Regulation of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 by Calcium Signaling in Mouse Liver

Mu hiding resistance associated protein 2 (Mrp2) is a canalicular transporter responsible for organic anion secretion into bile. Mrp2 activity is regulated by insertion into the plasma membrane; however, the factors that control this are not understood. Calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling regulates exocytosis of vesicles in most cell types, and the type II inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R2) regulates Ca(2+) release in the canalicular region of hepatocytes. However, the role of InsP(3)R2 and of Ca(2+) signals in canalicular insertion and function of Mrp2 is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the role of InsP(3)R2-mediated Ca(2+) signals in targeting Mrp2 to the canalicular membrane. Livers, isolated hepatocytes, and hepatocytes in collagen sandwich culture from wild-type (WT) and InsP(3)R2 knockout (KO) mice were used for western blots, confocal immunofluorescence, and time-lapse imaging of Ca(2+) signals and of secretion of a fluorescent organic anion. Plasma membrane insertion of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Mrp2 expressed in HepG2 cells was monitored by total internal reflection microscopy. InsP(3)R2 was concentrated in the canalicular region of WT mice but absent in InsP(3)R2 KO livers, whereas expression and localization of InsP(3)R1 was preserved, and InsP(3)R3 was absent from both WT and KO livers. Ca(2+) signals induced by either adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or vasopressin were impaired in hepatocytes lacking InsP(3)R2. Canalicular secretion of the organic anion 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was reduced in KO hepatocytes, as well as in WT hepatocytes treated with 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N`,N`-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA). Moreover, the choleretic effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was impaired in InsP(3)R2 KO mice. Finally, ATP increased GFP-Mrp2 fluorescence in the plasma membrane of HepG2 cells, and this also was reduced by BAPTA. Conclusion: InsP(3)R2-mediated Ca(2+) signals enhance organic anion secretion into bile by targeting Mrp2 to the canalicular membrane. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;52:327-337)

HTR1B and HTR2C in autism spectrum disorders in Brazilian families

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a group of behaviorally defined neuro developmental disabilities characterized by multiple genetic etiologies and a complex presentation. Several studies suggest the involvement of the serotonin system in the development of ASD, but only few have investigated serotonin receptors. We have performed a case-control and a family-based study with 9 polymorphisms mapped to two serotonin receptor genes (HTR1B and HTR2C) in 252 Brazilian male ASD patients of European ancestry. These analyses showed evidence of undertransmission of the HTR1B haplotypes containing alleles -161G and -261A at HTR1B gene to ASD (P=0.003), but no involvement of HTR2C to the predisposition to this disease. Considering the relatively low level of statistical significance and the power of our sample, further studies are required to confirm the association of these serotonin-related genes and ASD. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Postnatal fluoxetine treatment affects the development of serotonergic neurons in rats

The goal of the present study was to investigate morphological changes in the serotonergic neurons/terminals in the dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nuclei and on the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in neonatal rats treated from the 1st to the 21st postnatal day with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg sc, daily) or drug vehicle (0 9% saline 1 ml/kg). The results show that postnatal chronic treatment with fluoxetine promoted. (1) a smaller body weight increase during the pre-weaning period; (2) smaller number of 5-HT neurons in the DR, (3) smaller 5-HT neuronal cell bodies (area, perimeter and diameter) in the DR and the MnR and (4) diminished serotonergic terminals in the DG. These data suggest that the development of the serotonergic system was impaired and that early exposure to fluoxetine damaged the morphology of 5-HT neurons in young adult rats While these findings are consistent with other work, more studies are needed to better clarify the effects of postnatal chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the serotonergic system and, consequently, on the functions modulated by serotonin (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved

Immunocytochemical characterization of the pregeniculate nucleus and distribution of retinal and neuropeptide Y terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Cebus monkey

Circadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are modulated by photic and non-photic stimuli. In rodents, direct photic stimuli reach the SCN mainly through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), whereas indirect photic stimuli are mainly conveyed by the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In rodents, retinal cells form a pathway that reaches the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) where they establish synapses with neurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), hence forming the GHT projecting to the SCN. In contrast to the RHT, which has been well described in primates, data regarding the presence or absence of the IGL and GHT in primates are contradictory. Some studies have suggested that an area of the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) of primates might be homologous to the IGL of rodents, but additional anatomical and functional studies on primate species are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Therefore, this study investigated the main histochemical characteristics of the PGN and the possible existence of the GHT in the SCN of the primate Cebus, comparing the distribution of NPY immunoreactivity, serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactivity and retinal terminal fibers in these two structures. The results show that a collection of cell bodies containing NPY and serotonergic immunoreactivity and retinal innervations are present within a zone that might be homologous to the IGL of rodents. The SCN also receives dense retinal innervations and we observed an atypical distribution of NPY- and 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers without regionalization in the ventral part of the nucleus as described for other species. These data may reflect morphological differences in the structures involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms among species and support the hypothesis that the GHT is present in some higher primates (diurnal animals). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Patterns of fos activation in rat raphe nuclei during feeding behavior

