960 resultados para Brazilian semiarid


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The dextran molecular mass distribution profile in 77 sugar samples from Brazil and twelve insoluble deposits (alcoholic flocks) samples from sugared cachacas (Brazilian sugar cane spirit) is described in terms of number-average molecular mass M,,, weight-average molecular mass M(w), Z-average molecular mass M,, and polydispersity. The analyses were performed by size-exclusion chromatography, using a refractive index detector. In most of the sugar samples, it was possible to identify two major groups of dextrans with Mw averages of 5 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(4) Da. Based on the evaluated parameters, the dextran distribution profile is about the same in samples analyzed over five seasons, and, therefore, it is likely that the Brazilian product pattern will not change very much over the years. In insoluble deposits from sugared cachacas, dextrans with Mw values in the order of the 10(5) Da were the most frequent ones, being present in 58% of the samples. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The regimen of environmental flows (EF) must be included as terms of environmental demand in the management of water resources. Even though there are numerous methods for the computation of EF, the criteria applied at different steps in the calculation process are quite subjective whereas the results are fixed values that must be meet by water planners. This study presents a friendly-user tool for the assessment of the probability of compliance of a certain EF scenario with the natural regimen in a semiarid area in southern Spain. 250 replications of a 25-yr period of different hydrological variables (rainfall, minimum and maximum flows, ...) were obtained at the study site from the combination of Monte Carlo technique and local hydrological relationships. Several assumptions are made such as the independence of annual rainfall from year to year and the variability of occurrence of the meteorological agents, mainly precipitation as the main source of uncertainty. Inputs to the tool are easily selected from a first menu and comprise measured rainfall data, EF values and the hydrological relationships for at least a 20-yr period. The outputs are the probabilities of compliance of the different components of the EF for the study period. From this, local optimization can be applied to establish EF components with a certain level of compliance in the study period. Different options for graphic output and analysis of results are included in terms of graphs and tables in several formats. This methodology turned out to be a useful tool for the implementation of an uncertainty analysis within the scope of environmental flows in water management and allowed the simulation of the impacts of several water resource development scenarios in the study site.

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Collective bargaining, it is widely claimed, has been on the increase in Brazil since the late 1970s. This is seen as part of a broader change in Brazilian industrial relations towards a hybrid system of interest representation, in which elements of both the old state corporatism and pluralism now coexist. However, there is little or no systematic empirical evidence available to support this conclusion. This thesis addresses the question of the strengthening of collective bargaining as a method of job regulation in Brazil by providing a detailed empirical study. The questions of this study are: (a) how important has collective bargaining become in establishing provisions on the terms and conditions of the employment relationship which are not simply reproducing rules established via state regulation?; and (b) what factors accounted for changes in the content of these provisions? An analysis of 10,734 provisions in 287 collective agreements in manufacturing industries in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, the capital of the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, was carried out for the period of 1978-95. This analysis offers support for the thesis that the significance of collective bargaining has increased. It shows that: (a) most substantive provisions created rules that were not established in other forms of regulation; (b) provisions that replicate the contents of regulatory legislation accounted for one out of seven substantive provisions, but in spite of being a copy of the law, these provisions are not entirely neutral for job regulation; (c) collective agreements also laid down substantive provisions benefiting employers, and not simply employees; and (d) the pace of change in bargaining outcomes oscillated with changes in the economic, legal and judicial contexts. This pace of change was mostly affected by (i) the rate of unemployment, (ii) the degree of openness of the economy to foreign competition, (iii) the capacity of employers to pass on costs to costumers, (iv) stabilisation policies aimed at curbing inflation, (v) the Federal Constitution made in 1988, (vi) the official rate of minimum wages, and (vii) the conduct of the labour judicial system in settling collective disputes.

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This paper examines the real convergence hypothesis across Brazilian states. In order to test for the existence of income convergence the or- der of integration of real Gross State Product (GSP) per capita series is examined as well as their di¤erences with respect to the São Paulo state which is used as a benchmark state. Both parametric and semiparametric methods are used and the results show that convergence is achieved in the cases of Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Cata- rina and convergence is weakly achieved in the cases of Ceará, Maranhao, Pará, Paraná and Sergipe .The states of Espírito Santo, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte show no convergence. O artigo examina a hipótese de convergência real entre os estados brasileiros. Para testar a existência ou não da convergência da renda a ordem da integração da série do produto real bruto do estado per capita é examinada assim como suas diferenças com respeito ao estado de São Paulo que é usado como base. Foram utilizados métodos paramétricos e semiparametric e os resultados mostram que ocorre convergência nos estados: Alagoas, Amazonas, Baía, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina e ocorre convergência fraca nos estados: Ceará, de Maranhão, Pará, Paraná e Sergipe. Nos estado

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This paper investigates the impact of price limits on the Brazil- ian future markets using high frequency data. The aim is to identify whether there is a cool-off or a magnet effect. For that purpose, we examine a tick-by-tick data set that includes all contracts on the São Paulo stock index futures traded on the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange from January 1997 to December 1999. Our main finding is that price limits drive back prices as they approach the lower limit. There is a strong cool-off effect of the lower limit on the conditional mean, whereas the upper limit seems to entail a weak magnet effect on the conditional variance. We then build a trading strategy that accounts for the cool-off effect so as to demonstrate that the latter has not only statistical, but also economic signifi- cance. The resulting Sharpe ratio indeed is way superior to the buy-and-hold benchmarks we consider.

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Recent efforts toward a world with freer trade, like WTO/GATT or regional Preferential Trade Agreements(PTAs), were put in doubt after McCallum's(1995) finding of a large border effect between US and Canadian provinces. Since then, there has been a great amount of research on this topic employing the gravity equation. This dissertation has two goals. The first goal is to review comprehensively the recent literature about the gravity equation, including its usages, econometric specifications, and the efforts to provide it with microeconomic foundations. The second goal is the estimation of the Brazilian border effect (or 'home-bias trade puzzle') using inter-state and international trade flow data. It is used a pooled cross-section Tobit model. The lowest border effect estimated was 15, which implies that Brazilian states trade among themselves 15 times more than they trade with foreign countries. Further research using industry disaggregated data is needed to qualify the estimated border effect with respect to which part of that effect can be attributed to actual trade costs and which part is the outcome of the endogenous location problem of the firm.

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In this paper, we test a version of the conditional CAPM with respect to a local market portfolio, proxied by the Brazilian stock index during the period 1976-1992. We also test a conditional APT modeI by using the difference between the 3-day rate (Cdb) and the overnight rate as a second factor in addition to the market portfolio in order to capture the large inflation risk present during this period. The conditional CAPM and APT models are estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and tested on a set of size portfolios created from individual securities exchanged on the Brazilian markets. The inclusion of this second factor proves to be important for the appropriate pricing of the portfolios.