A participação dos alunos no Governo da Escola Pública

O presente estudo centra-se na temática das políticas de autonomia da escola pública portuguesa, particularmente na problemática da participação dos alunos na organização e gestão da escola, e tem como objetivo conhecer o modo como se constrói e se desenvolve a participação dos alunos do ensino secundário na escola objeto de análise. Procurámos conjugar a análise teórica da evolução dos modelos de administração escolar, no pós-25 de abril, com especial foco para o atual regime jurídico da autonomia, administração e gestão das escolas, implementado pelo DL n.º 75/2008, de 22 de abril, na redação dada pelo DL nº 137/2012, de 2 de julho e a forma como se constrói a participação dos alunos do ensino secundário nos órgãos de gestão e administração de uma escola secundária com 3º ciclo, sita em Viseu. Dada a existência de uma relação intrínseca entre democracia e educação, o nosso estudo foi alicerçado no ideário da "gestão democrática da escola", no que tange à participação dos alunos na tomada de decisões na vida organizativa da sua escola. Para tal, importa identificar os espaços formais e informais da participação discente na vida da escola e perceber de que forma as experiências participativas, no contexto da escola, podem contribuir para o exercício de uma verdadeira cidadania ativa. Embora a legislação atualmente em vigor promova a autonomia da escola e abra espaço à participação dos alunos, constatamos que as decisões na escola ainda estão centradas nos professores, caracterizando-se a participação dos alunos nesses órgãos, por uma participação formal e passiva (presencial), elegendo outras áreas de participação, tais como em atividades de complemento curricular e as promovidas pela AE. A nossa investigação permitiu-nos concluir que é importante a participação dos alunos na gestão e organização da escola, mas que essa participação não ocorre de forma espontânea. É necessário criar estratégias de motivação e de incentivo à participação dos alunos, através da criação de espaços de diálogo que potenciem a construção de uma verdadeira cultura de cidadania participativa dos alunos na escola. É fruto deste contexto que propomos a implementação do projeto "Dar voz aos Alunos".

BRINGING STREET ART TO SCHOOL: OPEN TO INCLUDE

Inclusive Education values differences by reducing barriers to learning and promoting active participation and positive interactions between all members of school community. Nowadays, school faces numerous children/adolescents who for several reasons have developed challenging behaviours and high risk of dropping out school. They come often from socio-cultural-economic minority groups and have sometimes a repeated course of academic failure. Art has had the ability to bring together the interests of all, even of the most unsuitable. In this paper, the authors present an intervention through street art/graffiti done in a secondary school, with a ninth grade class covered by PIEF Programme. The project aimed to understand if the integration of graffiti art in educational process had impact on challenging behaviour. The study, with a qualitative methodology, shows contributions of artistic experience as an asset to educational development of students with challenging behaviours contributing to a better school and inclusion.

La orientación en la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores: Creando espacios de acción

Recibido 15 de marzo de 2012 • Corregido 01 de noviembre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012Ante los constantes cambios demográficos y el acelerado crecimiento de la población gerontológica de nuestro país, se convierte en una necesidad crear y potenciar espacios del accionar desde la Orientación como disciplina. Se debe buscar, en todo momento, la satisfacción, realización y calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores, por medio de su participación activa, autoconocimiento y desarrollo de aspectos sociales que favorecen su crecimiento como persona íntegra y activa socialmente. Abrirse como orientadores y orientadoras a nuevos panoramas de intervención que respondan a necesidades sociales y personales emergentes resulta imperativo, para poder brindar atención y responder a los cambios culturales y a las demandas persistentes, por consiguiente, reales de nuestra población adulta mayor.