To analyze the differential recruitment of the raphe nuclei during different phases of feeding behavior, rats were subjected to a food restriction schedule (food for 2 h/day, during 15 days). The animals were submitted to different feeding conditions, constituting the experimental groups: search for food (MFS), food ingestion (MFI), satiety (MFSa) and food restriction control (MFC). A baseline condition (BC) group was included as further control. The MFI and MFC groups, which presented greater autonomic and somatic activation, had more FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-IR) neurons. The MFI group presented more labeled cells in the linear (LRN) and dorsal (DRN) nuclei; the MFC group showed more labeling in the median (MRN), pontine (PRN), magnus (NRM) and obscurus (NRO) nuclei; and the MFSa group had more labeled cells in the pallidus (NRP). The BC exhibited the lowest number of reactive cells. The PRN presented the highest percentage of activation in the raphe while the DRN the lowest. Additional experiments revealed few double-labeled (FOS-IR+ 5-HT-IR) cells within the raphe nuclei in the MFI group, suggesting little serotonergic activation in the raphe during food ingestion. These findings suggest a differential recruitment of raphe nuclei during various phases of feeding behavior. Such findings may reflect changes in behavioral state (e.g., food-induced arousal versus sleep) that lead to greater motor activation, and consequently increased FOS expression. While these data are consistent with the idea that the raphe system acts as gain setter for autonomic and somatic activities, the functional complexity of the raphe is not completely understood. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Expression and characterization of LTx2, a neurotoxin from Lasiodora sp effecting on calcium channels

Here, we described the expression and characterization of the recombinant toxin LTx2, which was previously isolated from the venomous cDNA library of a Brazilian spider, Lasiodora sp. (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). The recombinant toxin found in the soluble and insoluble fractions was purified by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ca2+ imaging analysis revealed that the recombinant LTx2 acts on calcium channels of BC3H1 cells, blocking L-type calcium channels. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

S100 beta Protein Expression: Gender- and Age-Related Daily Changes

S100 beta is a soluble protein released by glial cells mainly under the activation of the 5-HT1A receptor. It has been reported as a neuro-trophic and -tropic factor that promotes neurite maturation and outgrowth during development. This protein also plays a role in axonal stability and the plasticity underlying long-term potentiation in adult brains. The ability of S100 beta to rapidly regulate neuronal morphology raises the interesting point of whether there are daily rhythm or gender differences in S100 beta level in the brain. To answer this question, the S100 beta expression in adult female and male rats, as well as in adult female CD-21 and S100 beta -/- female mice, were investigated. Scintillation counting and morphometric analysis of the immunoreactivity of S100 beta, showed rhythmic daily expression. The female and male rats showed opposite cycles. Females presented the highest value at the beginning of the rest phase (5:00 h), while in males the maximum value appeared in the beginning of the motor activity period (21:00 h). These results confirm previous S100 beta evaluations in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid reporting the protein`s function as a biomarker for brain damage (Gazzolo et al. in Clin Chem 49:967-970, 2003; Clin Chim Acta 330:131-133, 2003; Pediatr Res 58:1170-1174, 2005), similar behavior was also observed for GFAP in relation to Alzheimer Disease (Fukuyama et al. in Eur Neurol 46:35-38, 2001). The data should be taken into account when considering S100 beta as a biomarker of health condition. In addition, the results raise questions on which structure or condition imposes these rhythms as well as on the physiological meaning of the observed gender differences.

Matproblem och personlighet

The purpose of this study was to examine by means of Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the relationship between Neuroticism, and self-rated eating problems. Altogether 105 respondents, mean aged 42,3 years, including 11 men and 94 women, participated by answering an Internet-based questionnaire comprising three different sections. Neuroticism correlated with self-rated eating problems (r=,468, p<0,01). By means of multiple regression analysis it was indicated that both Neuroticism (p<.001) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p<.001) contributed significantly to the prediction of self-rated eating problems (multiple correlation (ß=.594). The study indicated that the personality only partly explained the variation of eating problems. The result was discussed in terms of significance of biological factors stressing changes in 5-HT levels triggering eating problems.

