Size and time of day affect the response of postlarvae and early juvenile grooved tiger prawns Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan (Decapoda:Penaeidae) to natural and artificial seagrass in the laboratory

Juvenile tiger prawns (Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan and P. esculentus Haswell) show a strong association with vegetated habitats and are rarely caught on non-vegetated areas. This pattern of distribution may be caused by postlarvae selecting vegetation when they settle, or to differences in post-settlement mortality in different habitats. In this study, we examined whether the postlarvae and early juvenile stages of P. semisulcatus would distinguish between seagrass (Zostera capricorni Aschers) without epiphytes, artificial seagrass and bare substratum in the laboratory. The responses of prawns reared from the egg to different stages of postlarval and juvenile development were tested to determine whether, and when, each size class showed a response to a particular habitat. Five size classes of postlarvae (average carapace lengths [CL] of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7 and 2.0 mm) were offered a choice between Z. capricorni and bare sand. Small size classes of postlarvae either did not respond to Z. capricorni (1.2 and 1.6 mm CL), or were more abundant on bare substratum than Z. capricorni. In contrast, the largest size classes of postlarvae (1.7 and 2.0 mm CL) were more abundant on Z. capricorni during the day but not at night. The behaviour of postlarvae changed markedly at a size of 1.7 mm CL (22 days from the first nauplius): smaller postlarvae frequently swam in the water column; 1.7 and 2.0 mm CL postlarvae spent much more. time resting on the substrate and perched on seagrass leaves. This size at which postlarvae first respond to seagrass during the day, and show mainly benthic behaviour, is similar to the size at which they are found on shallow seagrass beds in northern Australia. Large postlarvae (2.7 mm CL) and juveniles (4.1 mm CL) both were more abundant on artificial seagrass than bare sand during the day but not at night, indicating that they respond to structured habitats. When large postlarvae (2.4 mm CL) and juveniles (3.5 mm CL) were offered a choice between Z. capricorni without epiphytes and artificial seagrass, they were more abundant on the Z. capricorni, which suggests that chemical cues from seagrass may explain some of the responses of P. semisulcatus to seagrass. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Lack of genetic differentiation in the shrimp Penaeus chinensis in the northwestern pacific

Genetic differentiation of the shrimp Penaeus chinensis in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea was investigated using the mitochondrial control region (CR). RFLP of a partial CR segment (613 bp) shows that 106 out of 122 (86.9%) individuals from six sampling localities along the coast of northern China and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula share the same haplotype, and the haplotype frequencies among localities are not significantly different. The findings are further confirmed by sequencing the complete CR. Divergence of the complete CR (992 bp) is less than 1.6% in 14 individuals from the six localities. F-statistics based on RFLP data and the TCS network of sequencing data suggest little genetic differentiation of P. chinensis in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Mismatch analysis suggests a rapid expansion of P. chinensis population to the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, which probably occurred with the rapid rise in sea level after the last glacial maximum. Despite the lack of genetic heterogeneity, we propose that P. chinensis populations in this region should be treated as separate management units, as fishery management programs have to be applied on a local basis by different governments.

Isolation and mapping of telomeric pentanucleotide (TAACC)(n) repeats of the pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, using fluorescence in situ hybridization

To develop genetic and physical maps for shrimp, accurate information on the actual number of chromosomes and a large number of genetic markers is needed. Previous reports have shown two different chromosome numbers for the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, the most important penaeid shrimp species cultured in the Western hemisphere. Preliminary results obtained by direct sequencing of clones from a Sau3A-digested genomic library of P. vannamei ovary identified a large number of (TAACC/GGTTA)-containing SSRs. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the frequency of (TAACC)(n) repeats in 662 P. vannamei genomic clones that were directly sequenced, and perform homology searches of these clones, (2) confirm the number of chromosomes in testis of P. vannamei, and (3) localize the TAACC repeats in P. vannamei chromosome spreads using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results for objective I showed that 395 out of the 662 clones sequenced contained single or multiple SSRs with three or more repeat motifs, 199 of which contained variable tandem repeats of the pentanucleotide (TAACC/GGTTA),, with 3 to 14 copies per sequence. The frequency of (TAACC)n repeats in P. vannamei is 4.68 kb for SSRs with five or more repeat motifs. Sequence comparisons using the BLASTN nonredundant and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases indicated that most of the TAACC-containing clones were similar to either the core pentanucleotide repeat in PVPENTREP locus (GenBank accession no. X82619) or portions of 28S rRNA. Transposable elements (transposase for Tn1000 and reverse transcriptase family members), hypothetical or unnamed protein products, and genes of known function such as 18S and 28S rRNAs, heat shock protein 70, and thrombospondin were identified in non-TAACC-containing clones. For objective 2, the meiotic chromosome number of P. vannamei was confirmed as N = 44. For objective 3, four FISH probes (P1 to P4) containing different numbers of TAACC repeats produced positive signals on telomeres of P. vannamei chromosomes. A few chromosomes had positive signals interstitially. Probe signal strength and chromosome coverage differed in the general order of P1 > P2 > P3 > P4, which correlated with the length of TAACC repeats within the probes: 83, 66, 35, and 30 bp, respectively, suggesting that the TAACC repeats, and not the flanking sequences, produced the TAACC signals at chromosome ends and TAACC is likely the telomere sequence for P. vannamei.