Derechos humanos en Costa Rica

ResumenLa historia de los derechos humanos en Costa Rica muestra una característica muy particular,por cuanto desde mucho antes de haberse promulgado la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en 1948 ya se daban pasos en su búsqueda. Desde el siglo XlX, aunque fuera de forma clandestina o artesanal, se empezaron a hacer sentir organizaciones y distintas formas de expresión a través de las cuales denunciar las malas condiciones de vida y alcanzar algunos beneficios. En medio de circunstancias adversas y poco apropiadas los movimientos fueron aumentando de intensidad al punto de que ya para 1930 cobran más vigor, lo que se evidencia con un movimiento obrero más organizado y la conformación del Partido Comunista. La lucha por lo que hoy conocemos como derechos humanos logra alcanzar su mayor esplendor en los años de 1940 gracias a las circunstancias coyunturales que favorecieron la presencia de un gobierno reformista como el del presidente Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia y una activa participación de la Iglesia católica a través de Mons. Víctor Sanabria. De esta forma en Costa Rica se obtuvo el paquete de garantías sociales: un código de trabajo que regulara todo lo pertinenteal trabajo y la seguridad social con la creación de la CCSS. En un tiempo prudencial y con una amplia participación social los y las costarricenses alcanzaron derechos económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales.Palabras clave: derechos humanos, legislación social, código de trabajo, movimiento obrero, Partido Comunista, Iglesia católica.AbstractThe history of Human rights in Costa Rica shows a particular characteristic because long before the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, steps towards its search were taken in the country. Since the nineteenth century, although in a clandestine or rustic manner, different organizations and forms of expression through which expose the poor conditions of life and reach some benefits began to be felt. In the midst of adverse and inappropriate circumstances, the movements were increasing in intensity to the point that they got stronger by 1930, as evidenced with a more organized labor movement and the formation f the Communist Party. The fight we know today as human rights reaches its greatest prominence in the 1940’s thanks to temporary circumstances favoring the presence of a reformist government as that of President Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia’s, and an active participation of the Catholic Church by Bishop Víctor Sanabria. In this way Costa Rica obtained the social security package: a working code to regulate all matters related to labor and social security with the creation of the CCSS. In an appropriate manner and with broad social participation, costa ricans reached economic, social, political an cultural rights.Keywords: human rights, social legislation, Labor Code, labor movement, the Communist Party, Catholic Church. 

Il ruolo del corpo nell'educazione alla cittadinanza globale: processi di mobilitazione

La tesi colloca il corpo vissuto al centro dei processi di mobilitazione della cittadinanza globale. Riporta le fasi e i risultati di una Grounded Theory che mira a indagare come si sviluppano e prendono forma i processi di attivazione. I dati sono stati raccolti attraverso interviste a giovani attivisti appartenenti a organizzazioni della società civile impegnate in questioni globali. Da questa analisi emerge un modello che descrive l'emergere dell'attivazione come conseguenza concomitante di diversi processi: l'appartenenza dei soggetti a gruppi eterogenei e le loro esperienze di contatto diretto con l'ingiustizia sociale, entrambi visti come scambi incarnati che consentono la costruzione di nuovi orizzonti di significato; insieme queste co-occorrenze si combinano con un’azione conseguente. L'azione rafforza quindi sia la costruzione del significato sia l'appartenenza al gruppo stesso. Infine, la teoria emergente viene approfondita attraverso la discussione di dati provenienti da alcuni contesti educativi formali (scuole). L'intera ricerca mira a esplorare la transizione dalle teorie dell'educazione globale alla partecipazione attiva, la sua ambizione e il suo possibile contributo vanno verso la valorizzazione dei processi educativi incarnati volti a promuovere la mobilitazione.

Comprendere la lingua dell'economia: un'analisi multidisciplinare di terminologia, comprensione e pianificazione

La tesi si concentra sull'analisi del linguaggio economico, prestando particolare attenzione alla sua terminologia. L'importanza della terminologia economica risiede nella sua capacità di facilitare una comunicazione efficace nel campo dell'economia e di permettere una comprensione più ampia dei fenomeni economici da parte del pubblico. Tuttavia, a causa della sua complessità e specificità, essa può risultare difficile da comprendere per il pubblico laico. La ricerca affronta tre questioni chiave: definire la natura della terminologia economica e l'approccio più adatto per descriverla, determinare il livello di comprensione della terminologia economica e le variabili sociali ad essa correlate, e individuare le strategie migliori per diffondere la terminologia economica nella società. Per rispondere a queste domande, l'indagine si avvale di un approccio multidisciplinare che fonde linguistica, sociolinguistica e terminologia. Il risultato è un'analisi profonda del lessico economico e delle sue collocazioni, della comprensione della terminologia da parte del pubblico e delle strategie per migliorare tale comprensione e la sua diffusione.

