Modelo teórico para cuantificar la eficiencia térmica del calentador eléctrico en una secadora doméstica de ropa

En este trabajo de difusión se presenta la mejora de la generación y transferencia de calor en el calentador eléctrico de una secadora doméstica de ropa, con el desarrollo de un modelo teórico para estimar la eficiencia térmica, basado en el flujo másico y la potencia eléctrica del calentador como variables de entrada, y la eficiencia térmica del calentador como variable de salida, con el calentador analizado como un componente aislado. Se realizaron pruebas al calentador para determinar la función matemática de su eficiencia térmica. Del análisis de resultados se observó la tendencia exponencial típica de un sistema sobreamortiguado, base del modelo matemático cuyo coeficiente de predicción es 0.96.El modelo matemático se comprobó con flujo másico alto obteniendo un error relativo máximo de 0.66 %, y provee de información suficiente para elevar la eficiencia en 7.7%. El rango de potencia en el que fue probado el modelo matemático desarrollado para el calentador es de 1 KW hasta 5 KW, el cual es el rango recomendado para su uso.

Síntese, caracterização e cinética da decomposição térmica dos materiais cerâmicos PrMO3 (M = Ni ou Co)

In this work have been studied the preparation, characterization and kinetic study of decomposition of the polymerizing agent used in the synthesis under non-isothermal condition ceramics PrMO3 of general formula (M = Co and Ni). These materials were obtained starting from the respective metal nitrates, as a cations source, and making use of gelatin as polymerizing agent. The powders were calcined at temperatures of 500°C, 700°C and 900°C and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG / DTG/ DTA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The perovskite phase was detected in all the X-rays patterns. In the infrared spectroscopy observed the oxide formation as the calcination temperature increases with the appearance of the band metal - oxygen. The images of SEM revealed uniform distribution for the PrCoO3 and particles agglomerated as consequence of particle size for PrNiO3. From the data of thermal analysis, the kinetics of decomposition of organic matter was employed using the kinetics methods called Model Free Kinetics and Flynn and Wall, in the heating ratios 10, 20 and 30° C.min-1 between room temperature and 700°C. Finally, been obtained the values of activation energy for the region of greatest decomposition of organic matter in samples that were determined by the degree of conversion (α)

Estudio comparativo entre la radiofrecuencia térmica o convencional y la radiofrecuencia pulsada en el tratamiento del dolor de origen en la artropatía facetaria lumbar

Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de la Radiofrecuencia Térmica (RFT) versus la Radiofrecuencia Pulsada (RFP) sobre la rama media del ramo dorsal del nervio raquídeo en el tratamiento del dolor en la artropatía facetaria lumbar. Diseño: Prospectivo, comparado, aleatorio y ciego. Material y métodos: Elegimos veinte pacientes de una muestra total de 60 pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico procedente de las articulaciones, sin mejoría después de un tratamiento conservador de más de tres meses. Los pacientes serían asignados de forma aleatoria: 30 RFT y 30 RFP. Resultados: Se evaluaron los resultados de 12 pacientes en el grupo de RFT y 8 en el grupo de radiofrecuencia pulsada. No se observó ninguna diferencia en las características demográficas entre los dos grupos. Tres pacientes abandonaron el estudio. En el grupo de RFT se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa de la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) en todos los puntos de seguimiento (p < 0,005). Ninguno de los dos grupos mostró mejoría en el índice de incapacidad (ODI). A pesar de no ser estadísticamente significativo, se observó una disminución mantenida de las cifras del ODI en el grupo de RFT. En el grupo de RFP no se observaron reducción en las cifras del EVA y ODI. Conclusiones: Consideramos a la RFT como adecuada y segura para el tratamiento del dolor de origen en las articulaciones facetarias lumbares, no así a la RFP.

Adição do resíduo de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar em pastas para cimentação de poços petrolíferos produtores de óleos pesados

The Potiguar basin has large fields of viscous oil where the used method for recovering is based on vapor injection; this operation is carried out by injecting vapor in the oilwell directly, without the protection of a revetment through thermal insulation, what causes its dilation and, consequently, cracks in the cement placed on the annular, and lost of hydraulic insulation; this crack is occasioned by the phenomenon of retrogression of the compressive resistance due to the conversion of the hydrated calcium silicate in phases calcium-rich, caused by the high temperatures in the wells, subjected to thermal recuperation. This work has evaluated the application of composite pastes with addition of residue of biomass of ground sugar-cane bagasse as anti-retrogression mineral admixture for cementation of oil-wells subjected to thermal recuperation. The addition of the mineral residue was carried out considering a relative amount of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 59% in relation to cement mass, trying to improve the microstructure of the paste, still being developed a reference paste only with cement and a paste with addition of 40% of silica flour - renowned material in the oil industry as anti-retrogression additive. Pozzolanic activity of the ash was evaluated through XRD, TG/DTG, as the resistance to compression, and it was also determined the physical and mechanical behavior of the pastes when submitted to cure at low temperatures (22 and 38º C); besides it was evaluated the behavior of the pastes when submitted to two cycles of cure at high temperature (280ºC) and pressure (7 MPa). It was verified that the ash of the sugar-cane biomass presents pozzolanic reaction and has great efficiency in decrease the permeability of the paste by filler effect, as well as that addition of ash in a relative amount of 10, 20 e 30% increases cured compressive resistance at low temperatures. It was also showed that the ash in a relative amount of 40% and 59% has very significant efficiency as anti-retrogression additive, since it prevents the decrease of compressive resistance and forms hydrated calcium silicate type xenotlita and tobermorita which have more resistance and stability in high temperatures

