Análise tribológica na interface aço carbono SAE 1020 e poliamida 11 em sistemas de deslizamento automotivos

Sistemas deslizantes com interface formada com aços baixa liga e polímeros variados são vastamente utilizados na indústria automotiva em sistemas de transmissão de torque submetidas à carregamento axial. Geralmente esses sistemas são acoplados aos sistemas de direção e interagem quase diretamente com o usuário final do veículo. Para conhecer as condições de desgaste mais severas as quais esses sistemas são submetidos e tentar minimiza-las, foi proposta a análise tribológica, em tribômetro do tipo pino-no-disco, da interface aço SAE 1020 com poliamida 11 em água destilada, solução aquosa com 5% em massa de cloreto de sódio e solução aquosa com 184,21 g/l. de areia natural, de acordo com as normas técnicas automotivas VW PV1210:2010-02 e VW PV2982:2013-07. Os ensaios foram realizados em frequências de 3,0 Hz e 1,5 Hz com quantidade fixada em 10.000 ciclos de rotação. O potencial de corrosão em circuito aberto foi monitorado ao longo dos ensaios e a taxa de desgaste foi calculada. Foram evidenciados maiores coeficientes de atrito, maiores taxas de desgaste e maiores amplitudes de potencial de corrosão nas amostras ensaiadas em solução de areia; com valores mais brandos para as amostras ensaiadas em água destilada e valores intermediários para as amostras ensaiadas em solução de cloreto de sódio.

玉米、谷子基因转化的研究

本工作用BT基因、PinⅡ基因和bar基因对青饲玉米、谷子进行了基因转化的研究，并且对转基因的受体、转基因的方法、转化后的筛选、检测及植株再生等问题进行了探讨。 玉米胚性细胞系，包括胚性愈伤组织和胚性细胞悬浮系，可作为基因转化的受体，它亦是原生质体培养的关键。玉米的基因型对胚性细胞系的获得有很大的影响。在相同的培养条件下，九个青饲玉米品系都得到了I型愈伤组织，但仅有两个品系(232和235)得到了胚性细胞系(L32和L35)。幼胚的长度及年龄也是影响诱导形成胚性愈伤组织的一个重要因素，最佳胚长是1-1.5mm，最佳胚龄是授粉后10-12天的幼胚。另外，适当提高蔗糖浓度对胚性细胞悬浮系的建立及保持均有好处。 从玉米原生质体培养获得了再生植株．在此基础上用电激法和PEG法将BT基因导入玉米原生体，发现在原生质体培养过程中，同对照相比，第一次细胞分裂及形成愈伤组织的时间往后推移． 诱导玉米I型愈伤组织没有基因型的限制，可以从大多数玉米品系中得到。并且玉米I型愈伤组织具有极强的分化能力．我们将玉米I型愈伤组织作为基因枪法转化的受体，获得了转基因工程植株。目前，尚未见这方面的报道． 基因枪法转化玉米胚性细胞系，得到抗性愈伤组织的效率约为1/40。用直径约3mm的玉米I型愈伤组织块作基因枪法转化受体，转化后经筛选平均每块可得到1-4个抗性愈伤组织系。用PEG和电激法转化玉米原生质体，转化后原生质体再生愈伤组织中，抗性愈伤组织的得率为9.3%和8.9%， 基因枪法适应完整的细胞和组织的转化，可较快得到抗性植株，在玉米基因转化研究中， 为了较快地得到转化植株，用基因枪法较电激法和PEG法更好，在玉米三种基因转化的受体中（原生质体、胚性细胞系和I型愈伤组织），以I型愈伤组织作受体最好，用它作受体可以避免原生质体培养的困难，克服获得胚性细胞系的基因型的限制。 胚性细胞系对抗菌素的耐受性随继代时间增长而增加．I型愈伤组织对抗菌素的耐受性 同愈伤组织块的大小呈正相关。 由于玉米愈伤组织对卡那霉素的本底抗性较高，所以需要用高浓度(800mg/L)的卡那霉 素进行筛选，过高的选择压力对芽的分化有抑制作用．用电激和PEG处理后的原生质体再生的愈伤组织，经卡那霉素筛选出的抗性愈伤组织未能得到再生植株。而对照则得到了再生植株。用PPT和Hyg筛选出的抗性愈伤组织得到了再生植株． 用PCR和Southern杂交对抗性愈伤组织和再生植株进行检测，证明外源基因已整合到 玉米基因组中。得到了携有BT基因、bar基因或PinⅡ基因的愈伤组织或工程植株。 用豫谷一号的幼穗诱导获得了胚性愈伤组织，基因枪转化后，经PPT筛选得到抗性愈伤组织。每个5cm的培养皿内装有谷子胚性愈伤组织约0.5g，经筛选后可得到5-10块抗性愈伤组织，此PPT抗性的愈伤组织用PCR和Southern杂交检测，证明bar基因已整合到了谷子的基因组中。从转化愈伤组织中已分化出了再生植株。