L'inclusione lavorativa tra accesso e partecipazione

La Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sui Diritti delle Persone con Disabilità (UNCRPD) riconosce il diritto di tutte le persone al lavoro “gli Stati Parti adottano misure adeguate a garantire alle persone con disabilità, su base di uguaglianza con gli altri, l’accesso all’ambiente fisico, ai trasporti, all’informazione e alla comunicazione, compresi i sistemi e le tecnologie di informazione e comunicazione e ad altre attrezzature e servizi aperti o forniti al pubblico”(United Nation 2016 p.14). Nonostante i progressi (in ambito politico culturale) che si stanno compiendo in ambito internazionale in termini di pari opportunità e di inclusione, le persone in situazione di disabilità continuano a incontrare barriere che limitano la loro partecipazione attiva al mondo del lavoro. A partire da questo scenario, la ricerca si propone di indagare i bisogni (es. di accoglienza, di accesso al contesto fisico e digitale, di partecipazione nella vita dell’azienda ecc.) delle persone con disabilità e di sviluppare una applicazione digitale (web app), rivolta alle imprese, finalizzata a monitorare e a promuovere l'inclusione lavorativa. Ripercorrendo il modello di progettazione del design thinking e valorizzando un processo di ricerca basato su metodi misti (qualitativi e qualitativi) è stato ideato Job inclusion for all; un ambiente digitale fondato sull’adattamento di due strumenti di “metariflessione”: l’Index for inclusion job version e l’employment role mapping. Lo strumento digitale prototipato è stato testato e validato, durante l’ultimo anno di ricerca, da parte di una equipe multidisciplinare internazionale; tale processo ha consentito di raccogliere feedback (rispetto alla rilevanza e alla chiarezza degli item, rispetto ai punti di forza e di debolezza) che hanno consentito di migliorare e implementare la versione finale del prototipo di web app.

Subjective health assessments and active labor market participation of older men: evidence from a semiparametric binary choice model with nonadditive correlated individual-specific effects

We use panel data from the U. S. Health and Retirement Study, 1992-2002, to estimate the effect of self-assessed health limitations on the active labor market participation of older men. Self-assessments of health are likely to be endogenous to labor supply due to justification bias and individual-specific heterogeneity in subjective evaluations. We address both concerns. We propose a semiparametric binary choice procedure that incorporates nonadditive correlated individual-specific effects. Our estimation strategy identifies and estimates the average partial effects of health and functioning on labor market participation. The results indicate that poor health plays a major role in labor market exit decisions.

Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal

Portugal’s historical past strongly influences the composition of the country’s immigrant population. The main third-country foreign nationals in Portugal originate traditionally from Portuguese-speaking African countries (namely Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau, and S. Tomé e Príncipe) and Brazil. In 2001, a newly created immigrant status entitled “permanence” authorization uncovered a quantitative and a qualitative change in the structure of immigrant population in Portugal. First, there was a quantitative jump from 223.602 foreigners in 2001 to 364.203 regularized foreigners in 2003. Secondly, there was a substantial qualitative shift in the composition of immigrants. The majority of the new immigrants began coming from Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Moldavia, Romania, and the Russian Federation. Thus, European countries outside the E.U. zone now rank second (after African countries) in their contribution of individuals to the stocks of immigrant population in Portugal. The differences between the new and traditional immigration flows are visible in the geographical distribution of immigrants and in their insertion into the labour market. While the traditional flows would congregate around the metropolitan area of Lisbon and in the Algarve, the new migratory flows tend to be more geographically dispersed and present in less urbanized areas of Portugal. In terms of insertion in the labour market, although the construction sector is still the most important industry for immigrant labour, Eastern European workers may also be found in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The institutional conditions that encourage immigrants’ civic participation are divided at three different levels: the state, the local, and the civil society levels. At the state level, the High Commissioner for Migrations and Ethnic Minorities is the main organizational structure along with a set of interrelated initiatives operating under specific regulatory frameworks, which act as mediators between state officials and the Portuguese civil society, and more specifically, immigrant communities. At the local level, some municipalities created consultative councils and municipal departments aiming at encouraging the participation and representation of interests from immigrant groups and association in local policies. In the civil society sphere, the main actors in Portugal spurring immigrants civic participation are immigrant associations, mainstream associations directed toward immigration topics, and unions. The legal conditions framing immigrants’ access to social housing, education, health, and social security in Portugal are also considered to be positive. Conditions restricting immigrants’ civic participation are mainly normative and include the Portuguese nationality law, the regulations shaping the political participation of immigrants, namely in what concerns their right to vote, and employment regulations restricting immigrants’ access to public administration positions. Part II of the report focuses on the active civic participation of third country immigrants. First, reasons for the lack of research on this issue in Portugal are explained. On the one hand, the recent immigration history and the more urgent needs regarding school and economic integration kept this issue out of the research spotlight. On the other hand, it was just in the beginning of the 1990s that immigrants took the very first steps toward collective mobilisation. Secondly, the literature review of Portuguese bibliography covers research on third country immigrants’ associative movement, research on local authorities’ policies and discussion about ethnic politics and political mobilisation of immigrants in Portugal. As political mobilisation of these groups has been made mainly through ethnic and/or migrant organisations, a brief history of immigrants' associative movement is given. Immigrant associations develop multiple roles, covering the social, the cultural, the economic and the political domains. Political claiming for the regularisation of illegal immigrants has been a permanent and important field of intervention since the mid-1990s. Research results reveal the com5 plex relations between ethnic mobilisation and the set of legal and institutional frameworks developed by local and national governmental authorities targeted to the incorporation of minority groups. Case studies on the Oeiras district and on the Amadora district are then presented. Conclusions underline that the most active immigrant groups are those from Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, since these groups have constituted a higher number of ethnic associations, give priority to political claiming and present a more politicised discourse. Reflecting on the future of research on civic participation of third country immigrants in Portugal, the authors state that it would be interesting and relevant to compare the Portuguese situation with those of other European countries, with an older immigration history, and analyse how the Portuguese immigrants’ associative movement will be affected by a changing legal framework and the emergence of new opportunities within the set of structures regarding the political participation of minority groups.

Participation as capacity-building for active citizenship

Within the framework of the “capability approach” to human rights, this paper argues that adults who facilitate participatory planning and design with children and youth have an ethical obligation to foster young people’s capacities for active democratic citizenship. Practitioners often worry, justifiably, that if young people fail to see their ideas realized, they may become disillusioned and alienated from political life. Based on the experience of the Growing Up in Cities program of UNESCO, four rules of good practice are distilled which can help promote young people’s belief in the value of collective action, regardless of the challenges that the full implementation of their ideas may face.

Retombées du cirque social (Cirque du Soleil) en contexte de réadaptation sur la participation sociale de jeunes adultes avec déficiences physiques en transition vers la vie active : étude qualitative

Introduction : Les adolescents avec déficiences physiques en transition vers la vie adulte éprouvent des difficultés à établir une participation sociale optimale. Cette étude explore les retombées d'un programme de cirque social sur la participation sociale de ces jeunes selon leur point de vue et celui de leurs parents. Méthode : Étude qualitative exploratoire d’orientation phénoménologique. Neuf personnes avec déficiences physiques, âgées de 18 et 25 ans, ont participé au programme pendant neuf mois. Données recueillies : perceptions de leur qualité de participation sociale à partir d’entrevues semi-structurées en pré, mi-temps et post-intervention avec les participants et un de leurs parents. Le guide d’entrevue validé est ancré sur le Modèle du développement humain- Processus de production du handicap - 2 (HDM-PPH2). L’enregistrement audio des entretiens a été transcrit en verbatim. Le contenu a été analysé avec le logiciel Nvivo 9 à travers une grille de codage préalablement validée (co-codage, codage-inverse). Résultats : Corpus de 54 entrevues. L’âge moyen des jeunes était de 20,0 ± 1,4 années et de 51 ± 3,6 années pour les parents. Selon tous, la participation sociale des jeunes adultes a été optimisée, surtout sur le plan de la communication, des déplacements, des relations interpersonnelles, des responsabilités et de la vie communautaire. La perception de soi et les habiletés sociales, également améliorées, ont favorisé une plus grande auto-efficacité. Conclusion : Cette étude soutient donc le potentiel du cirque social comme approche novatrice et probante en réadaptation physique pour cette population, et appuie la pertinence d’autres études rigoureuses mesurant les diverses retombées possibles et identifiées.

Making the least active pay: a simulation of rewards and penalties under Demand Side Participation programs

The orthodox approach for incentivising Demand Side Participation (DSP) programs is that utility losses from capital, installation and planning costs should be recovered under financial incentive mechanisms which aim to ensure that utilities have the right incentives to implement DSP activities. The recent national smart metering roll-out in the UK implies that this approach needs to be reassessed since utilities will recover the capital costs associated with DSP technology through bills. This paper introduces a reward and penalty mechanism focusing on residential users. DSP planning costs are recovered through payments from those consumers who do not react to peak signals. Those consumers who do react are rewarded by paying lower bills. Because real-time incentives to residential consumers tend to fail due to the negligible amounts associated with net gains (and losses) or individual users, in the proposed mechanism the regulator determines benchmarks which are matched against responses to signals and caps the level of rewards/penalties to avoid market distortions. The paper presents an overview of existing financial incentive mechanisms for DSP; introduces the reward/penalty mechanism aimed at fostering DSP under the hypothesis of smart metering roll-out; considers the costs faced by utilities for DSP programs; assesses linear rate effects and value changes; introduces compensatory weights for those consumers who have physical or financial impediments; and shows findings based on simulation runs on three discrete levels of elasticity.

Citizens' participation and enhancing their active involvement in air pollution control in Latin America

Includes bibliography