Evaluation of induced triploid shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis cultured under laboratory conditions

Triploid Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis was successfully produced by heat shock. Their metamorphosis, the relationship between body weight and length and difference in appearance between triploids and their diploid siblings under laboratory culture were studied. Hematological studies showed a smaller number of haemocytes, but larger cell volume, in triploids than in diploids. Triploid shrimp did not show higher growth during the immature stage, but exhibited superior growth during the maturation stage. Characteristics of reproductive organs indicated that triploid shrimp may be sterile and sex ratio can be changed through triploidization of shrimp. This paper summarizes the progress made in triploid shrimp research which would be helpful in understanding more about triploids of crustaceans. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

中国对虾Penaeus Chinensis Osbeck卵母细胞发育的初步研究

本文描述了中国对虾Panaeus chinensis (Osbeck)卵母细胞的发育及其内部结构变化和卵巢的周年变化。根据卵母细胞的大小，核及核仁的形态，以及卵黄粒的有无，皮质棒的出现及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞的关系，将中国对虾卵母细胞的发育分为七个主要时期：（1）中央核仁期，（2）核仁染色质期，（3）周边核仁期，（4）滤泡期，（5）卵黄粒期，（6）皮质特化期和（7）长成期。卵原细胞含有酸性粘多糖。从滤泡期始，卵母细胞核外周出现中性粘多糖，并逐渐充满细胞质。根据卵母细胞的发育，内部结构及卵巢的周年变化特征，将卵巢发育分为五期：卵黄未发生期，卵黄发生早期，卵黄发生后期，皮质棒期和产后期。本文还讨论了卵黄的形成，卵巢发育的分期及亲虾产卵少，即孵化率低等问题。

中国对虾 Penaeus chinensis 血细胞及细胞免疫的研究

无脊椎动物免疫是一个新兴的研究领域。本文研究了中国对虾的血细胞形态，亚显微结构以及定量测定细胞吞噬活性的方法。中国对虾血细胞分三种：透明细胞，呈现球形或梭形，内部不含颗粒，半颗粒细胞及颗粒细胞卵球形椭球形，内部含有电子致密颗粒，颗粒又分均匀和非均匀颗粒。半颗粒细胞富含线粒体，可能与它对异物敏感易发生胞吐作用有关，半颗粒细胞是识别外源异物的关键细胞。可以观察到高尔基器，它可能与酶原颗粒的形成有关。姬姆萨染色细胞为紫红色，细胞核与颗粒染色较深，呈现蓝紫色与人白细胞中的粒细胞染色结果相近，这或许与两者功能相似有关。应用医学上常用的化学发光法（CL）定量测定中国对虾血细胞的吞噬活性，加入脂多糖及弧菌悬液的血细胞的发光值较只另菌液未加脂多糖的血细胞和对照组的发光值高。实验表明，脂多糖（<10μg/ml）对中国对虾血细胞的吞噬活性具有激活加强作用，而酵母聚糖不能引发血细胞的吞噬作用。上述测定方法可为监测对虾免疫机能的强弱提供定量指标，在对虾养殖生产实战中具有潜在的应用前景。

南美白对虾（Penaeus vannamei Boone,1931)卵子质量的形态学评估

1）本文描述了南美白对虾正常的卵子形态及发生特点，以及受精卵和非受精卵的形态学鉴别方法。2）从生产的角度出发提出了评估卵子质量的五项指标：同批卵子规格的一致程度，卵子的沉降速度，孵化膜的抗变形能力，4－8细胞期的分裂特点，扩膜卵在同批卵中所占的比例。除此外，对于亲虾持续产卵与所产卵子质量的关系等也作了相应的探讨。

中国对虾Penaeus orientalis 精子形态结构与生理生化功能的研究

本文报导中国对虾Penaeus orientalis成熟精子的亚显微结构，此工作是进一步研究配子激活、超低温保存技术的前提。通常纯形态学的方法虽然可以正确地描述生物细胞的形态、结构，并能从结构推测功能，但不能直接证实其功能。相反，细胞化学则可从功能方面推测结构。由于细胞内部大分子物质的鉴定，常需依赖于酶的细胞化学研究。本实验应用近十种细胞化学方法对中国对虾P．orientalis精子进行观察，并对这些细胞化学反应的机能意义加以简单的讨论。目前，受精率的高低作为精子质量分析的指标已得到广泛应用，但该方法具有较大局限性，不仅受到精子，还受到卵子质量的影响，特别是受精时外界条件的影响，而且实验条件严格，复杂，时间持续长，Anchordojuy (1988)曾报道把单肢虾Sicyonia ingentis精子的双相顶体反应作为精子质量评析的标准，在精子活力判断中取得了新的突破，很值得我们借鉴。这一方法具有准确度高和时间短的优点。为此，作者对中国对虾P．orientalis精子的顶体反应进行初步的研究，并探索出一种更方便更可行的鉴别手段，通过多次重复实验，发现应用活体染色法来判断中国对虾P．orientalis精子的活动，是简便有效的。活体染色法曾广泛应用于支植物细胞死活的判定，但在十足甲壳类精子中却未见有所研究报道。总之，十足类无鞭毛的精子形态的独特和顶体结构的复杂无疑揭示其顶体反应必然具有一定的特殊性。中国对虾是我国的重要经济虾类，搞清其精子顶体反应对于弄清其受精机制，促进中国对虾人工受精工作开展有很大的意义。

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis) 与鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)生殖生物学及早期发育的比较研究

本文主要对中国对虾及鹰的生殖生物学及早期胚胎的发育进行了较为系统的比较研究。在前人工作的基础上对中国对虾及鹰爪虾的精子及精荚形成，精子的超微结构，纳精囊的形态及结构，卵子的激活，受精卵的卵裂等进行了比较研究。使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对中国对虾精管的结构及精子的形成过程进行研究。中国对虾的输精管可分为近端、中段、远端输精管及壶腹四部分。输精管壁的本结构相似，分泌细胞的结构及分泌活动有较大的差别。精管自中段膨大部开始管腔逐渐被一隔膜分为大小不等的两部分，较大的腔内充满了很多精子，输精管较小的腔内充满胶体状物质。中国对精子细胞在精巢内产生，在两条输精管内渐发育成熟，经过细胞质的变化并与精子外部进行物质交换，形成顶体、亚顶体、棘突。核的变化则经历了染色质的解凝和核膜的消失，最后形成成熟的精子。对鹰爪虾精子的形成过程及精子的形态结构特征进行，结果表明鹰爪虾精子细胞产生于精巢的生精小管，在输精管内进一步发育，逐渐形成成熟的精子，许多精子在输精管内聚集成团外包胶质膜，形成许多大小不一的精子囊。精子由体 及棘突两部分组成，入海水中不运动。电镜下可见体部包括核区及细胞质区两部分。核区位于精子中部，核内由均质解凝的细胞核，外包一薄层细胞质带。细胞质区比核区略小，末端变尖，细胞质区内含有大量囊泡及膜层体。棘突从体部前端斜向伸出，由许多纤丝平行紧密排列组成，外包质膜。雄虾精子囊中的精子与已交配雌虾纳精囊内的精子在形态结构上没有明显差别。对中国对虾及鹰爪虾的纳精囊及精子的贮存特征进行研究。中国对虾及鹰爪虾的纳精囊都是封闭型纳精囊，中国对虾的纳精囊腔，表面为两个对称的半圆形甲壳版所覆盖，囊内由前向后伸出三个锥状突起。鹰爪纳精表面为前后两个甲壳版所覆盖。纳精囊中部为单一的腔，向后部两侧呈管状延伸，末端膨大形成两个袋状囊，内部贮存精子囊。纳精囊从功能上分为三个部分，即纳精囊中部的开口，交配时为胶体物质所充塞；内部的囊腔为贮存精子的部位；前端的开口为产卵时精释放口。中国对虾及鹰卵子具有相似的激活和卵裂过程。卵子可以不受精子的激活，只受海水刺激即可发生皮层反应；先排出皮质棒或皮质囊泡，形成胶质层，进而释放出皮层颗粒，形成孵化膜。中国对虾的孵化膜在卵子表面形成以后再举起；鹰爪虾的孵化膜远离卵子表面形成，然后进一步举起，鹰爪虾卵周隙较大。发生皮层反应的过程中，减数分裂重新启动，排出第一极体和第二极体。中国对虾与鹰爪虾卵子的皮层反应和减数分裂都可由海水刺激而进行，与受精与否无关，但未受精卵不能分裂或公分裂为大小不等的子细胞。中国对虾与鹰爪虾受精卵都具有原始的螺旋卵裂的特性。对海水中的Mg~(2+)、 Ca~(2+)、 K~+及胰蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂对中国对虾卵子激活的影响进行研究。结果表明海水中的Mg~(2+)对中国虾卵子的激活是必须的，Ca~(2+)、 K~+是非必须的，而且它们对受精卵和非受精卵都具有相同的作用。胰蛋白酶（0．1％）在卵子产出后可以破坏胶质层及孵化膜的形成并影响受精卵的正常卵裂。胰蛋白酶抑制剂（0．01％）可以完全抑制卵子的激活及受精，也可以使发生皮层反应的卵子处于停滞状态。卵子产出后30min胰蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶抑制剂对卵子失去作用，表明胶膜及孵化膜完全形成后具有抵抗胰蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶抑制剂的作用。

Modulatory effects of ammonia-N on the immune system of Penaeus japonicus to virulence of white spot syndrome virus

To study response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) under ammonia stress, Penaeus japonicus were exposed to 5 mg l(-1) ammonia-N and challenged orally with WSSV (NW). Controls consisted of an ammonia-N-exposed control group (N), a WSSV-challenged positive control group (W), and an untreated control group (control). Immune parameters measured were total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte phagocytosis, plasma protein content and haemolymph enzymatic activities for prophenoloxidase (proPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). THC and plasma protein had downward trends with time in all treatment groups (NW, N, and W) in contrast to the untreated control group (control). The percentage phagocytosis, NOS activity, and ALP and proPO activity of W and NW decreased initially then increased from 6 to 78 h (except for NOS and ALP, from 6 to 54 h) before declining thereafter until the end of the experiment. Compared with untreated controls (control), there was a downward trend for all measured parameters in the treatment groups (N, NW, and W), but the degree was W > NW > N. WSSV was detected at 78 h postchallenge in both W and NW. In conclusion, 5 mg l(-1) ammonia-N reduced the immunocompetence of P japonicus and may have decreased the virulence of WSSV (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Distribución y concentración de la munida (Pleuroncodes monodon) en el verano 1996

Presente los resultados de las áreas de distribución de la múnida o camaroncito rojo (Pleuroncodes monodon), durante el Crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos 9602-04, a bordo del BIC SNP-1. Así mismo, indica la interrelación de la distribución de los factores ambientales de temperatura y salinidad. Adicionalmente, se estimó la biomasa en 63.342 t mediante una fórmula empírica de fuerza de blanco/longitud. El área de distribución fue de 5.369 mn2. Las principales áreas de distribución estuvieron localizadas en Atico-San Juan, Pucusana-Callao, Chancay-Huacho y Huarmey-Chimbote.

El desarrollo de la maricultura en el Perú con énfasis en la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) y Langostinos (Penaeus vannamei)

En 1971 se empezó a cultivar langostinos (Penaeus vannamei) en el Perú, incentivándose estas actividades desde 1977. En 1987 hubo un desarrollo favorable con incremento de la producción por disponibilidad de postlarvas silvestres. El cultivo de la concha de abanico (Argopecten purpuratus ) comenzó en 1980 y tuvo una bonanza en los años después de El Niño 1982-83 y un estancamiento en 1987 por escasez de semillas. En ambos cultivos uno de los problemas mayores es la falta de postlarvas y semillas. Se describe las acciones gubernamentales para promocionar y reactivar dichas actividades.

Utilización de subproductos de camarón coextruidos con pasta de soya como ingrediente en dietas balanceadas para camarón Penaeus vannamei

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Análisis de la transformación de la pluma cruda como fuente de proteína para Penaeus vannamei

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Efecto de la oxidación de lípidos en harina de subproductos de atún sobre el crecimiento del camarón blanco (Penaeus vannamei Bone) en condiciones de laboratorio

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticiosy Produccisn Acumcola) UANL