马铃薯蛋白酶仰制ll的基因克隆及对烟草的转化

马铃薯蛋白酶抑制剂Ⅱ(PinⅡ）是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，能同时具有抑制胰凝乳蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶胰凝乳蛋白酶的作用位点，饲喂幼虫含PinⅡ的饲料及转基因植物叶子的实验显示了较强的杀虫能力。为了获得一个广谱的抗虫基因用于增强植物对虫害的抵抗力，本文用PCR程序从马铃薯基因组中克隆了Pin II的基因，并构建了以CaMV 35S启动子驱动的表达PinⅡ的双元表达载体质粒，将其转入农杆菌，通过农杆菌介导的途径转化烟草，已在卡那霉素培养基上筛选出Km抗性的植株。

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY ON THE ABRASIVE WEAR OF METALS.

A pin-on-disc apparatus has been used to obtain continuous simultaneous measurements of the wear and friction (sliding force) behaviour of metals on bonded silicon carbide abrasive paper under conditions of controlled humidity. Iron, mild steel, and copper exhibit qualitatively similar wear behaviour; the wear rate decreases progressively with the number of passes over the same track. In contrast, the wear rate of titanium remains constant. Variation in atmospheric humidity has little effect on the wear rates of copper or titanium, although a slight effect was found in mild steel and iron. Refs.

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION ON THE ABRASIVE WEAR OF TITANIUM AND Ti-6Al-4V.

A pin-on-disc apparatus has been used to investigate the wear and friction (sliding force) behavior of metals on bonded silicon carbide and alumina papers under conditions of controlled atmospheric composition. The wear rates of both commercial purity titanium and the alloy Ti-6%Al-4%V tested in air were found to remain constant with time, in contrast with the behavior of other metals tested under similar conditions, which exhibited a progressive decrease in wear rate with increasing number of passes along the same track. It is proposed that the concentration of interstitial nitrogen and oxygen in the worn metal surface, which largely determines its mechanical properties, strongly influences both the ductility of the abraded material and the force of adhesion between the metal and the abrasive particles. Parallels are drawn between abrasive wear and machining to illustrate the importance of oxygen at the interface between workpiece and tool surfaces.

A novel measurement of dynamic friction

A tribometer, based on a pin-on-disc machine, uses a PZT drive to produce small sinusoidal fluctuations of sliding speed. The frequency and amplitude of these fluctuations can be controlled, and the dynamic response measured. Preliminary test results show that the dynamic friction variation is influenced by the contact materials, normal force, oscillation frequency and steady sliding speed. The variation of friction force amplitude and phase with frequency gives clues about the underlying state variables determining the friction. Modelling studies illustrate the expected behaviour for idealized friction laws governed by, for example, sliding speed, contact temperature, and "rate-state" laws. © 2008 SAE International.

High speed electro-thermal models for inverter simulations

This paper presents the application of advanced compact models of the IGBT and PIN diode to the full electrothermal system simulation of a hybrid electric vehicle converter using a look-up table of device losses. The Fourier-based solution model is used, which takes account of features such as local lifetime control and field-stop technology. Device and circuit parameters are extracted from experimental waveforms and device structural data. Matching of the switching waveforms and the resulting generation of the look-up table is presented. An example of the use of the look-up tables in simulation of inverter device temperatures is also given, for a hypothetical electric vehicle subjected to an urban driving cycle. © 2006 IEEE.

China, India, and the Environment

This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2007CB411600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30621092, 30623007), and Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province.

The frequency response of dynamic friction: Model comparisons

Any linearised theory of the initiation of friction-excited vibration via instability of the state of steady sliding requires information about the dynamic friction force in the form of a frequency response function for sliding friction. Recent measurements of this function for an interface consisting of a nylon pin against a glass disc are used to probe the underlying constitutive law. Results are compared to linearised predictions from the simplest ratestate model of friction, and a ratetemperature model. In both cases the observed variation with frequency is not compatible with the model predictions, although there are some significant points of similarity. The most striking result relates to variation of the normal load: any theory embodying the Coulomb relation F∝N would predict behaviour entirely at variance with the measurements, even though the steady friction force obtained during the same measurements does follow the Coulomb law. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sequential analysis for testing quality standard of fish ham and sausage

Fish sausages are finely ground fish flesh, either of a single species or mixed, homogenised with starch, sugar, fat, spices and preservatives, generally filled in cylindrical synthetic or natural casings and pasteurised. Similar products containing small pieces of quality fish and lard are termed "fish ham". They are highly relished products in Japan, annual consumption exceeding 2 lakh tones. Preliminary studies have shown that they can catch a lucrative market in our country. However, being a pasteurised product which is often consumed as such without any further cooking, strict quality control measures have to be enforced so as to avoid food poisoning hazards. Besides physical characteristics like absence of damages, pin-holes, curliness and air pockets as well as jelly strength, texture and flavour, chemical characteristics like pH and acid values, moisture, carbohydrate and fat contents and volatile bases have to be assessed. A very important test that has to be carried out along with the above, before passing a lot for free distribution is the bacteriological examination to avoid the presence of pathogenic organisms.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance among volunteer blood donors in Yunnan, China