Um modelo de comportamento aversivo térmico em Megalobulimus oblongus e a ação de fármacos nos sistemas opióide e serotoninérgico envolvidos na nocicepção

As manifestações comportamentais em Megalobulimus oblongus após a estimulação aversiva térmica (EAT) e a ação de fármacos que atuam sobre os sistemas opióide e serotoninérgico foram analisadas, empregando-se, respectivamente, testes com placa aquecida, morfina, serotonina (5-hidróxitriptamina ou 5-HT), e dos bloqueadores, o naloxone e a metisergida. Com o procedimento utilizado, foi posível diferenciar um comportamento estereotipado indicativo de resposta à nocicepção, determinar a latencia em que tais comportamentos são inicialmente manifestados, e as alterações obtidas mediante o emprego de fármacos. A morfina foi capaz de aumentar a latência demonstrando uma ação antinociceptiva neste modelo, que foi antagonizado pelo naloxone. No tocante ao sistema serotoninérgico, tanto a 5-HT quanto a metisergida aplicadas isoladamente, provocaram uma diminuição da latência que foi relacionado com um efeito nociceptivo. Porém, quando estes dois fármacos foram aplicados conjuntamente, observou-se um efeito contrário. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo farmacológico com o M. oblongus são congruentes com estudos prévios realizados em outros modeos gastrópodos, citados na literatura, e sugerem o envolvimento de um sistema opióide e serotoninérgico nas respostas reflexas nociceptivas neste animal, sendo estas manifestadas por intermédio de um comportamento motor aversivo. Além disso, ficou demonstrada a presença de receptores de ambos os sistemas, conforme a ação dos fármacos empregados.

Avaliação do perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina isolada de psychotria umbellata (rubiaceae)

Estudos prévios mostraram que psicolatina (o alcalóide indolmonoterpênico, isolado de Psychotria umbellata (Vell.)) possui moderada atividade analgésica em modelos experimentais de dor que envolvem a participação de receptores opióides e glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA. Visto que a psicolatina encontra-se em grande quantidade nesta espécie, e que receptores NMDA estão envolvidos em uma grande variedade de processos, incluindo memória, plasticidade neural, ansiedade e depressão, este estudo buscou avaliar o perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina, bem como seus efeitos centrais ou interações com alguns sistemas neurotransmissores como receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA, serotonérgico (5-HT), dopaminérgico (DA), gabaérgico (GABA) e colinérgico (Ach). Em dois modelos comportamentais de ansiedade, a psicolatina mostrou atividade ansiolítica revertida pela administração prévia de ritanserina (antagonista serotonérgico 5-HT2A/C), sendo, portanto, esta ação relacionada à modulação destes receptores. A psicolatina não parece interferir com receptores GABAérgicos, já que a atividade ansiolítica não foi revertida por picrotoxina e também porque a psicolatina não mostrou atividade anticonvulsivante no modelo das convulsões induzidas por pentilenotetrazol. A psicolatina também apresentou atividade antidepressiva e amnésica, atividades que também estão relacionadas à modulação de receptores serotonérgicos. Além disso, a psicolatina protege animais das convulsões induzidas por NMDA, além de reverter a hiperlocomoção induzida por dizocilpina, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação de psicolatina também envolve o glutamato. A inibição do comportamento de escalada induzida por apomorfina e a proteção à letalidade induzida por anfetamina podem ser resultantes da modulação indireta de receptores dopaminérgicos exercida pelo glutamato e pela serotonina. A psicolatina modifica diferentemente o estado oxidativo basal em distintas áreas cerebrais de camundongos; aumentando a capacidade antioxidante total no hipocampo e no córtex, mas a formação de radicais livres sendo reduzida apenas no córtex. Esses resultados são consistentes com o relato de atividade antioxidante de derivados indólicos. A psicolatina administrada agudamente por via oral não apresentou nenhum sinal de toxicidade até 1g/kg; por via intraperitoneal, sinais de toxicidade só estão presentes em doses bem maiores do que as que apresentam os efeitos acima mencionados. Conclui-se que a psicolatina apresenta um padrão psicofarmacológico semelhante a drogas que modulam receptores NMDA e 5-HT, os quais tem papel proeminente em diversos distúrbios psiquiátricos e neurológicos. Assim, o presente estudo reforça a idéia de que este alcalóide indol-monoterpênico pode ser explorado como modelo estrutural para o desenvolvimento de drogas que atuem nestes subtipos de receptores.

