999 resultados para Energia nuclear, regulação, Brasil
Resumo:
Offshore wind power emits low amounts of gases, is renewable and has better performance than onshore due to its greater stability and higher wind power density, less visual and noise impact, among others. Brazil has a high capacity of generation, but has not yet developed any offshore projects. High costs are a strong impediment. This study is an effort towards pricing offshore resources through Livelized Cost of Energy - LCOE, which represents the minimum return to cover the costs of development, production and maintenance of a wind project. Initially LCOE was calculated for all Brazilian onshore wind farms listed at Bloomberg New Energy Finance R○, accounting for 71 farms. Then hypothetical offshore wind farms were created from the onshore farms, tripling the cost of generation, which is consistent with the literature, and estimating the offshore energy for two locations off the Brazilian coast using satellite data extracted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The results demonstrate that offshore resources have the potential to significantly reduce the energy price due to the better performance of the wind at sea
Resumo:
Electrical energy today is an essential element in the life of any human being. Through the access to electrical energy it is possible to enjoy dignified conditions of life, having in mind the possibility of making use of minimal material conditions of life. The lack of access to electricity is directly linked to poverty and degrading conditions of life, in which are some communities in Brazil, especially the more isolated from urban centers. Access to the electric service is a determining factor for the preservation of human dignity, constitutional principle inscribe in the art.1 of the Federal Constitution, and the promotion of development, being a right of everyone and a duty of the State to promote universal access. For that reason, focuses mainly on the analysis of their setting as a fundamental social right and its importance for national development. For this, the theoretical and descriptive method was used, with normative and literary analysis, in particular the Constitution of 1988. This study also discusses the form of action of the State in the energy sector, to give effect to the fundamental social right of access to electricity, the characteristics of public service and the principles that guide it, in addition to the role of public policies in universalization of access, in particular the analysis of the Program Luz para Todos, and the function of regulation in the implementation of these policies and the provision of adequate public services.
Resumo:
Este artigo pretende estudar a inserção do Brasil no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto, por meio de projetos em energia limpa, enfatizando a cooperação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e visando as ações práticas que esse mecanismo permite desenvolver para se alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável e para conter o aquecimento global. Para isto, realizou-se extensa revisão bibliográfica dos acordos internacionais referentes às mudanças climáticas e de livros e artigos sobre a inserção brasileira no Protocolo de Quioto e no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. O Protocolo de Quioto é um acordo internacional que prevê a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa por intermédio de mecanismos flexibilizadores. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo é o único que permite a participação de países em desenvolvimento, para que eles reduzam emissões por meio de projetos que busquem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste contexto, o Brasil surge como um país atrativo para o recebimento destes projetos, por sua vocação para desenvolver fontes alternativas de energia e pela sua liderança no processo negociador do Protocolo. O MDL configura-se, portanto, em uma grande oportunidade para o Brasil, visto que esses projetos representam uma fonte de recursos financeiros para que o país busque o desenvolvimento sustentável, além de incentivarem um maior conhecimento científico e a adoção de novas tecnologias.
Resumo:
This work presents results derived from a study related to impact on non-controllable costs in the determination of energy taxes. This is done analyzing tax review practiced by concessionaries responsible for the distribution of electrical energy located in the Northeastern Region of Brazil, between 2003 and 2004. This Region was chosen as a study area due to the researcher s expectation in congregating companies that deliver services to markets that have similar social-economical profiles. A brief explanation related to the restructuring of the electrical sector in Brazil is presented, pointing out that there was privatization of the great majority of these companies. The study also points out the definition of regulating rules in service delivery process. The components of taxes that are practiced by these companies aimed at final consumers, as well as the market as a whole and the revision process that is executed by Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL for the definition of these taxes are demonstrated in the research. A brief historical of the concessionaires that were focus of the research is presented, totaling five companies. Some data used by ANEEL in the tax review process was analyzed as well as data on components of approved taxes. It is concluded that as a media 47, 49% of the components of taxes in the researched companies correspond to the non-controllable costs. These is done considering previous classification by ANEEL in the tax review process. Although, if it is considered that these companies since 2006, by the means of participation in energy auctions are able to negotiate energy prices for their own needs, it is concluded that these concession contracts guarantee the delivery of the service to the costumer in the total tribute. The percentage of non-controllable costs is 16, 27% average of the tax. This means, amongst other information, that the government has a great deal of responsibility in the formation of price practiced by these companies and its target markets
Resumo:
This work verifies the impact caused by the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy (energy-rationing program) in the results of the concessionary private companies of the public service of electric energy distribution localized in the Northeast Area. As the rationing invigorated from June 2001 to February 2002, its effects are diluted in the results presented by these companies in the second semester of 2001 and first quarter of 2002, with prominence for the last quarter of 2001, when the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore was instituted by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), consequence of the so-called General Agreement of the Electric Sector made between the federal government and the companies of the electric sector. The structure of a generic electric sector and a historical review of the Brazilian electric sector from the time it was controlled by the private enterprises, including the State control period, about 1960, and returning to the control of the private enterprises in 1990, under a new regulation structure are presented. An explanation of the models of economic regulation that Brazil used for the electric sector is made, with prominence for the price cap that is the actual effective model. The process of tariff revision foreseen in the concession contracts signed by the federal government and the concessionary companies is presented, highlighting its two stages: the tariff rebalancing that defines the new price cap and the calculation of the factor X that establishes the efficiency goals for the companies. There is made a presentation of the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy and of the consequent General Agreement of the Electric Sector, which created the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore. A conceptual revision on reviews is presented, regarding to concepts, accomplishment and recognition. A brief review of the six companies that made part of the worked sample is also presented. Analyzing the quarters historical review and of amount of sold energy, it was possible to conclude that the energy-rationing altered the results of the studied companies significantly and that alteration was masked by the accounting process of the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore
Resumo:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Resumo:
Incluye Bibliografía
Resumo:
The growing concern for renewable and cleaner energy sources has increased the demand for biofuels, pointing out the ethanol from sugarcane. The aim of this study was quantify the partition of energy balance components and monitor the physiological development indexes of the sugarcane, relating them to water availability conditions of climate and soil in Campos dos Goytacazes, Norte Fluminense, Brazil. To this end, a micrometeorological station was settled in an area of 13 ha in commercial cultivation. The culture was regularly monitored at 85, 102, 128, 149, 174, 194, 215, 235, 255 and 280 days after cutting (DAC). The variations in water availability directly influenced the rates of crop growth and energy balance. Under the conditions studied most of the available energy (53%) was consumed by the latent heat flux.
Resumo:
Incluye Bibliografía
Resumo:
Pós-graduação em Economia - FCLAR
Resumo:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Resumo:
Pós-graduação em Economia - FCLAR
Resumo:
A universalização do fornecimento de energia elétrica é uma meta ainda distante de ser alcançada na Amazônia brasileira, em face dos obstáculos geográficos, da dispersão de seus habitantes, da indefinição de tecnologias adequadas, além dos aspectos econômicos, em que pese ações governamentais, traduzidas no Programa Luz para Todos - PLpT, criado em 2003, cuja meta é atender a totalidade dos consumidores rurais até 2010, e a determinação da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica –ANEEL, responsável no Brasil pela regulação do setor elétrico, da obrigatoriedade da universalização até 2015. Este trabalho descreve pesquisa realizada no rio Madeira, na Amazônia brasileira, em que a geração de energia elétrica para atendimento de comunidades e pequenas cidades ao longo do rio, contribuindo para a universalização, pode ser viabilizada usando como fonte renovável inédita a biomassa lenhosa depositada no fundo do rio, decorrente de processos naturais, cuja retirada faz parte da rotina do Ministério dos Transportes, por obrigação legal, para viabilizar segurança na navegação. Como etapa inicial foram realizadas revisões bibliográficas para dar suporte à fundamentação teórica acerca de sistema elétrico brasileiro, universalização de acesso à energia elétrica, fontes renováveis na Amazônia, tecnologias para geração de eletricidade usando biomassa como fonte, subsídios no setor elétrico do Brasil, o rio Madeira, suas características e importância, além de ferramentas de análise de investimento. Em seguida, foram coletadas informações junto à AHIMOC, órgão responsável pela hidrovia do Madeira, quanto aos dados quantitativos e qualitativos da retirada de biomassa lenhosa do leito desse rio, bem como trabalhos de coleta in locu de amostras dessa biomassa para posterior análise de suas características físico-químicas em laboratório da UFAM. De posse dessas informações procedeu-se a avaliação de potencial de geração de energia elétrica da biomassa, assim como de rotas tecnológicas para tal. Os resultados obtidos das biomassas coletadas serviram como balizadores para confirmação de valores constantes na literatura e foram usados posteriormente na avaliação de potencial de geração de energia elétrica com identificação de rotas tecnológicas para tal. Etapa posterior contemplou a obtenção junto à concessionária de identificação e caracterização de potenciais mercados consumidores localizados na calha do Rio Madeira. Uma vez caracterizada a biomassa disponível, as possíveis rotas tecnológicas e os potenciais mercados consumidores, foram avaliados os aspectos tecnológicos, econômicos, ambientais, sociais e legais envolvidos. O estudo conclui pela competitividade do sistema de gaseificação, podendo contribuir para a universalização do acesso a eletricidade, cuja viabilização depende de adoção de política pública neste sentido, a partir de ações entre os Ministérios dos Transportes, de Minas e Energia e do Meio Ambiente. Conclui, também, pelo potencial de atração de capital privado, o que contribuiria para a redução de gastos públicos. Trabalhos futuros quanto à replicabilidade do estudo em áreas com fenômeno semelhante, bem como de oportunidades de uso de outras biomassas apresentam-se viáveis.