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance profiles of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in treatment-naive infections have been reported in developed countries. However, little is known in developing countries, including China, especially in treatment-naive volunt

Steady-state analytical model for the trench insulated gate bipolar transistor

A steady-state, physically-based analytical model for the Trench Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor which accounts for a combined PIN diode - PNP transistor carrier dynamics is proposed. Previous models (i.e. PIN model and PNP transistor model) cannot account properly for the carrier dynamics in Trench IGBT since neither the PNP transistor nor the PIN diode effect can be neglected. An optimized Trench IGBT with a large ratio between the accumulation layer and the cell size leads to substantially improved on-state characteristics, which makes the Trench IGBT potentially the most attractive device in the area of high voltage fast switching devices.

mRNA 很可能携带三维遗传信息

The forming mechanism of the three - dimensional structures of proteins，i.e.the mechanism of protein folding，is a basic problem in molecular biology which is still unsolved unitl now. In which a core problem is whether there is the three – dimensional genetic information that decide the three - dimensional structures of proteins. However, the research on this field has mot yet been reported. Recently，we made a comparative study on the folded structures of more than 70 mature messeneger RNAs (mRNAs) and the three - dimensional structures of the proteins encoded by them，it has been found that there exist marked correspondences between their featured structures in the following aspects: 1.The number of the structural units. An RNA molecule can form a secondary structure(stem and loop structure) by the folding and the base pairing of itself. The elementary structural unit of an RNA secondary structure is hairpin(or compound hair pin).The regular structural unit in the secondary structure of a protein is # alpha # - helix or #beta# - sheet . We have found that the hairpin number in the secondary structure of each mature mRNA is equal or approximately equal to the number of the regular secondary structural unis of the encoded protein. 2 .Turning region. Turn is a main structrual element in the secondary structure of a protein, which decides the backbone orientation of a protein molecule to some extent .Our analysis shows that the nucleotide sequence segments in an mRNA which encode the turns of the corresponding protein are overall situated in the turning regions of the mRNA secondary structure such as haipin，bulge loop or multibaranch loops. 3 .The arrangement of structural elements in space. In order to understand the backbone orientation of an RNA molecule and the arangement of its structural elements in space，we have modeled the three一dimensional structure of the mRNA molecule on SGI workstation based on its secondary structure.The result shows that the spatial arrangement of most of the nucleotide sequence segments encoding the structural elements of a protein is consistent with that of these stretural exements in the protein. For instance，the nucleotide sequences corresponding to each pleated sheet of a # beta # - sheet structure are close to each other in the mRNA secondary stucture and in the three - dimensional structure，although some of the nucleotide segments are far apart from each other in the one - dimensional sequence. For another instance，the two triplet codons of cysteines which form a disulphide bridge geneal1y are very close to each other in the mRNA folded structure. In addition，we also analyzed the locations of the codons proline - coding and the distrbution of the nucleotide sequences #alpha# - helix - coding in the folded structures of mRNAs . Some distribution laws have been found. All of these results suggest that the transfer of the genetic information from mRNA to protein not only is one – dimensional but also is three - dime ns ional. That is，there exists the genetic information that decide the three - dimensional structures of proteins. To a certain extent，we could say that the mRNA folding detemines the protein folding. Based on these results，it would be possible to predict the three - dimensional structures of proteins from the primary，secondary and tertiary structures of the m RNAs at a higher accuracy.And more important is that a new clue has been provided to uncover the“spatial coding" of the genetic information.

Breakdown voltage for superjunction power devices with charge imbalance: An analytical model valid for both punch through and non punch through devices

An analytical model for the electric field and the breakdown voltage (BV) of an unbalanced superjunction (SJ) device is presented in this paper. The analytical technique uses a superposition approach treating the asymmetric charge in the pillars as an excess charge component superimposed on a balanced charge component. The proposed double-exponentialmodel is able to accurately predict the electric field and the BV for unbalanced SJ devices in both punch through and non punch through conditions. The model is also reasonably accurate at extremely high levels of charge imbalance when the devices behave similarly to a PiN diode or to a high-conductance layer. The analytical model is compared against numerical simulations of charge unbalanced SJ devices and against experimental results. © 2009 IEEE.

Characterisation of friction and lubrication regimes in premium tubular connections

A friction test rig has been developed to carry out repeated sliding friction tests for premium tubular connections. The test rig enables accurate measurement of friction in various contact regimes which are relevant to the threaded connections between tubular components. Higher load tests can simulate the contact in metal-to-metal seals under very high contact pressures by using perpendicular pin-on-pin tests. The contact in the thread loading flank under intermediate pressures can be simulated by using larger radius coupon-on-coupon tests. The measured coefficient of friction is well correlated with a lubrication parameter combining lubricant film thickness and initial surface roughness. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.