Caracterização dos neurônios envolvidos na ventilação pulmonar de Megalobulimus abbreviatus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

O uso de moluscos gastrópodes para estudos neurobiológicos é vantajoso porque seu sistema nervoso e comportamentos são intermediários em complexidade quando comparados a outros animais. Os padrões de atividade derivados do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são modulados por informações periféricas provenientes de vários quimio e mecanorreceptores, os quais desempenham funções importantes na manutenção da homeostase interna. Assim, juntos, elementos centrais e periféricos permitem ao animal modular seu comportamento respiratório de acordo com suas demandas metabólicas. O objetivo deste trabalho originou-se da necessidade da compreensão da atividade respiratória do caracol pulmonado terrestre Megalobulimus abbreviatus, da identificação dos neurônios do sistema nervoso central envolvidos no seu controle, bem como da organização da inervação de uma estrutura-chave envolvida no comportamento respiratório deste animal, o pneumóstoma. Realizou-se a identificação dos neurônios do SNC que controlam o pneumóstoma através de marcação retrógrada pelo nervo parietal posterior direito com cloreto de cobalto e biocitina; a descrição da morfologia e da histologia da região do pneumóstoma, assim como a análise da presença de monoaminas (método do ácido glioxílico), atividade acetilcolinesterásica (AChE, técnica de Karnovsky & Roots) e de imunorreatividade a FMRF-amida (imunoistoquímica) nesta região. Também foi realizada a investigação sobre uma provável relação entre o sistema dopaminérgico, serotoninérgico e peptidérgico (FMRF-amida) com os neurônios identificados por marcação retrógrada nos gânglios nervosos centrais, através da comparação entre os neurônios retrogradamente marcados com neurônios imunorreativos à tirosina hidroxilase (TH), serotonina (5-HT) e FMRF-amida. Neurônios retrogradamente marcados foram encontrados nos gânglios pedais, pleural direito, parietal direito e visceral. Encontrou-se na superfície do tegumento do pneumóstoma um epitélio constituído de uma única camada de células cilíndricas, com microvilosidades ou cílios como terminação apical, envolvido por uma camada muscular bem desenvolvida. Foi possível verificar que a organização da inervação na região do pneumóstoma está constituída de uma rede neural para suprir a camada muscular e ramos neurais mais finos que estão mais densamente distribuídos em um plexo na camada epitelial e subepitelial adjacente, onde corpos celulares neuronais foram identificados (catecolaminérgicos ou com atividade AChE). A análise do padrão de inervação do pneumóstoma, juntamente com os dados da comparação entre neurônios retrogradamente marcados e imunorreativos no SNC, permitiu concluir-se que o neuropeptídeo FMRF-amida parece ter uma grande importância na regulação motora da região do pneumóstoma, assim como a 5-HT, que provavelmente possui uma função motora ou modulatória nesta região, enquanto que a participação da dopamina no controle respiratório deve ser principalmente sensorial, responsável pelas informações provindas do tegumento do pneumóstoma.

Serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe obscurus contribute to interaction between central and peripheral ventilatory responses to hypercapnia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Brain monoaminergic neurons and ventilatory control in vertebrates

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart larvae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus regulate inhibitory avoidance but not escape behavior in the rat elevated T-maze test of anxiety

Rationale: A wealth of evidence supports the involvement of the serotonergic neurons of the median raphe nucleus (MRN) in anxiety. However, it is presently unclear whether serotonergic pathways arising from this nucleus play distinguishing regulatory roles in defensive behaviors that have been associated with specific subtypes of anxiety disorders. Objectives: To evaluate the role of the MRN serotonergic neurons in the regulation of two defensive behaviors, inhibitory avoidance and escape, which have been related, respectively, to generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Methods: Male Wistar rats were submitted to the elevated T-maze test of anxiety after intra-MRN administration of drugs that either non-selectively or selectively change the activity of the serotonergic neurons. Results: Intra-MRN injection of FG 7142 (0.04 and 0.08 nmol) and kainic acid (0.03 and 0.06 nmol), drugs that non-selectively stimulate the MRN serotonergic neurons, facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, but impaired escape performance. Microinjection of muscimol (0.11 and 0.22 nmol), a compound that non-selectively inhibits the activity of the MRN serotonergic neurons, impaired inhibitory avoidance and facilitated escape performance. Both kainic acid and muscimol also changed rat locomotion in the open-field test. Intra-MRN injection of 8-OH-DPAT (0.6-15 nmol) and WAY-100635 (0.18-0.74 nmol), respectively an agonist and an antagonist of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors located on serotonergic neurons of the MRN, only affected inhibitory avoidance-while the former inhibited the acquisition of this behavior, the latter facilitated it. Conclusion: MRN serotonergic neurons seem to be selectively involved in the regulation of inhibitory avoidance in the elevated T-maze. This result supports the proposal that 5-HT pathways departing from this nucleus play an important role in anxiety processing, with implications for pathologies such as generalized anxiety disorder.