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Modos projetuais de simulação: uso de ferramentas de simulação térmica no processo projetual de arquitetura

This thesis aims to describe and demonstrate the developed concept to facilitate the use of thermal simulation tools during the building design process. Despite the impact of architectural elements on the performance of buildings, some influential decisions are frequently based solely on qualitative information. Even though such design support is adequate for most decisions, the designer will eventually have doubts concerning the performance of some design decisions. These situations will require some kind of additional knowledge to be properly approached. The concept of designerly ways of simulating focuses on the formulation and solution of design dilemmas, which are doubts about the design that cannot be fully understood nor solved without using quantitative information. The concept intends to combine the power of analysis from computer simulation tools with the capacity of synthesis from architects. Three types of simulation tools are considered: solar analysis, thermal/energy simulation and CFD. Design dilemmas are formulated and framed according to the architect s reflection process about performance aspects. Throughout the thesis, the problem is investigated in three fields: professional, technical and theoretical fields. This approach on distinct parts of the problem aimed to i) characterize different professional categories with regards to their design practice and use of tools, ii) investigate preceding researchers on the use of simulation tools and iii) draw analogies between the proposed concept, and some concepts developed or described in previous works about design theory. The proposed concept was tested in eight design dilemmas extracted from three case studies in the Netherlands. The three investigated processes are houses designed by Dutch architectural firms. Relevant information and criteria from each case study were obtained through interviews and conversations with the involved architects. The practical application, despite its success in the research context, allowed the identification of some applicability limitations of the concept, concerning the architects need to have technical knowledge and the actual evolution stage of simulation tools

Interface em smartphone para supervisão de um sistema de controlo de uma instalação solar térmica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Elétrica e Eletrónica, Especialização em Sistemas de Energia e Controlo, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Estabilidade térmica dos compostos biologicamente ativos do colostro

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Conductividad térmica en aleaciones de aluminio usadas en la manufactura de componentes de motores de combustión interna

Las aleaciones de aluminio son ampliamente utilizadas en la industria automotriz, principalmente en aplicación automotriz (cabezas y monoblocks), donde la extracción de calor es crítica para la eficiencia del motor. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una serie de pruebas realizadas para evaluar la conductividad térmica en aleaciones de aluminio, en un rango de temperaturas desde temperatura ambiente hasta 300°C mediante la variación de las condiciones de tratamiento térmico. Las aleaciones de aluminio analizadas en este estudio fueron: AlCu5Mg, AlSi7Mg, AlSi7MgCu0.5, AlSi8Cu3Mg y AlSi7Cu3Mg, se vaciaron en moldes de arena en forma de cuña con una templadera de hierro en la parte inferior para promover la solidificación direccional. Se evaluaron tres perfiles de solidificación caracterizados por el grado de refinación de su microestructura (20, 30 y 50 µm equivalente a una aleación tipo 319 AlSi7Cu3Mg) para simular diferentes zonas de los componentes automotrices. Muestras de cada aleación fueron sometidas a tratamiento térmico (solución, temple y envejecido artificial), como medio de temple se utilizó agua y aire. Las muestras de cada condición de tratamiento térmico y perfil de solidificación fueron sometidas a un envejecido posterior de 200 hr para simular las condiciones de temperatura a las cuales están expuestos los motores de combustión interna y fueron evaluadas cuatro temperaturas: 150°C, 200°C, 250°C y 300°C. Los resultados muestran que la conductividad térmica es incrementada en muestras con un espaciamiento dendrítico secundario fino y con un medio de temple en agua. 1 El post-envejecido, al cual se sometieron las muestras, fue la condición del tratamiento que incrementó en mayor medida el valor de conductividad térmica. El contenido de cobre en la aleación presenta un incremento en la conductividad térmica de la aleación, principalmente en temperaturas de post-envejecido que sobrepasan los 200°C.

Estudo da polimerização térmica de óleos e gorduras

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2011.

Síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita via decomposição térmica em meio não-aquoso

This work aims at obtaining nanoparticles of iron oxide, the magnetite one (Fe3O4), via synthesis by thermal decomposition through polyol. Thus, two routes were evaluated: a simple decomposition route assisted by reflux and a hydrothermal route both without synthetic air atmosphere using a synthesis temperature of 260ºC. In this work observed the influence of the observe of surfactants which are generally applied in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles decreasing cluster areas. Further, was observed pure magnetite phase without secondary phases generally found in the iron oxide synthesis, a better control of crystallite size, morphology, crystal structure and magnetic behavior. Finally, the introduction of hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface was analyzed besides its employment in the polymer production with OH radicals. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, DLS, VSM, TEM, TG and DSC analyses. The results for the magnetite obtainment with a particle size greater than 5 nm and smaller than 11 nm, well defined morphology and good magnetic properties with superparamagnetic behavior. The reflux synthesis was more efficient in the deposition of the hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface