Validación de la prueba de tetrazolio como método de vigor para semillas de Glycine max.

El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar que la Prue- ba de Tetrazolio es un Método de Vigor para Glycine max, repetible dentro de los laboratorios y reproducible entre ellos. Se analizaron tres lotes de semillas de Glycine max, con una germinación de maior ou igual a 80% (lote 1: 92%; lote 2: 89% y lote 3: 80%), empleando la Prueba de Tetrazolio. En la validación participaron 6 laboratorios. Las semillas fueron clasificadas en cuatro categorías: vigor alto, vigor medio, vigor bajo y otras tinciones (semillas viables no vigoro- sas + semillas no viables). La suma de la proporción de las categorías de semillas de vigor alto, medio y bajo se expresó como Vigor-TZ (%). Los valores de Vigor-TZ (%) se encontraron dentro de los niveles de tolerancia esta- blecidos por ISTA. El dato de Vigor-TZ fue analizado sepa- radamente, usando el cálculo del valor z-scores, valores h y valores k. El cálculo de los valores z-scores reveló que los datos de Vigor-TZ no excedieron el valor 2, por lo tanto los resultados son considerados satisfactorios. Los valores h mostraron que cinco laboratorios no sobreesti- maron ni subestimaron los resultados de todos los lotes de semillas. Los valores k mostraron la variabilidad entre las repeticiones de cada uno de los lotes dentro de cada laboratorio. Las repeticiones estuvieron en tolerancia para todos los lotes y todos los laboratorios. La prueba fue re- petible dentro de los laboratorios y reproducible en diferen- tes laboratorios. Concluimos que el dato para Vigor-TZ (%) muestra una variación aceptable y, por lo tanto, la Prueba de Tetrazolio puede ser aplicada como un método de vigor para soja.

Anti-anxiety effect of methanol extract of Pericarpium zanthoxyli using a strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor model

Purpose: To determine if the methanol extract of Pericarpium zanthoxyli exerts anti-anxiety effects and also to explore any probable anti-anxiety mechanism in vivo. Methods: The staircase test, elevated plus maze test, rota-rod treadmill test and convulsions induced by strychnine and picrotoxin on mice were tested to identify potential mechanism of anti-anxiety activity of the plant extract. Results: The plant extract (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced rearing numbers in the staircase test while it increased the time spent in the open arms as well as the number of entries to the open arms in the elevated plus maze test, suggesting that it has significant anti-anxiety activity. Furthermore, the extract inhibited strychnine-induced convulsion. However, it had little effect on picrotoxin-induced convulsion, suggesting that its anti-anxiety activity may be linked to strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor and not GABA receptor. Conclusion: These results suggest that the Pericarpium zanthoxyli extract may be beneficial for the control of anxiety.

Recent Advances in the Direct Nucleophilic Substitution of Allylic Alcohols through SN1-Type Reactions

Direct nucleophilic substitution reactions of allylic alcohols are environmentally friendly, since they generate only water as a byproduct, allowing access to new allylic compounds. This reaction has, thus, attracted the interest of the chemical community and several strategies have been developed for its successful accomplishment. This review gathers the latest advances in this methodology involving SN1-type reactions.

Polinização por Apis mellifera em soja em soja transgênica [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Merrill] Roundup ReadyTM cv. BRS 245 RR e convencional cv. BRS 133.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência de Apis mellifera na produção de grãos e qualidade de sementes da soja transgênica Glycine max (L.) Merrill Roundup ReadyTM e convencional. A soja transgênica foi plantada intercalada com a convencional, em 18 parcelas, em três tratamentos: gaiolas com abelhas A. mellifera, gaiolas sem abelhas e áreas descobertas, com livre visitação de insetos. Na soja transgênica, em três parcelas de cada tratamento, foi aplicado glifosato, 30 dias após a emergência. Os parâmetros analisados foram: produção de grãos; número de vagens por planta; peso de 100 sementes e porcentagem de germinação das sementes. Não houve diferença entre as cultivares, entretanto a produção de 2.757,40 kg ha-1 obtida na área coberta por gaiola com abelhas, e 2.828,47 kg ha-1 na área livre para visitação de insetos foram superiores a 2.000,53 kg ha-1 da área coberta por gaiola sem abelhas. O número de vagens por planta foi maior na área coberta por gaiola com abelhas (38,28) e área livre (32,65), quando comparado com o da área coberta por gaiola sem abelhas (21,19). O peso médio de 100 sementes e a germinação das sementes não foram diferentes entre as cultivares e nem entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que, para as cultivares estudadas, houve benefício na produção de grãos de 37,84%, quando foi permitida a visita de abelhas. ABSTRACT. Pollination by Apis mellifera in transgenic soy (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Roundup Ready? cv. BRS 245 RR and conventional cv. BRS 133. This research was carried out to evaluate the influence of Africanized honeybees in grain production and seed quality of Glycine max (L.) Merrill Roundup Ready? transgenic soy, as well as of conventional soy. Transgenic soy was interposed with conventional soybean, in 18 plots and three treatments: covered area with Africanized honeybees, covered area without honeybees, and uncovered area with free insect visitation. The herbicide Glyphosate was applied on three plots of each treatment of transgenic soy, 30 days after emergence. Grain production, number of pods/plant, weight per 100 seeds, and seed germination percentage were evaluated. There was no difference among cultivars; however, the production in the covered area with honeybees (2757.4 kg ha-1) and in the uncovered area (2828.47 kg ha-1) were higher than in the covered area without honeybees (2000.53 kg ha-1). The number of pods/plant was greater than in the covered area with honeybees (38.28) and in the uncovered area (32.65) as compared to the covered area without honeybees (21.19). The weight per 100 seeds seed germination did not differ among cultivars or treatments. It can be concluded that, for these cultivars, there was a rise in grain production of 37.84% when honeybee visits were allowed.

Avaliação do glifosato na interação entre Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Glycine max por meio do ácido Chiquímico. II: efeito curativo.

2009

Avaliação do glifosato na interação entre Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Glycine max por meio do ácido Chiquímico. I: efeito preventivo

2009

Oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis using protecting groups and a linker cleavable under non-nucleophilic conditions

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing latent electrophilic groups can be highly useful in antisense drug development and many other applications such as chemical biology and medicine, where covalent cross-linking of ODNs with mRNA, protein and ODN is required. However, such ODN analogues cannot be synthesized using traditional technologies due to the strongly nucleophilic conditions used in traditional deprotection/cleavage process. To solve this long lasting and highly challenging problem in nucleic acid chemistry, I used the 1,3-dithian-2-yl-methoxycarbonyl (Dmoc) function to protect the exo-amino groups on the nucleobases dA, dC and dG, and to design the linker between the nascent ODN and solid support. These protecting groups and linker are completely stable under all ODN synthesis conditions, but can be readily cleaved under non-nucleophilic and nearly neutral conditions. As a result, the new ODN synthesis technology is universally useful for the synthesis of electrophilic ODNs. The dissertation is mainly comprised of two portions. In the first portion, the development of the Dmoc-based linker for ODN synthesis will be described. The construction of the dT-Dmoc-linker required a total of seven steps to synthesize. The linker was then anchored to the solid support―controlled pore glass (CPG). In the second portion, the syntheses of Dmoc-protected phosphoramidites ODN synthesis monomers including Dmoc-dC-amidite, Dmoc-dA-amidite, Dmoc-dG-amidite are described. The protection of dC and dA with 1,3-dithian-2-yl-methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate proceeded smoothly giving Dmoc-dC and Dmoc-dA in good yields. However, when the same acylation procedure was applied for the synthesis of Dmoc-dG, very low yield was obtained. This problem was later solved using a highly innovative and environmentally benign procedure, which is expected to be widely useful for the acylation of the exo-amino groups on nucleoside bases. The reactions to convert the Dmoc-protected nucleosides to phosphoramidite monomers proceeded smoothly with high yields. Using the Dmoc phosphoramidite monomers dA, dC, dG and the commercially available dT, and the Dmoc linker, four ODN sequences were synthesized. In all cases, excellent coupling yields were obtained. ODN deprotection/cleavage was achieved by using non-nucleophilic oxidative conditions. The new technology is predicted to be universally useful for the synthesis of ODNs containing one or more electrophilic functionalities.

Caracterização de linhagens de soja Glycine max (L.) Merrill para produção de brotos.

2016

Decomposição e liberação de nutrientes de resíduos culturais em áreas de plantio de soja (Glycine max) sob plantio direto no Cerrado Goiano.

A avaliação da decomposição dos resíduos vegetais adicionados ao solo pelas plantas de cobertura permite uma melhor compreensão do fornecimento de nutrientes para as culturas de interesse comercial. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a taxas de decomposição e a dinâmica da liberação de N de resíduos culturais na entre safra da Soja sob plantio direto. Os resíduos utilizados foram a braquiária (Brachiaria sp.) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). A produção média de biomassa de braquiária foi de 6,1 Mg ha-1 e de 3,8 Mg ha-1 no tratamento com sorgo. A decomposição da matéria seca e a liberação de nutrientes foram monitoradas por meio de coletas dos resíduos contidos em sacolas de decomposição, realizadas 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 dias após a adição das sacolas de decomposição nas áreas de estudo. Os T1/2 da massa seca remanescente diferiram estatisticamente entre os sistemas avaliados. A braquiária apresentou menores valores de meia vida quando comparados ao sorgo. Este comportamento pode ser atribuído provavelmente, às grandes quantidades de biomassa acumulada pela braquiária, favorecendo maiores teores de umidade no solo, e uma menor relação C/N da braquiária quando comparada ao sorgo.

Avaliação do uso do número de folhas de plantas de soja (Glycine max) para o monitoramento da interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura.

No ano agrícola 1990/91, em Jaguariúna, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o uso do numero de folhas trifolioladas da soja para o monitoramento da interferência das plantas daninhas, dando subsídios para a definição de parâmetros para o processo de tomada de decisão de controle. Foi usado o delineamento no campo em blocos casualizados, onde os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes épocas de controle através da capina, e uma testemunha sem capina e outra capinada durante todo o ciclo da cultura. As plantas daninhas predominantes na área do experimento foram: Brachiaria plantaginea e Sida gleziovii. Os dados de produtividade da cultura ajustaram-se ao modelo polinomial quadrático, através do qual determinou-se que a melhor época de controle foi aos 43 dias após a emergência da soja. A diferença entre o numero de folha de plantas de soja convivendo com a comunidade de plantas daninhas na produtividade da cultura, apostando diferença significativa aos 35 dias.

Avaliação de parâmetros para o monitoramento da interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura de soja (Glycine max L.).

O presente estudo visa fornecer subsídios para o processo de tomada de decisão de controle das plantas daninhas baseado em nível de dano na produtividade de culturas agrícolas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o aproveitamento de parâmetros das plantas daninhas e das plantas de soja no monitoramento da interferência das plantas daninhas, foi realizado, em Botucatu (SP), um experimento sob condições de campo, com delineamento em blocos casualizados. A cultura foi mantida na presença ou ausência de comunidade vegetal infestante por diferentes períodos. O monitoramento da interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura de soja pode se dar através do acumulo total de matéria seca da comunidade vegetal infestante e dos seguintes parâmetros de crescimento das plantas de soja: número de folhas trifolioladas, área da lâmina foliar, acumulo de matéria seca de folhas e total. O acumulo de matéria seca de cada espécie de planta daninha isoladamente, não foi parâmetro eficiente para determinar-se interferência (competição) na cultura da soja.

Determinação do período crítico para prevenção da interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura de soja (Glycine max): uso do modelo "Broken-stick".

Visando fornecer subsídios para programas de manejo de plantas daninhas em culturas agrícolas, foi realizado o presente estudo. Assim, foi conduzido um experimento de campo em Botucatu (Sao Paulo), com o objetivo de determinar, através do procedimento estatístico de análise de regressão, o período crítico para prevenção da interferência (PCPI) de plantas daninhas de folha larga na produtividade da cultura de soja. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados. A cultura foi mantida na presença das plantas daninhas de folha larga por diferentes períodos. O período crítico determinado foi de 21 a 30 dias após a emergência da cultura, segundo ajuste dos dados de produtividade ao modelo "Broken-stick". No entanto, o período crítico determinado apresentou-se de modo que permite o controle através do uso, uma única vez, de método momentâneo, sem efeito residual.

The natural plant stress elicitor cis-jasmone causes cultivar-dependent reduction in growth of the stink bug, Euschistus heros and associated changes in flavonoid concentrations in soybean, Glycine max.

To test the hypothesis that the plant stress related elicitor cis-jasmone (cJ) provides protection in soybean pods against the seed-sucking stink bug pest, Euschistus heros, the growth of E. heros on cJ-treated pods was investigated using three soybean cultivars differing in insect susceptibility, i.e. BRS 134 (susceptible), IAC 100 (resistant) and Dowling (resistant). E. heros showed reduced weight gain when fed cJ-treated Dowling, whereas no effect on weight gain was observed when fed other treated cultivars. Using analysis of variance, a three factor (cultivar x treatment x time) interaction was observed with concentrations of the flavonoid glycosides daidzin and genistin, and their corresponding aglycones, daidzein and genistein. There were increases in genistein and genistin concentrations in cJ-treated Dowling at 144 and 120 h post treatment, respectively. Higher concentrations of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin in Dowling, compared to BRS 134 and IAC 100, were observed independently of time, the highest concentrations being observed in cJ-treated seeds. Levels of glycitin and malonylglycitin were higher in BRS 134 and IAC 100 compared to Dowling. Canonical variate analysis indicated daidzein (in the first two canonical variates) and genistein (in the first only) as important discriminatory variables. These results suggest that cJ treatment leads to an increase in the levels of potentially defensive isoflavonoids in immature soybean seeds, but the negative effect upon E. heros performance is cultivar-dependent.

Photoredox Catalysis and Nucleophilic Organometallic Reagents – Application in Organic Synthesis

The main purpose of my PhD was the combination of the principles of transition metal catalysis with photoredox catalysis. We focused our attention on the development of novel dual catalytic protocols for the functionalization of carbonyl compounds through the generation of transient nucleophilic organometallic species. Specifically, we focused on the development of new methodologies combining photoredox catalysis with titanium and nickel in low oxidation state. Firstly, a Barbier-type allylation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes –catalytic in titanium– in the presence of a blue photon-absorbing dye was developed. Parallelly, we were pleased to observe that the developed methodology could also be extended to the propargylation of aldehydes under analogous conditions. After an extensive re–optimization of all the reaction parameters, we developed an enantioselective and diastereoselective pinacol coupling of aromatic aldehydes promoted by non-toxic, cheap and easy to synthetize titanium complexes. The key feature, that allows the complete (dia)stereocontrol played by titanium, is the employment of a red-absorbing organic dye. The tailored (photo)redox properties of the red-absorbing organic dye [nPr–DMQA+][BF4–] promote the selective reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III). Moreover, even if the major contribution in dual photoredox and nickel catalysis is devoted to the realization of cross-coupling-type reactions, we wanted to evaluate different possible scenarios. Our focus was on the possibility of exploiting intermediates arising from the oxidative addition of nickel complexes as transient nucleophilic species. The first topic considered regarded the possibility to perform allylation of aldehydes by dual photoredox and nickel catalysis. In the first instance, a non–stereocontrolled version of the reaction was presented. Finally, after a long series of drastic modification of the reaction conditions, a highly enantioselective variant of the protocol was also reported. All the reported methodologies are supported by careful photophysical analysis and, in some cases, computational modelling.

Utilization Of (15)no3 (-) By Nodulated Soybean Plants Under Conditions Of Root Hypoxia.

Waterlogging of soils is common in nature. The low availability of oxygen under these conditions leads to hypoxia of the root system impairing the development and productivity of the plant. The presence of nitrate under flooding conditions is regarded as being beneficial towards tolerance to this stress. However, it is not known how nodulated soybean plants, cultivated in the absence of nitrate and therefore not metabolically adapted to this compound, would respond to nitrate under root hypoxia in comparison with non-nodulated plants grown on nitrate. A study was conducted with (15)N labelled nitrate supplied on waterlogging for a period of 48 h using both nodulated and non-nodulated plants of different physiological ages. Enrichment of N was found in roots and leaves with incorporation of the isotope in amino acids, although to a much smaller degree under hypoxia than normoxia. This demonstrates that nitrate is taken up under hypoxic conditions and assimilated into amino acids, although to a much lesser extent than for normoxia. The similar response obtained with nodulated and non-nodulated plants indicates the rapid metabolic adaptation of nodulated plants to the presence of nitrate under hypoxia. Enrichment of N in nodules was very much weaker with a distinct enrichment pattern of amino acids (especially asparagine) suggesting that labelling arose from a tissue source external to the nodule rather than through assimilation in the nodule itself.