doze (201, 309, 199, 195, 249, 202, 198, 305, 253, 196, 203 e 307), mostraram valores médios (80 a 120 mig). O comportamento dos isolados foi diferente entre os fosfatos. Apenas quatro isolados solubilizaram os três fosfatos (310, 251, 199 e 249). As características apresentadas pelos isolados 310, 251, 199 e 249 os qualificam para um programa de seleção visando à inoculação controlada.

Low environmental impact bleaching sequences for attaining high brightness level with eucalyptus SPP pulp

The alternatives used for minimizing the usage of chlorine dioxide in bleaching sequences included a hot acid hydrolysis (Ahot) stage, the use of hot chlorine dioxide (Dhot) and ozone stages at medium consistency and high consistency (Zmc and Zhc), in addition to stages with atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (P) and pressurized hydrogen peroxide (PO). The results were interpreted based on the cost of the chemical products, bleaching process yields and on minimizing the environmental impact of the bleaching process. In spite of some process restrictions, high ISO brightness levels were kept around 90 % brightness. Additionally, the inclusion of stages like acid hydrolysis, pressurized peroxide and ozone in the bleaching sequences provided an increase in operating flexibility, aimed at reducing environmental impact (ECF Light). The Dhot(EOP)D(PO) sequence presented lower operating cost for ISO brightness above 92 %. However, this kind of sequence was not allowed for closing the wastewater circuit, even partially. For ISO brightness level around 91%, the AhotZhcDP sequence presented a lower operating cost than the others

Miniestaquia seriada no rejuvenescimento de clones de Eucalyptus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da técnica de miniestaquia seriada em quatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis, quanto à sobrevivência, ao enraizamento e ao crescimento em altura e diâmetro de colo das mudas. Foram realizados sete subcultivos pela miniestaquia seriada, por enraizamento sucessivo de brotações de minicepas, em casa de vegetação durante 25 dias, seguido de aclimatação por dez dias em casa de sombra e avaliação final das mudas aos 50 dias de idade, em pleno sol. A miniestaquia seriada mostrou efeito positivo, principalmente em relação aos clones que apresentaram menor potencial de enraizamento.

Organogênese de explante foliar de clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos reguladores de crescimento TDZ [1-fenil-3-(1,2,3-tia-diazol-5-il)uréia], BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) e ANA (ácido naftalenoacético) no desempenho da propagação in vitro por organogênese de explante foliar de três clones híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Houve resposta diferenciada dos clones quanto a intensidade, textura e coloração dos calos, em razão dos tratamentos com os reguladores de crescimento. Os melhores resultados de calejamento dos três genótipos foram observados nos tratamentos com a combinação dos reguladores de crescimento TDZ (0,5 mg L-1) e ANA (0,1 mg L-1), obtendo-se 100% de calejamento no explante foliar. Os piores resultados de calejamento foram observados nos tratamentos com a combinação dos reguladores de crescimento BAP (0,1 mg L-1) e ANA (0,1 mg L-1). Em relação à regeneração, a melhor resposta foi obtida com 1,0 mg L-1 BAP em que 8% dos calos formados a partir de explantes foliares regeneraram gemas, com número médio destas formadas por calo igual a 4,2.

Dinâmica da serapilheira e transferência de nitrogênio ao solo, em plantios de Pseudosamanea guachapele e Eucalyptus grandis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a deposição de serapilheira e a transferência de N associada às folhas e folíolos desse resíduo em plantios puros e consorciado de guachapele (Pseudosamanea guachapele) e eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis), aos sete anos de idade, em Seropédica, RJ. No ano de avaliação (2000/2001) a deposição anual de serapilheira nos diferentes plantios não diferiu significativamente 12,75 Mg ha-1 (guachapele); 11,84 Mg ha-1 (eucalipto) e 12,44 Mg ha-1 (consorciado). Mesmo com pequena participação na composição da serapilheira em plantio consorciado (11% do total depositado), a leguminosa proporciona redução no tempo médio de residência dos resíduos no solo de 0,3 ano, comparativamente ao plantio puro de eucalipto.

Plants of an Eucalyptus clone damaged by Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)

Species of Scolytidae and Platypodidae were evaluated in a plantation using a clone of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Wood disks with galleries were taken from 15 eucalyptus trees between 0.5 and 1.5 m height. After collection, all trees attacked were burned. Woodborers obtained from these disks were identified as Premnobius cavipennis, Premnobius ambitiosus, Dryocoetoides cristatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Euplatypus parallelus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). This is the first report of D. cristatus, a Brazilian native species, damaging eucalyptus, which shows its adaptation to this plant.

Cucumber seedling dependence on cotyledonary leaves for early growth

The objective of this work was to evaluate the dependence of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings on cotyledonary leaves for early growth and establishment. Sets of two uniform emerging seedlings were used to quantify the initial growth and dry matter accumulation, as well as the intensity and stage of cotyledon damage in seedling establishment and to determine cotyledon protein, amino acid and carbohydrate contributions to the growing seedling. Cucumber seedling establishment was found to be highly dependent on cotyledonary leaves. Root system establishment was highly dependent on the health of the aerial part. One cotyledon was enough to maintain aerial growth of seedlings after unfolding the first true leaf. Cucumber seedlings depended on both cotyledons to keep root system growth at least until leaf area was equivalent to cotyledon area. Covering one or both cotyledons of seedlings with one unfolded leaf increased carbohydrate content of uncovered cotyledon and leaves compared with control seedlings. Cucumber seedlings are highly dependent on cotyledonary leaves and aerial parts are less dependent than root system. Cotyledon damage at early stages of plant establishment would adversely impact crop yield by reducing plant density, an important yield component, or slowing down seedling growth and establishment.

Spittlebug Cephisus siccifolius damaging eucalypt plants in the State of Bahia, Brazil

Most common pests of eucalyptus plants in Brazil are leaf cutting ants and defoliating caterpillars. Other groups, eventually, feeding on eucalyptus include Heteroptera and cicadas. The objectives of this work were to identify and to describe attack symptoms of Cephisus siccifolius (Walker 1851) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) on eucalyptus trees in a stand of 25.77 hectares in the State of Bahia, Brazil, where 99.3% of them were attacked by this spittlebug. Damage was more severe on branches and leaves. Tree death was, relatively, low while those cut showed 4.7 colonies of this spittlebug with 21.9 nymphs per colony. Cultural control with the removal of trees attacked was recommended.

Improving a leaves automatic recognition process using PCA

In this work we present a simulation of a recognition process with perimeter characterization of a simple plant leaves as a unique discriminating parameter. Data coding allowing for independence of leaves size and orientation may penalize performance recognition for some varieties. Border description sequences are then used, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied in order to study which is the best number of components for the classification task, implemented by means of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) System. Obtained results are satisfactory, and compared with [4] our system improves the recognition success, diminishing the variance at the same time.

Automatic Recognition of Leaves by Shape Detection Pre-Processing with Ica

In this work we present a simulation of a recognition process with perimeter characterization of a simple plant leaves as a unique discriminating parameter. Data coding allowing for independence of leaves size and orientation may penalize performance recognition for some varieties. Border description sequences are then used to characterize the leaves. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is then applied in order to study which is the best number of components to be considered for the classification task, implemented by means of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Obtained results with ICA as a pre-processing tool are satisfactory, and compared with some references our system improves the recognition success up to 80.8% depending on the number of considered independent components.

Enxertia in vitro na propagação de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla e E. grandis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da enxertia in vitro na propagação de dois clones híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla e E. grandis. Foram utilizados porta-enxertos juvenis obtidos de sementes de E. grandis e E. urophylla germinadas in vitro. As plantas enxertadas apresentaram pegamento de até 93% aos 50 dias de idade para as combinações de enxerto e porta-enxerto. Quanto ao crescimento em altura, verificaram-se melhores resultados em relação ao porta-enxerto E. urophylla. A análise histológica das plantas enxertadas comprovou a eficiência do processo de cicatrização do calo formado na região de conexão, seguida da reconstituição vascular.

Physiological and anatomical characteristics of leaves of two clones of guarana

The objective of this work was to analyze gas exchange, photosynthetic characteristics, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and anatomical characteristics of young plant leaves of two guarana (Paullinia cupana) clones (BRS-CG372RC and BRS-CG611RL) growing under open field. The variables of gas exchange and fluorescence of chlorophyll a were evaluated in mature leaves. The values of photosynthesis and transpiration found for BRS-CG372RC were 27% greater and 80% lesser than values found for BRS-CG611RL, respectively. The values of stomatal conductance found for the clones BRS-CG372RC and BRS-CG611RL were in the order of 224 and 614 mmol mm-2 s-1, respectively. The values of photorespiration, rate of carboxylation and rate electron transport were greater in BRS-CG372RC. The clone BRS-CG372RC exhibited stomatal density 26% greater than BRS-CG611RL. However, the area of ostiolar opening was 42% greater in BRS-CG611RL. The values of the water use efficiency in BRS-CG372RC were 134% greater than in BRS-CG611RL. High stomatal density and low stomatal conductance can be important characteristics in the selection of the clones with a good ability to assimilate carbon and optimize the use of water.

Bacterial diversity of soil under eucalyptus assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis

Studies on the impact of Eucalyptus spp. on Brazilian soils have focused on soil chemical properties and isolating interesting microbial organisms. Few studies have focused on microbial diversity and ecology in Brazil due to limited coverage of traditional cultivation and isolation methods. Molecular microbial ecology methods based on PCR amplified 16S rDNA have enriched the knowledge of soils microbial biodiversity. The objective of this work was to compare and estimate the bacterial diversity of sympatric communities within soils from two areas, a native forest (NFA) and an eucalyptus arboretum (EAA). PCR primers, whose target soil metagenomic 16S rDNA were used to amplify soil DNA, were cloned using pGEM-T and sequenced to determine bacterial diversity. From the NFA soil 134 clones were analyzed, while 116 clones were analyzed from the EAA soil samples. The sequences were compared with those online at the GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed differences between the soil types and high diversity in both communities. Soil from the Eucalyptus spp. arboretum was found to have a greater bacterial diversity than the soil investigated from the native forest area.

Basic density and pulp yield relationship with some chemical parameters in eucalyptus trees

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of basic density and pulp yield correlations with some chemical parameters, in order to differentiate an homogeneous eucalyptus tree population, in terms of its potential for pulp production or some other technological applications. Basic density and kraft pulp yield were determined for 120 Eucalyptus globulus trees, and the values were plotted as frequency distributions. Homogenized samples from the first and fourth density quartiles and first and fourth yield quartiles were submitted to total phenols, total sugars and methoxyl group analysis. Syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) and syringaldehyde/vanillin (S/V) ratios were determined on the kraft lignins from wood of the same quartiles. The results show the similarity between samples from high density and low yield quartiles, both with lower S/G (3.88-4.12) and S/V (3.99-4.09) ratios and higher total phenols (13.3-14.3 g gallic acid kg-1 ). Woods from the high yield quartile are statistically distinguished from all the others because of their higher S/G (5.15) and S/V (4.98) ratios and lower total phenols (8.7 g gallic acid kg-1 ). Methoxyl group and total sugars parameters are more adequate to distinguish wood samples with lower density.

Multiplicação in vitro de Eucalyptus grandis sob estímulo com benzilaminopurina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do estímulo com benzilaminopurina (BAP) na multiplicação in vitro de Eucalyptus grandis. Foram avaliadas as interações entre concentrações de BAP (0, 200, 400 e 600 mg L-1), tempo de exposição (1, 2 e 3 horas), pH (3 e 5,8) da solução e alterações morfológicas dos explantes. Semanalmente, foi determinada a massa da matéria fresca dos explantes. Aos 21 dias de cultura, foram avaliados: o número de brotações por tratamento, o número de brotações obtidas por explante (taxa de multiplicação), e foi realizado o resgate das plântulas para avaliação histológica. O pH não apresentou interação com os demais fatores estudados. Os tratamentos com BAP a 200 mg L-1, durante 1 e 2 horas, apresentaram-se como os mais indicados na multiplicação do E. grandis. Houve intensificação da divisão celular, no parênquima cortical e no procâmbio, representada pelo surgimento de meristemóides, em resposta aos tratamentos com 200 mg L-1 de BAP, durante 1 e 2 horas. O estímulo com BAP na multiplicação in vitro de E. grandis é viável.